KENDRIYA VIDYALAY SANGATHAN

GUWAHATI REGION
STUDY-MATERIAL CLASS XII (2020-21)

Chapter wise Question Bank

Subject:Mathematics
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 Foreword
Preparation of study material for all the major subjects of class X and XII and
presenting the same on the hands of the students well on time is not anything
new for the Kendriya Vidyalayas. However, this time the backdrop of the
Covid-19 pandemic looming large in front of all and the 9 months of
suspended physical classes have given an extra novel meaning and
significance to this endeavor. On all previous occasions, teachers sat together
on a designated place face to face to discuss, to reject, to select &modify and
thereby gather together the best material for the students. This time, they
could not do so that way because of the limitations of gatherings in light of the
pandemic. And therefore, this time, there has been the endeavor to craft out a
chapter-wise exhaustive question bank for all the major subjects. The major
chunk of the session has already played out in the most extraordinary way
during this most extraordinary time as we have all seen, with the syllabi having
been covered only through online classes with the teachers and the students
never coming face to face inside the classrooms.

Anyway, with our examination system the way it is, the role of intelligent and
rigorous study of question bank has been always enormous for success in all
examinations. Having a sound grasp of probable questions and the most
pertinent ones, leads to better negotiation of the course material on hand
especially when the examination comes near.

It is hoped that the teachers of each school will bring the materials home to the
needy students with further necessary guidance from them during this
extraordinary academic session and extraordinary time as a whole.

It has been wonderful for KVS RO Guwahati to be involved in preparation of

study material in the form of chapter wise question banks. The enormous
contribution of the Subject teachers and Principals for making the project
successful is highly praiseworthy.

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 DELETED TOPICS FROM EACH CHAPTER FOR THE YEAR 2020-21
PART I
Unit / Chapter Syllabus Reduced
SNo.

Unit1. Relation and Functions

1 Relation and functions Composite Functions, Inverse of a Function

Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Elementary
2 Inverse Trigonometric Function
Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Unit II:Algebra
Existence of non zero matrices whose product is the zero
1 Matrics matrix .Concept of elementary row and column operations.
Proof of uniqueness on inverse if exist.
Properties of Determinants, Consistency , inconsistency and
2 Determinants number of solutions of system of linear equations by
examples.
Unit III:Calculus
Rolle’s and Lagranges Mean Value Theorems(without proof)
1 Continuity and Differentiability
and their geometric interpretations.
2 Applications of Derivatives Rate of change of bodies, Use of Derivativesin approximations
, ,
3 Integrals Definite integrals as a limit of sum

4 Application of the Integrals Area between any of the two above said curves
Formation of differential equations whose general solution is
5 Differential Equations given, Solutions of Linear differential Equations of the type
dx/dy +px= q , where p and q are functions of y or constants.
Unit IV : Vectors and three Dimensional
Geometry
1 Vectors Scalar triple product of vectors
Angle between (i) two lines
2 Three Dimensional Geometry
(ii) two planes (iii) a line and a plane
Unit V :Linear Programming

1 Linear Programming Linear Programming problems for un bounded regions

Unit VI: Probability

Mean and variance of random variable. Binomial probability
1 Probability
distribution.

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 Index

SNo. Name of Chapters/ Units Page Nos.

1 Relation and functions 8

2 Inverse Trigonometric Function 9-20

3 Matrics 20-27

4 Determinants 27-35

5 Continuity and Differentiability 36-45

6 Applications of Derivatives 46-57

7 Integrals 58-66

8 Application of the Integrals 67

9 Differential Equations 68-74

10 Vectors 75-77

11 Three Dimensional Geometry 78-87

12 Linear Programming 88-94

13 Probability 95-109

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 Chapter1:Relation and functions

Domain, Co-Domain, Range of a relation, types of relations

1. If A = {1,2,3,4,5} write the relation R such that a + b =8, a,b .write the domain, range &
codomain
2. Define a relation R on the set N of natural numbers by
R = {(x,y): y= x+5 and x<4, x, y }.determine whether the relation R is reflexive ,symmetric
and transitive.
3. Show that the relation R in the set{1,2,3} given by {(1,2),(2,1)} is symmetric but neither
reflexive nor transitive.

ONEONE ONTO FUNCTION

1. Show that function f: R defined by f(x) = x2 is neither one one nor onto.
2. Prove that the greatest integer function f: R R given by f(x) = [x] is neither one one nor
onto.

3. Show that the signum function f : R R given by

is neither one one nor onto.
4. If f(x) = x2 + find f( ).

ANSWERS

Domain, codomain, range of a relation, types of relations

1. R = {(3,5) ,(4,4),(5,3) }

D = {3,4,5}

Co-domain = A

Range= {3,4,5}

2. Transitive but not reflexive

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 CHAPTER 2

INVERSE TRIGONOMERIC FUNCTIONS

QUESTION .1: Determine the principal value of cos-1( -1/2).

Solution:
Let us assume that, y = cos-1( -1/2)
We can write this as:
cos y =- 1/2
cos y = cos (2π/3).
Thus, the Range of the principal value of cos-1 is [0, π ].
Therefore, the principal value of cos-1( -1/2) is 2π /3.

QUESTION.2: Find the value of cot (tan-1 α + cot-1 α).

Solution:
Given that: cot (tan-1 𝛂 + cot-1 𝛂)
= cot (𝝅/𝟐) (since, tan-1 x + cot-1 x = 𝜋/2)
= cot (180°/2) ( we know that cot 90° = 0 )
= cot (90°)
=0
Therefore, the value of cot (tan-1 α + cot-1 α) is 0.

QUESTION.3: The value of tan-1 √3 – sec-1(–2) is equal to:

(A) π (B) – π/3 (C) π/3 (D) 2π/3
Solution:
Now, solve the first part of the expression: tan-1 √3
Let us take y = tan-1√3
This can be written as:
tan y = √3
Now, use the trigonometry table to find the radian value
tan y = tan (π/3)
Thus, the range of principal value of tan-1 is (−π/2, π/2)
Therefore, the principal value of tan-1√3 is π/3.

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Now, solve the second part of the expression: sec-1(–2)
Now, assume that y = sec-1 (–2)
sec y = -2
sec y = sec (2π/3)
We know that the principal value range of sec -1 is [0,π] – {π/2}
Therefore, the principal value of sec-1 (–2) = 2π/3
Now we have:
tan-1(√3) = π/3
sec-1 (–2) = 2π/3
Now, substitute the values in the given expression:
= tan-1 √3 – sec-1 (−2)
= π/3 − (2π/3)
= π/3 − 2π/3
= (π − 2π)/3
= – π/3
Hence, the correct answer is an option (B)

QUESTION.4: Prove that sin-1 (3/5) – sin-1 (8/17) = cos-1 (84/85).

Solution:
Let sin-1 (3/5) = a and sin-1 (8/17) = b
Thus, we can write sin a = 3/5 and sin b = 8/17
Now, find the value of cos a and cos b
To find cos a:
Cos a = √[1 – sin2 a]
= √[1 – (3/5)2 ]
= √[1 – (9/25)]
= √[(25-9)/25]
= 4/5
Thus, the value of cos a = 4/5
To find cos b:
Cos b= √[1 – sin2 b]
= √[1 – (8/17)2 ]
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= √[1 – (64/289)]
= √[(289-64)/289]
= 15/17
Thus, the value of cos b = 15/17
We know that cos (a- b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b
Now, substitute the values for cos a, cos b, sin a and sin b in the formula, we get:
cos (a – b) = (4/5)x (15/17) + (3/5)x(8/17)
cos (a – b) = (60 + 24)/(17x 5)
cos (a – b) = 84/85
(a – b) = cos-1 (84/85)
Substituting the values of a and b sin-1 (3/5)- sin-1 (8/7) = cos-1 (84/85)
Hence proved.

QUESTION. 5: Find the value of cos-1 (1/2) + 2 sin-1 (1/2).

Solution:
First, solve for cos-1 (1/2):
Let us take, y = cos-1 (1/2)
This can be written as:
cos y = (1/2)
cos y = cos (π /3).
Thus, the range of principal value of cos-1 is [0, π ]
Therefore, the principal value of cos-1 (1/2) is π/3.
Now, solve for sin-1 (1/2):
Let y = sin-1 (1/2)
sin y = 1/2
sin y = sin ( π/6)
Thus, the range of principal value of sin-1 is [(-π)/2, π/2 ]
Hence, the principal value of sin-1 (1/2) is π/6.
Now we have cos-1 (1/2) = π/3 & sin-1 (1/2) = π/6
Now, substitute the obtained values in the given formula, we get:
= cos-1 (1/2) + 2sin-1 (1/2)
= π /3 + 2( π/6)
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= π/3 + π/3
= ( π+π )/3
= 2π /3
Thus, the value of cos-1 (1/2) + 2 sin-1 (1/2) is 2π /3.

QUESTION 6-
Find the principal value of cos -1( √3 / 2 ) .

Solution

Let cos-1 (√3 / 2 ) = y . Then, cos y = √3 / 2.

The range of the principal values of y = cos-1 x is [0, π ].

So, let us find y in [0, π ] such that cos y = √3 / 2

But, cos π/6 = √3/2 and π/6 ∈ [0,π ]. Therefore, y = π /6

Thus, the principal value of cos-1 (√3/2 ) is π/6 .

QUESTION 7

Find the principal value of tan-1 (√3)

Solution

Let tan-1 (√3) = y .

Then, tan y = √3.

Thus, y = π/3 . Since π/3 ∈ ( - π/2 , π/2 ) .

Thus, the principal value of tan-1(√3) is π/3.

QUESTION 8

Find (i) tan-1 (-√3 )

(ii) tan-1 ( tan (3π / 5))(iii) tan (tan-1 (2019))

Solution

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(iii) Since tan (tan-1 x) = x, x ∈ R , we have tan (tan-1 (2019)) = 2019.

QUESTION 9

Find the value of tan-1 (-1) + cos-1 ( 1/2 ) + sin-1 ( - 1/2 ) .

Solution

Let tan-1 (-1) = y . Then, tan y = -1 = - tan π/4 = tan ( - π/4 ) .

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QUESTION 10

Prove that tan (sin-1 x) = , -1 < x < 1

Solution

If x = 0 , then both sides are equal to 0. ………..(1)

Assume that 0 < x < 1.

Let θ = sin-1 x .Then 0< θ < π/2 . Now, sin θ = x/1 gives tanθ = .

Hence, tan (sin-1x) = ... (2)

Assume that -1 < x < 0. Then, θ = sin-1x gives – π/2 < θ < 0. Now, sinθ = x/1 gives tanθ =

In this case also, tan (sin-1 x) = ... (3)

Equations (1), (2) and (3) establish that tan (sin-1 x) = -1 < x < 1.

QUESTION 11

Find
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Solution
It is known that cos-1 x : [-1, 1] → [0, π ] is given by
Cos-1 x = y if and only if x = cos y for -1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ π .
Thus, we have

QUESTION 12

Find the principal value of

(i) cosec-1 (-1) (ii) sec-1 (-2) .

Solution

(i) Let cosec-1 (-1) = y . Then, cosec y = -1

Since the range of principal value branch of y= cosec-1 x is [- π/2 , π/2] \ {0} and

Thus, the principal value of cosec-1 (-1) is – π/2 .

(ii) Let y = sec-1 (-2) . Then, sec y = -2 .

By definition, the range of the principal value branch of y = sec-1 x is [0,π ]\ {π /2} .

Let us find y in [0,π ] – {π/2} such that sec y = -2 .

But, sec y = −2 ⇒ cos y = − 1/2 .

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Now, cos y =- 1/2 = -cos π/3 = cos (π – π/3 ) = cos 2π/3 . Therefore, y = 2π/3 .

Since 2π/3 ∈ [0, π ] \ {π/2 } , the principal value of sec-1 (-2) is 2π/3 .

QUESTION 13

Find the value of sec-1(- 2√3 / 2)

Solution

QUESTION 14

If cot-1 ( 1/7 ) = θ , find the value of cos θ .

Solution

By definition, cot-1 x ∈ (0, π) .

Therefore, cot-1 (1/7) = θ implies cot θ ∈ (0,π ) .

But cot-1 ( 1/7 ) = θ implies cot θ = 1/7 and hence tan θ = 7 and θ is acute.

Using tan θ = 7/1 , we construct a right triangle as shown . Then, we have, cosθ = 1/ 5√2 .

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QUESTION 15

Show that , x >1 .

Solution

We construct a right triangle with the given data.

From the triangle, secα = x/1 = x . Thus, α = sec -1 x .

QUESTION 16

Solution

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QUESTION 17

QUESTION 18

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QUESTION 19

Solve tan-1 2x + tan-1 3x = π/4 , if 6x2 < 1.

Solution

Now, tan-1 2x + tan-13x = tan-1 , since 6x2 <1 .

So, tan-1 = π/4 , which implies 5x/ [1- 6x2] = tan π /4 = 1

Thus, 1- 6x2 = 5x , which gives 6x2 + 5x -1 = 0

Hence, x = 1/6 , -1 . But x = -1 does not satisfy 6x2 <1 .

Observe that x = -1 makes the left side of the equation negative whereas the right side is
a positive number. Thus, x = -1 is not a solution.
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Hence, x = 1/6 is the only solution of the equation.

QUESTION 20

CHAPTER 3

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 2 5 −7 
 
Question 1.  35 −2 12 
 3 1 17 
 

(i) The order of thematrix

(ii) The number ofelements,
Write the elements a13, a21, a33, a24,a23
(iii)
Answer 1:
(i) Inthegivenmatrix,thenumberofrowsis3andthenumberofcolumnsis4. Therefore, the order of the
matrix is 3 ×4.
(ii) Since the order of the matrix is 3 × 4, there are 3 × 4 = 12 elements init.
(iii) a13 = 19, a21 = 35, a33 = −5, a24 = 12, a23 = 5
2
Question 2:
If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible order it can have? What, if it has 13
elements?

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 Answer 2:
We know that if a matrix is of the order m × n, it has mnelements. Thus, to find all the possible
orders of a matrix having 24 elements, we have to find all the ordered pairs of natural numbers
whose product is 24.
The ordered pairs are: (1, 24), (24, 1), (2, 12), (12, 2), (3, 8), (8, 3), (4, 6), and
(6, 4)
Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 24 elements are: 1 × 24, 24 ×
1, 2 × 12, 12 × 2, 3 × 8, 8 × 3, 4 × 6, and 6 × 4

(1, 13) and (13, 1) are the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 13. Hence, the
possible orders of a matrix having 13 elements are 1 × 13 and 13 × 1.

Question 3. If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it
has 5 elements?

Answer

We know that if a matrix is of the order m × n, it has mnelements. Thus, to find all the possible
orders of a matrix having 18 elements, we have to find all the ordered pairs of natural numbers
whose product is 18.
The ordered pairs are: (1, 18), (18, 1), (2, 9), (9, 2), (3, 6,), and (6, 3) Hence, the
possible orders of a matrix having 18 elements are:
1 × 18, 18 × 1, 2 × 9, 9 × 2, 3 × 6, and 6 × 3
(1, 5) and (5, 1) are the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 5. Hence, the
possible orders of a matrix having 5 elements are 1 × 5 and 5 × 1.

Question 4.Find the values of x, y, z for the given problem:

 4 3  y z 
 = 
 x 5  1 5

Answer :

As the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:
x = 1, y = 4, and z = 3

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Question 5. Let

Find each of the following:

(i) A+B (ii) A-B (ii) 3A-C (iii) AB (iv) BA

Answer :

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv) Matrix A has 2 columns. This number is equal to the number of rows in matrix B. Therefore,
AB is defined as:

(v) Matrix B has 2 columns. This number is equal to the number of rows in matrix A. Therefore, BA
is defined as:

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Question 6. Simplify :

Answer :

Question 7. Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:

(i) (ii) (iii)

Answers :

(i)

(ii)

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(iii)

Question 8. If and then veryify that

(i) (ii)
Answer:
We have

(i)

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Question 9. If (i)

,then verify that

(ii) if ,then verify that

Answer:
(i)

25
(ii)

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 1 5
Question 10. For the matrix A =   ,verify that
6 7

(i) ( A + A' ) is skew symmetric matrix

(ii) ( A − A' ) is a skew symmetric matrix.

Answer:

(i)

Hence ( A + A' ) is skew symmetric matrix

(ii)

Hence ( A − A' ) is a skew symmetric matrix.

Topic Determinants

2cos 4 − sin  x2 − x + 1 x − 1
Question1. Evaluate the determinant and and
−5 −1 sin  cos  x +1 x +1

2 4
Answer: Now = 2(−1) − 4(−5) = − 2 + 20 =18
−5 −1

cos  − sin 
And = (cos θ)(cos θ) − (−sin θ)(sin θ) = cos2 θ+ sin2 θ = 1
sin  cos 

x2 − x + 1 x − 1
x +1 x +1
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 = (x2 − x + 1)(x + 1) − (x − 1)(x + 1)
= x3 − x2 + x + x2 − x + 1 − (x2 − 1)
= x3 + 1 − x2 + 1
= x3 − x2 + 2

Question 2. If

then show that

Answer : The given matrix is

It can be observed that in the first column, two entries are zero. Thus, we expand along the first
column (C1) for easier calculation.

From equations (i) and (ii), we have:

Hence the given result is proved.

Question 3.

(i) (ii)
Evaluate the determinants.

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Answer: (i)

Let

It can be observed that in the second row, two entries are zero. Thus, we expand along the second
row for easier calculation.

(ii)
By expanding along the first row, wehave:

1 −2 1 −2 1 1
A =3 +4 +5
3 1 2 1 2 3

=3(1+6)+4(1+4)+5(3-2)

=3(7)+4(5)+5(1)

=21+20+5

=46

Question 4. Find the area of the angle with vertices at the point given:

(1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3) (ii) (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8)

Answer: The area of the triangle with vertices (1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3) is given by therelation,

(i)

(ii)

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Question 5. If area of triangle is 35 square units with vertices (2, −6), (5, 4), and (k, 4). Then k is

A. 12 B. −2 C. −12, −2 D. 12, −2

Answer : Correct Answer D

The area of the triangle with vertices (2, −6), (5, 4), and (k, 4) is given by the relation,

It is given that the area of the triangle is ±35. Therefore, we have:

When 5 − k = −7, k = 5 + 7 = 12.

When 5 − k = 7, k = 5 − 7 = −2.
Hence, k = 12, −2.
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The correct answer is D.

Question 6. Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinant:

Answer : By the definition of minors and cofactors, we have:

1 0
M 11 = =1
0 1

0 0
M 12 = =0
0 1

0 1
M 13 = =0
0 0

0 0
M 21 = =0
0 1

1 0
M 22 = =1
0 1

1 0
M 23 = =0
0 0

0 0
M 31 = =0
1 0

1 0
M 32 = =0
0 0

1 0
M 32 = =0
0 0
A11= cofactor of a11= (−1)1+1M11= 1
A12= cofactor of a12= (−1)1+2 M12= 0
A13= cofactor of a13= (−1)1+3 M13= 0
A21= cofactor of a21= (−1)2+1 M21= 0
A22= cofactor of a22= (−1)2+2 M22= 1
A23= cofactor of a23= (−1)2+3 M23= 0
A31= cofactor of a31= (−1)3+1 M31= 0
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A32= cofactor of a32= (−1)3+2 M32= 0

A33= cofactor of a33= (−1)3+3 M33 = 1

Question 7. Find adjoint of each of the

matrices:

Answer :

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Question 8. Solve the system of linear equations, using matrix method .

5x+2y=4

7x+3y=5

Answer: The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX = B, where

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Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse exists.

Question 9. Find the inverse of the matrix

Answer:

Question 10. Find the inverse of the matrix

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Answer:

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 CHAPTER 4
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIBILITY
Important problems

Find all points of discontinuity of the function , where is defined by

1. Find all points of discontinuity of the function , where is defined by

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2. Check whether the function defined by is

continuous or discontinuous.

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3. Find the values of k so that the function , defined by

is continuous at point .

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4. Prove that the function given by

Is not differentiable at .

5. Find if .

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6. Differentiate with respect to x.

7. Find if .

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8. If find .

9. Differentiate the function

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 With respect to x.

10. Find if

11. If , prove that

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12. Differentiate with recpect to .

13. Differentiate with respect to .

Ans:

14. If , then find .

43
15. If , then show that .

16. If , then show that .

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45
 CHAPTER 5
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
2 marks questions

1. Find the equation of the normal to the curve y =x + , x>0 perpendicular to the line 3x – 4y = 7.
2. Find the points on the curve y = x3 +7x at which he normal line as the equation y= x+20.
3. Find a point on the curve y = x3 -11x+5 at which the tangent is y= x-11.
4. What is the slope of the tangent to the curve f(x)= x3– 5x + 3 at the pointwhose x co-ordinate is
2?
5. Show that the function given by f ( x)=e2xis strictly increasing on R.
6. Prove that the logarithmic function is strictly increasing on 0, .
7. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function given by
2
f x 2x 1 3

8.Find the point on the circle x2 + y2 = 80 which is nearest to the point (1, 2).

3 marks questions

1. Show that the function given byf x sin xis

(A).Strictly increasing in (0, ) (B).Strictly decreasing in ( )
(C ) neither increasing nor decreasing in (0,
2. Find the intervals in which the function fgiven is
f x 2x3 3x2 36x 7

(A)strictly increasing (B)strictly decreasing

2
3.Findthevaluesof xforwhich y= x x 2 isanincreasingfunction.

4.Prove that the curves x =y2and xy=k cut at right angles if 8k2=1.

5.Find the maximum profit that a company can make, if the profit function
is given by

p x 41 24x 18x2

6.What is the maximum value of the function sin x+cos x?

7.Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and the sum of whose cubes

46
is minimum .

8.Show that the normal at any point θ to the curve

x a cos a sin , y asin a cos is at a constant distance from

the origin.

9.Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface area and maximum
volume is such that its height is equal to the diameter of the base.

(5 marks questions)

1.Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere
of radius Ris of the volume of the sphere.

2.Showthatthesemi-verticalangleoftheconeofthemaximumvolumeand
ofgivenslant heightistan-1 .
Unsolved questions for practise :-

1.Find the points of local maximum or local minimum for the function
f(x) = 2x3-6x2+6x+5
2. Find the maximum and minimum value of the function f(x) = 3-2sinx.
3. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is max.
4. Show that of all the rectangle of given area, the square has the smallest perimeter.
5. A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircular opening. The total
perimeter of the window is 10m. Find the diameter of the window to get maximum light
through the whole opening.
6. Find the point on the curve y2=4x which is the nearest to the point (2,-8).
7. Find the area of the greatest isosceles triangle that can be inscribed in a given ellipse x 2/a2 +
y2/b2=1 with its vertex coinciding with one extremity of the major axis.
8. Show that the height of a closed right circular cylinder of given surface and maximum volume
is equal to the diameter of the base.
9.If length of 3 sides of trapezium other than base are equal to 10cm each, then find the area of
trapezium when it is maximum?
10. A manufacturer can sell x items at a price of Rs 5 –(x/100) each. The cost price of x pens is Rs
(x/5) + 500.What is the number of items, the manufacturer should sell to earn maximum
profit?
11. If the performance of the student ‘y’ depends on the number of hours ’x’ of hard work done
per day is given by the relation y = 4x – (x2/2). Find the number of hours, the student work to
have the best performance. “Hours of hard work are necessary for success” Justify.
12.Profit function of a company is given as P(x) = (24x/5) –(x2/100) – 500 where x is the number
of units produced. What is the maximum profit of the company? Company feels its social
responsibility and decided to donate 10% of his profit for the orphanage. What is amount
contributed by the company for the charity? Justify that every company should do it.
13. An expensive square piece of golden color board of side 24cm is to be made into a box
without top by cutting each corner and folding the flaps to form a box. What should the side

47
 of the square piece to be cut from each corner of the board to hold maximum volume and
minimum wastage? What is the importance of minimizing the wastage in utilizing the
resources?

SOLUTION (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)

Sol 1.The given curve is y = x +

=1- ,slope of normal = .

Req. eqn of the normal is 8x+6y = 31.

Sol2.The given curve is y = x3 +7x

= 3x2+ 7,
slope of the normal line at any point (a,b) is
since normal line is y= x+ 20 and its slope is 1

= 1 therefore a2 = (not possible).Hence at no point on the given curve normal has equation
y= x+ 20.

Sol 3.The given curve is y = x3 -11x+5

= 3x2-11. ⸫3x2-11 = 1

x= 2,-2 and so req. points are (2,-9) and (-2,19)

Sol4.The given curve f(x)= x3– 5x + 3

= 3x2-5. Since the x coordinate is x =2

⸫ Req slope is 3x22-5 = 7.

Sol 5.Let x1 and x2 be any two numbers in R.

Then, we have:

X1 x2 2x1 2x2 e2x1 e2x2 f ( x1)< f ( x2) .

Hence f(x) is strictly increasing on R.

Sol6.The given function is f x log x

f ’(x) =

48
 Itisclearthatforx 0, >0

Hence, f x log x is strictly increasing in interval 0, .

2
Sol 7. Thegivenfunctionisf x 2x 1 3

2
Itcanbeobservedthat 2x 1 0forevery x R.

2
Therefore, f x 2x 1 3 3forevery x R.

The minimum value of f is attained when 2x 1 0.

2x 1 0,x

Minimumvalueof f(1/2) = 3.

Hence the given function does not have maximum value.

Sol 8.

Let Q(x, y) be the nearest point to P(1, 2)

Minimize s =

Let l = s2 = (x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2

⇒ l = x 2 + y 2 – 2x – 4y + 5 ….(i)

Also, x 2 + y 2 = 80 …(ii)

from (1) and (2), l = 2 85 – 2x – 4

=-2-4. (-2x) = -2 +

= 0 x 4, – 4 (rejected)

= 0 at x 4

∴ (4, 8) is the nearest point.

SOLUTION (3 MARKS QUESTIONS)

Sol1.f (x) = sin x

49
f ’(x) = cos x > 0 in the interval (0, ) and so is strictly increasing. – (1)

f ’(x) = cos x < 0 in the interval ( ) and so is strictly decreasing.- (2)

from (1) and (2) it is clear that f(x) is neither increasing nor decreasing in (0,

Sol 2.

The given function is

f x 2x3 3x2 36x 7

f' x 6x2 6x 36 6 x 2 x 6 6 x 2 x 3

f' x 0 x 2,3

The points x 2 and x 3 divide the real line into three disjoints intervals i.e.,

, 2 , 2,3 , and 3,

In intervals , 2 and 3, ,f ' x is positive while in interval

2,3 , f ' x is negative.

Hence, the given function f is strictly increasing in intervals

, 2 U 3, , while function f is strictly decreasing in interval 2,3 .

Sol 3.

2 2
y x x 2 = x 2 2x
=2 x 2 2x 2x 2 4x x 2 x 1

= 0, x 0,x 2,x 1

The points x 0 , x 1 and x 2 divide the real line into four disjoint intervals i.e.,

,0 , 0,1 , 1, 2 and 2, .

In intervals ,0 and 1, 2 , 0

y is strictly decreasing in intervals ,0 and 1, 2

However, in intervals 0,1 and 2, 0

y is strictly decreasing in intervals 0,1 and 2,

Sol4.The equation of the given curves are given as x y2 and xy k

50
Putting x y2 in xy k , we get:

y3 k y k1/3

x k2/3

Thus, the point of intersection of the given curves is (k2/3, k1/3)

Differentiating x y2 with respect to x , we have:

=1/2y

Therefore slope of the tangent = 1/2k1/3

On differentiating xy k with respect to x , we have:

=-y/x

=-1/k1/3

We know that two curves intersect at right angles if the tangents to the curves at the point of
intersection are perpendicular to each other.

1/2k1/3 x -1/k1/3 =-1

8k2 =1 .proved.

Sol 5.The profit function is given as p x 41 24x 18x2 .

p' x 24 36x

p'' x 36

Now, p' x 0

X = -2/3

p’’( 36 0

By second derivative test

X = -2/3

is the local point of maxima.

Maximum profit = p(-2/3)

41 16 8

49
51
Hence, the maximum profit that the company can make is 49 units.

Sol 6.Let f x sinx cosx

f' x cosx sinx

f' x 0 sinx cosx tanx 1 x
f’’(x) = -sin x – cos x

Now, f '' x will be negative when sin x cos x is positive i.e., when sin x and cos xare both
positive. Also, we know that sin x and cos x both are positive in the first quadrant.Then,

Thus, we consider x
f’( )=- <0
By second derivative test f will be maximum when x and the maximum value of f is
f( )=

Sol7.Let one number be x. Then, the other number is 16 x .

Let the sum of the cubes of these numbers be denoted by S x . Then,

3
S x x3 16 x

2
S ' x 3x 2 3 16 x ,S " x 6x 6 16 x

2
Now,S ' x 0 3x2 3 16 x 0

2
x 2 16 x 0

x2 256 x2 32x 0

X= 256/32 =8

Now, S" 8 6 8 6 16 8 48 48 96 0

By second derivative test, x = 8 is the point of local minima of S.

Hence, the sum of the cubes of the numbers is the minimum when the numbers are 8 and 16 –8= 8.

Sol 8.

52
Sol9.

53
 SOLUTION (5 MARKS QUESTIONS)

Sol1.Let r and h be the radius and height of the cone respectively inscribed in a sphere of radius
R.

54
When r2 = 8/9 R2

<0

By second derivative test, the volume of the cone is the maximum

When r2 = 8/9 R2

55
Sol2.

Let be the semi-vertical angle of the cone.

Let r, h and l be the radius, height, and the slant height of the cone respectively. The slant height of
the cone is given as constant.

56
******************************

57
 CHAPTER 6
INTEGRALS
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Choose the correct answer in each of the following:

58
59
Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]

60
61
62
Long Short Answer Type-I Questions [3 Marks]

63
64
Long Short Answer Type-I Questions [5 Marks]

Hint:

65
66
 CHAPTER 7

APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

( 1 MARK QUESTION)

Q1. Find the area bounded by y = x 2 ,ℎ𝑒𝑥 − axis and the lines 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1.

1
2 3 1 2
Sol. A = 2 x 2 dx =  x  = sq. units.
0
3  0 3

Q2. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 3x , x-axis and the ordinates x=1 and x=3.

3 3 2 3
Sol. A =  3x dx =  x  = 12 sq. units.
1 2  1

Q3. Find the area enclosed by the curve y = x 2 and the line y=16.

16 256
Sol. A = 2 y dy = sq. units.
0 3

Q4. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve x 2 + y 2 = 1 .

Ans.  sq. units

Q5. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y 2 = 4 x and the line y=2.
2
Ans.
3

x2 y 2
Q6. Using integration find the area enclosed by the curve + = 1 .Ans. 12 
9 16

4
Q7. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y 2 = x and the straight line 2y=x.Ans. sq.
3
units

32
Q8. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y 2 = 8 x and the line 𝑥 = 2.Ans. sq. units
3

x2 y 2
Q9. Using integration find the area enclosed by the curve + = 1 Ans. 20  sq. units
25 16

67
 CHAPTER 8

Differential Equations

Section A( 1 mark)

1. Find order and degree of differential equation

2. Find order and degree of differential equation

3. Integrating factor of

4. How many arbitrary constants are there in the particular solution of the differential
equation

5. For what value of n is the following a homogeneous differential equation:

Section B(2 marks)

68
6. Solve the differential equation

7. Solve the differential equation

8. Find the equation of curve whose tangent at any point on it, different from origin, has
slope

9. Solve the differential equation

10. Solve the differential equation

Section C (3 marks)

11. Solve the differential equation

12. Solve the differential equation

69
13. Show that the differential equation

Is homogeneous.

Find the particular solution given that

14. For the differential equation

Find the solution curve passing through the point (1, -1)

15. Find the general solution of the differential equation

Solutions /Hints

1. Order=3

Degree not defined

2. Order=3

Degree=2

3.

4. 0

5. 3

6. Solution:

70
7.

Integrating

8. Solution:

9.

Which is homogeneous differential equation

Integrating

71
10.

Which is homogeneous differential equation

Integrating

11. Solution :

Which is homogeneous differential equation.

12. Solution:

72
13. Solution.

Which is homogeneous

Integrating

Put given condition

Particular solution

14.

or

Integrating

73
15.

74
 CHAPTER 9
Vector Algebra
Q1. Find the direction cosine of the vector = +2 +3 .
Q2. If a vector has direction ratios 2, -1, -2 then what are its direction cosines?

Q3.Write the value of p for which the vectors = +2 +9 and = -2 +3

are parallel ?

Q4. Write the value of so that the vector =2 + +3 and -2 +3

are perpendicular to each other.

Q5. find a unit vector in the direction of = -2 +3

Q6. Find a vector in the direction of = -2 +3 that has magnitude 7 units.

Q7. Find a vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the resultant of =2 -

and of = -2 + .

Q8.Find the position vector of a point which divides the join of points with

position vector and externally in the ratio 2: 1.

Q9. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining the two

points P and Q whose position vectors are - and of - +

respectively in the ratio 2: 1

(i) Internally (ii) externally

Q10. Write the projection of vector = + -4 on the vector = +6 +3 .

SOLUTION (Vector Algebra)

(1) . = =

DC’s are ,

75
(2) . Here DR’s are a= 2 , b= -1 , c= -2

= =3

DC’s are , ,

(3) DR’s of Ist vector are =3, =2,

DR’s of IInd vector are = 1 , = -2p ,

For parallel vector = =

= =

P=

(4)If vectors and are perpendiculars then

+, + =0

2 x 1 + x (-2) + 3 x 3=0

(5) =

Unit Vector in the direction of = = .

(6) =

Unit Vector in the direction of = =

Vector in the direction of that has magnitude 7 units = 7 .

76
(7) = +

=3

Unit Vector in the direction of = = .

Vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the resultant of and is = 5

(8)

2:1
P

Required vector =

(9) Vector that divides internally is

Vector that divides Externally is

= =- .

(10) the projection of vector on the vector =

= =

77
 CHAPTER 10
3D GEOMETRY
FORMULAE
❖ Direction cosines of a line are the angles made by the line with the positive directions of the co-
ordinate axes .
❖ If a line makes angles  ,  and  respectively with the coordinate axes, then its d.cs. are
cos  , cos  , cos  .

❖ If l, m, n are direction cosines of a line ,then l2+ m2+n2 =1

❖ Direction cosines of a line joining two points P( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q( x 2 , y 2 , z2 )
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 Z 2 − Z1
are , , where PQ= (x 2 − x1)2 + ( y 2 − y1)2 + ( z2 − z1)2
PQ PQ PQ

❖ Direction ratios of a line are the numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of a
line.
❖ Direction cosines of a line are uniqe, but direction ratios are not unique.
❖ If l, m, n are the direction cosines and a, b, c are the direction ratios of a line
a b c
l= ;m= ;n=
a +b +c
2 2 2
a +b +c
2 2 2
a + b2 + c2
2

❖ Skew lines are lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting. They lie in different
planes.
❖ Angle between skew lines is the angle between two intersecting lines drawn from any point
parallel to each of the skew lines.

❖ If l1,m1,n1 and l2 , m2 , n2 are the direction cosines of two lines; and  is the acute angle
between the two lines; then cos  = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2

❖ If a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are the direction ratios of the two lines: and  is the acute angle between
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
the two lines; then cos =
a12 + b12 + c12 a2 2 + b2 2 + c2 2

❖ Vector equation of a line that passes through the given point whose position vector is a and

parallel to a given vector b is r = a + b .

❖ Equation of a line through a point ( x1, y1, z1 ) and having direction cosines l,m,n is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
l m n

❖ Vector equation of a line that passes through the given point whose position vectors are a and

b parallel to a given vector b is r = a +  (b − a )

❖ Cartesian Equation of a line that passes through two points ( x1, y1, z1 ) and
78
 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is = =
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1

 
❖ If  is the acute angle between
b1 .b2
r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 , then cos  =  
b1 b2

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y 2 z − z 2
❖ If = = and = = are the equations of two lines , then the acute
l1 m1 n1 l2 m2 n2

angle between the two lines is given by cosθ = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2

❖ Shortest distance between two skew lines is the line segment perpendicular to both the lines.
     
❖
Shortest distance between r = a 1 + b 1and r = a 2 +  b 2is
r r r r
(b1  b2 ).(a2 − a1 )
d= r r
b1  b2

❖ Shortest distance between the lines ; x − x1 = y − y1 z − z1

= and x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = is
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
(b1c2 − b2 c1 ) + (c1a2 − c2 a1 ) + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 ) 2
2 2

      br  (ar − ar )
❖ Distance between parallel lines r = a 1 + b and r = a 2 +  b is r2 1
b

❖ In the vector form , equation of the plane which is at a distance d from the origin , and n̂ is the
unit vector normal to the plane through the origin is

r . n̂ = d.
❖ Equation of a plane which is at a distance of d from the origin and the direction cosines of the
normal to the plane as l, m, n is lx + my + nz =d.
❖ The equation of a plane through a point whose position vector is a and perpendicular to the
 r r r
vector N is ( r − a ).N =0.

❖ Equation of the plane perpendicular to a given line with direction ratios a,b,c and passing
through a given point ( x1,y1,z1) is
a(x-x1)+b(y-y1)+c(z-z1)=0.
❖ Equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points (x1,y1,z1),(x2,y2,z2) and (x3,,y3,z 3) is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1 =0
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1

79
❖ Vector equation of the plane that contains three non collinear points having position
r r  → → → →
→ →
vectors a, b and c is ( r - a ). [( b - a )x( c - a )]=0.

Equation of a plane that cuts the coordinate axes at (a,0,0), (0,b,0)and (0,0,c) is x y z
❖ + + =1
a b c
 
❖ Vector equation of the plane that passes the intersection of planes r .n1 = d1 and r .n2 = d 2 is
  
r .(n1 + n2 ) = d1 + d 2 where  is any nonzero constant.
❖ Vector equation of a plane that passes through the intersection of two given planes
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0 is
(a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 ) +  (a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 ) =0.
r r r r r r
❖ Two planes r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 are co-planar if (a2 − a1 ).(b1  b2 ) = 0 .

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
❖ Two lines = = and = = are coplanar if
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2

x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1
a1 b1 c1 =0
a2 b2 c2

 
❖ In the vector form ,if  is the angle between the two planes r .n1 = d1 and r .n2 = d 2 then  =cos -1
 
n1. n 2
  .
n1 n 2

r
   b .nˆ
is sin  = r

❖ The angle between the line r = a + b and the plane r .nˆ = d
b nˆ

❖ The angle  between the planes a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0 is given by

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2

cos  =
a12 + b12 + c12 a2 2 + b2 2 + c2 2
  
❖ The distance of a point whose position vector is a from the plane r .nˆ = d is d − a.nˆ

ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d

❖ The distance from a point (x1,y1,z1) to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is .
a 2 + b2 + c2
❖ LEVEL-1
❖ 1.If a line makes angles 90o, 60o, 30o with the x,y and z axes respectively, find
❖ its direction cosines.
❖ 2. Find the distance of the point (3, -5, 12) from x-axis. (F 2017)
❖ 3. Find the distance of the point (2, 3, 4) from x-axis. (2010)
❖ 4. If a line has direction ratios proportional to 2, -1, -2, then what are its
❖ direction cosines? (2012)
❖ 5. Write the distances of the point (7, -2, 3) from XY, YZ and XZ-planes.
80
❖ 6. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the points (-1, 0, 2)
❖ and (3, 4, 6).
❖ 7. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the line through the point (5, 2, -4)
❖ And which is parallel to the vector 3iˆ + 2 ˆj − 8kˆ .
x + 2 y +1 z − 3
❖ 8. Find the points on the line = = at a distance of 5 units from
3 2 2
❖ from the point P(1, 3, 3). (2010)
❖ 9. Find the foot of the perpendicular from the point P( 0, 2, 3) on the line
x + 3 y −1 z + 4
❖ = = . Also find the length of the perpendicular.
5 2 3
r
❖ 10. Find the shortest distance between the lines r = (4iˆ − ˆj ) +  (iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) and
r
❖ r = (iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ) +  (2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ) .
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
❖ 11. Find the shortest distance between the lines = = and
2 3 4
x −2 y −4 z −5
= =
❖ 3 4 5 .
❖ 12. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
r ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ r ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
❖ r = (i + 2 j + 3k ) +  (2i + 3 j + 4k ) and r = (2i + 4 j + 5k ) +  (4i + 6 j + 8k ) . (2008,15)
x −3 y −5 z −7
❖ 13. Find the shortest distance between the lines = = and
1 −2 1
x +1 y +1 z +1
❖ = = . (2008, 2014)
7 −6 1
3− x y + 2 z −5
❖ 14. If the equations of a line AB are = = . Write the direction
1 −2 4
❖ ratios of a line parallel to AB.(2011)
x −5 y + 4 z −6
❖ 15. Write the vector equation of a line given by = = . (2011)
3 7 2
❖ 16. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points P(1, 1, 0) ,
❖ Q(1, 2, 1) and R(-2, 2, -1).
❖ 17. Find the vector equation of the plane whose Cartesian form of equation
❖ is 3x-4y+2z=5.
❖ 18. Find a normal vector to the plane 2x-y+2z=5. Also find a unit vector normal
❖ to the plane.
❖ 19. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (1, -1, 2) having
❖ 2, 3, 2 as direction ratios of normal to the plane.
❖ 20. Find the Cartesian equation of a plane whose vector equation is
r ˆ ˆ ˆ
❖ r .(12i − 3 j + 4k ) + 5 = 0 .
❖ 21. Find the vector equations of the coordinate planes.
❖
❖ 22. Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of
81
 r ˆ ˆ ˆ r ˆ ˆ r ˆ ˆ ˆ
❖ r .(2i − j + k ) = 1 and r .(i − j ) + 4 = 0 and perpendicular to .(2i − j + k ) + 8 = 0
r
❖ (2017)
❖ 23. Find the distance of the point (2, 1, 0) from the plane 2x+y+2z+5=0.
x +1 y + 3 z + 5 x−2 y−4 z −6
❖ 24. Prove that the lines = = and = = are coplanar.
3 5 7 1 4 7
❖ Also find the plane containing these two lines.
❖ 25. Find the image of the point (3, -2, 1) in the plane 3x-y+4z=2.
❖ 26. Find the length and foot of the perpendicular from the point (7, 14, 5) to the
❖ plane 2x+4y-z =2.(2012)
❖ 27. Find the vector equation of the plane with intercepts 3, -4, 2 on x, y and
❖ Z - axis respectively. (AI 2017)

❖ SolutionsLevel-1S
❖ 1.
Given  = 90o ,  = 60o ,  = 30o
 1 3
The d .cs. are (cos  , cos  , cos  ) = (cos 90o , cos 60o , cos 30o ) =  0, , 
 2 2 
❖
❖ 2. The distance of P(x, y, z) from the x-axis
❖ = y 2 + z 2 = (−5) 2 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13 units.

❖ 3. y + z = 3 + 4 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5 units.
2 2 2 2

❖ 4. Given d.rs. are 2,-1,-2

❖ If a,b,c are the d.rs. of a line then its d.cs. are
a b c
, ,
❖ a +b +c
2 2 2
a +b +c
2 2 2
a + b2 + c2
2

❖  The d.cs. of the given line are

2 −1 −2
, ,
2 + (−1) + (−2)
2 2 2
2 + (−1) + (−2)
2 2 2
2 + (−1) 2 + (−2) 2 2 −1 −2
2
❖ = , ,
3 3 3
❖ 5. The distance of (7, -2, 3) from xy-plane is |3|= 3 units, from yz-plane is
❖ |7|= 7 units and from zx-plane is |-2|= 2 units.
❖ 6. Let A=(-1, 0, 2) and B= (3, 4, 6)
❖  The position vectors of A and B w.r.to the origin O are
r r
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
❖ OA = a = −i + 2k , OB = b = 3i + 4 j + 6k
❖ (b − a ) = 3i + 4 j + 6k − (−i + 2k ) = 4i + 4 j + 4k
r
❖ The line equation through the points is r = a +  (b − a )
❖  r = (−i + 2k ) +  (4i + 4 j + 4k )
❖ 7. Let A= ( x1, y1, z1 ) =(5, 2, -4)

82
❖ Then the position vector of A is a = 5i + 2 j − 4k
❖ Given vector b = 3i + 2 j − 8k
❖  The vector equation of the line is
r = a + b
❖  r = (5i + 2 j − 4k ) +  (3i + 2 j − 8k )
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
❖ The Cartesian equation is = = , where a,b,c are 3, 2, -8
a b c
x −5 y −2 z + 4
 = =
❖ 3 2 −8
x + 2 y +1 z − 3
❖ 8. Given line is = = =
3 2 2
❖ Let Q be any point on the line , then Q = (3 − 2, 2 − 1, 2 + 3)
❖ Given PQ=5 units
 (3 − 2 − 1) 2 + (2 − 1 − 3) 2 + (2 + 3 − 3) 2 = 5
 (3 − 3) 2 + (2 − 4) 2 + (2 ) 2 = 5
 9 2 − 18 + 9 + 4 2 − 16 + 16 + 4 2 = 25
 17 2 − 34 + 25 = 25  17( 2 − 2 ) = 0

❖   − 2 = 0   ( − 2) = 0   = 0,  = 2
2

❖  The required points are (-2, -1, 3) and (4, 3, 7).

❖
❖ 9. Let L be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point P(0, 2, 3) on the
x + 3 y −1 z + 4
= = =  ( say )
❖ given line 5 2 3
❖ Any point on this line can be taken as (5 − 3, 2 + 1,3 − 4)
❖ Let L be (5 − 3, 2 + 1,3 − 4) .
❖ The d.rs. of the line PL are (5 − 3 − 0, 2 + 1 − 2, 3 − 4 − 3) = (5 − 3, 2 − 1, 3 − 7)
❖ The d.rs. of the given line are 5, 2, 3
❖ But PL is perpendicular to the given line
❖  5(5 − 3) + 2( 2 − 1) + 3( 3 − 7) = 0   = 1
❖  Foot of the perpendicular L= (2, 3 -1).
(2 − 0) 2 + (3 − 2) 2 + (−1 − 3) 2 = 21
❖ And PL= .
❖
r ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ r ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
❖ 10. Given lines are r = (4i − j ) +  (i + 2 j − 3k ) and r = (i − j + 2k ) +  (2i + 4 j − 5k )

❖
a = (4iˆ − ˆj ), b1 = (iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ) and a2 = (iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ), b2 = (2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ)
Here 1
i j k
❖ a2 − a1 = −3i + 0 j + 2k and b1  b2 = 1 2 −3 = 2i − j + 0k
2 4 −5

83
❖  (a2 − a1 ).(b1  b2 ) = (−3i + 0 j + 2k ).(2i − j + 0k ) = −6 + 0 + 0 = −6
❖ And | b1  b2 |= 4 + 1 + 0 = 5
     
❖ We know that the shortest distance between r = a 1 + b 1and r = a 1 +  b 2is d
r r r r
(b1  b2 ).(a2 − a1 ) −6 6
= r r = = .
b1  b2 5 5

❖ 11. The equations of the given lines are

x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x −2 y −4 z −5
= = = =
❖ 2 3 4 …….(i) and 3 4 5 ………(ii)
❖ Line (i) passes through (1, 2, 3) and has d.rs. proportional to 2, 3, 4
r r r r r
❖ So, its vector equation is r = a1 + b1 where a1 = i + 2 j + 3k and b1 = 2i + 3 j + 4k
❖ Line (ii) passes through (2, 4,5) and has d.rs. proportional to 3, 4, 5
r r r r r
❖ So, its vector equation is r = a2 + b2 where a2 = 2i + 4 j + 5k and b2 = 3i + 4 j + 5k
❖ ( now proceed as above)
❖ 12. Given lines are
r r
r = (iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ) +  (2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ) and r = (2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ) +  (4iˆ + 6 ˆj + 8kˆ)
❖ r
r
a1 = (iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ), b1 = (2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ)
r r
a2 = (2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ), b2 = (4iˆ + 6 ˆj + 8kˆ)
❖ Here
r r
 a2 − a2 = i + 2 j + 2k
❖ r r
b2 = 2 b1
❖ Also,
r
ˆ ˆ ˆ
❖ Therefore the lines are parallel to the vector 1 = (2i + 3 j + 4k )
b

i j k
r r r
(a2 − a1 )  b1 = 1 2 2 = 2i − 0 j − k
2 3 4
r r r r
| (a2 − a1 )  b1 |= 4 + 0 + 1 = 5, | b1 |= 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
r r r
(a2 − a1 )  b1 5
 S .D = r =
| b1 | 29
❖
x −3 y −5 z −7 x +1 y +1 z +1
= = = =
❖ 13. Given lines are 1 −2 1 and 7 −6 1
r
❖ Clearly the position vectors of the points on these lines are a1 = (3i + 5 j + 7 k )
r
a = (−i − j − k )
❖ and 2 .

84
 r r r r
a1 = (3i + 5 j + 7 k ), b1 = (i − 2 j + k ); a2 = (−i − j − k ), b2 = (7i − 6 j + k )
r r
a2 − a1 = −4i − 6 j − 8k
i j k
r r
b1  b2 = 1 −2 1 = i (−2 + 6) − j (1 − 7) + k (−6 + 14) = 4i + 6 j + 8k
7 −6 1
r r r r
( a2 − a1 ).(b1  b2 ) = (−4i − 6 j − 8k ).(i + 6 j + 8k ) = −4 − 36 − 64 = −104
r r r r
( a2 − a1 ).(b1  b2 ) | −104 | 104 104 52
r r = = = =
❖ | b1  b2 | 16 + 36 + 64 116 2 29 29
❖
3− x y + 2 z −5
❖ 14. Given line AB is = =
1 −2 4
x −3 y + 2 z −5
❖ It can be written as = =
−1 −2 4
❖  d.rs. of any line parallel to AB are -1, -2, 4
x −5 y + 4 z −6
❖ 15. Given line is = =
3 7 2
❖ A point on this line is (5, -4, 6) and has d.rs. proportional to 3, 7, 2.
r
❖  The vector equation is r = (5i − 4 j + 6k ) +  (3i + 7 j + 2k ) .
❖ 16. Given points are P(1, 1, 0) , Q(1, 2, 1) and R(-2, 2, -1).
❖ Equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
❖ (x1,y1,z1),(x2,y2,z2) and (x3,,y3,z 3) is x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1 =0
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1

x −1 y −1 z −0
❖ The required plane is 1 − 1 2 − 1 1 − 0 = 0  2 x + 3 y − 3z − 5 = 0 .
−2 − 1 2 − 1 −1 − 0
❖ 17. Given plane is 3x-4y+2z=5
 ( xi + yj + zk ).(3i − 4 j + 2k ) = 5
❖  r .(3i − 4 j + 2k ) = 5
❖ 18. Given plane is 2x-y+2z=5
❖ The d.rs. of a vector normal to a plane ax+by+cz=d are a, b, c
❖  The d.rs. of a vector normal to 2x-y+2z=5 are 2, -1, 2
r
❖ The normal vector is n = 2i − j + 2k
2i − j + 2k 1
❖  The unit normal vector is nˆ = = (2i − j + 2k ) .
4 +1+ 4 3
❖ 19. Given point is A=(1, -1, 2) and also given that the normal to the plane is
r
❖ n = 2i + 3 j + 2k
r r r rr rr
❖ So, the vector equation of the plane is (r − a ).n = 0  r .n = a.n

85
 r
 r .(2i + 3 j + 2k ) = (i − j + 2k ).(2i + 3 j + 2k )
r
 r .(2i + 3 j + 2k ) = 2 − 3 + 4
r
❖  r .(2i + 3 j + 2k ) = 3
❖ Also the Cartesian equation is ( xi + yj + zk ).(2i + 3 j + 2k ) = 3 or 2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 3 .
r
❖ 20. Given equation is r .(12i − 3 j + 4k ) + 5 = 0
 ( xi + yj + zk ).(12i − 3 j + 4k ) + 5 = 0
❖  12 x − 3 y + 4 z + 5 = 0
r r r
❖ 21. The vector equations of the coordinate planes are r .iˆ = 0, r . ˆj = 0 and r .kˆ = 0 .
❖ 22. The equation of any plane through the line of intersection of the given
r r
❖ planes is [r .(2i − 3 j + 4k ) − 1] + [r .(i − j ) + 4] = 0
r
❖ or r .[(2 +  )i − (3 +  ) j + 4k ] = 1 − 4 ……….(i)
r
❖ If plane (i) is perpendicular to r .(2i − j + k ) + 8 = 0 , then
[(2 +  )i − (3 +  ) j + 4k ].(2i − j + k ) = 0
−11
 2(2 +  ) + (3 +  ) + 4 = 0   =
❖ 3
−11 r
❖ Put  = in (i), we get the required plane as r .(−5i + 2 j + 12k ) = 47 .
3
23. The distance from a point (x1,y1,z1) to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is
❖ ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
❖ a 2 + b2 + c2 .
❖  The distance of (2, 1, 0) from the plane 2x+y+2z+5=0 is
2 2 +1+ 2  0 + 5 10 10
= =
❖ 22 + 12 + 22 3 3
x +1 y + 3 z + 5 x−2 y−4 z −6
= = = =
❖ 24. Given lines are 3 5 7 and 1 4 7
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
❖ We know that two lines = = and = = are coplanar if
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1
a1 b1 c1 =0 and the equation of the plane containing these lines is
a2 b2 c2

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
a1 b1 c1 =0
a2 b2 c2
x1 = −1, y1 = −3, z1 = −5; x2 = 2, y2 = 4, z2 = 6; a1 = 3, b1 = 5, c1 = 7; a2 = 1, b2 = 4, c2 = 7
❖ Here
x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1
2 − (−1) 4 − (−3) 6 − (−5) 3 7 11
❖  a1 b1 c1 = 3 5 7 =3 5 7 = 21 − 98 + 77 = 0
a2 b2 c2
1 4 7 1 4 7
❖ So, the given lines are coplanar.

86
❖ The equation of the plane containing the lines is
x +1 y + 3 z + 5
3 5 7 =0
1 4 7
 ( x + 1)(35 − 28) − ( y + 3)(21 − 7) + ( z + 5)(12 − 5) = 0  x − 2 y + z = 0
❖
❖ 25. Let Q be the image of the point P(3, -2, 1) in the plane 3x-y+4z=2.
❖ Then PQ is the normal to the plane. Therefore, d.rs. of PQ are proportional
❖ to 3, -1, 4. Since PQ passes through P(3, -2, 1) and has d.rs. proportional
❖ to 3, -1, 4.
x − 3 y + 2 z −1
❖ Hence the equation of PQ is = − =r
3 −1 4
❖ Let the point Q be (3r+3, -r-2, 4r+1). Let R be the mid-point of PQ.
❖ Then R lies on the plane 3x-y+4z=2.
 3r + 3 + 3 − r − 2 − 2 4r + 1 + 1   3r + 6 − r − 4 
R =  , , = , , 2r + 1
❖  2 2 2   2 2 
❖ Since R lies on 3x-y+4z=2
 3r + 6   − r − 4 
3 −  + 4(2r + 1) = 2  13r = −13  r = −1
❖  2   2 
❖ put r = −1 in (3r+3, -r-2, 4r+1), we get Q=(0, -1, -3)
❖ This Q is the image of P.
❖ 26. Let Q be the foot of the perpendicular from the point P(7, 14, 5) on the
❖ plane 2x+4y-z=2.
❖ Then PQ is the normal to the plane. Therefore, d.rs. of PQ are
❖ proportional to 2, 4, -1. Since PQ passes through P(7, 14, 5) and has d.rs.
❖ proportional to 2, 4, -1.
x − 7 y − 14 z − 5
❖ The equation of PQ is = = =r
2 4 −1
❖ Let the R be (2r+7, 4r+14, -r+5)
❖ Since R lies on 2x+4y-z=2,
❖  2 ( 2r + 7 ) + 4 ( 4r + 14 ) − ( −r + 5) = 2  21r + 63 = 0  r = −3

❖  R = (1, 2,8)
 PQ = (7 − 1) 2 + (14 − 2) 2 + (5 − 8) 2 = 3 21
❖
❖ 27. The equation of the plane whose intercepts on the axes are a,b,c is
x y z
+ + =1
❖ a b c
❖ The equation of the plane whose intercepts 3, -4, 2 is
x y z
+ + = 1  4 x − 3 y + 6 z = 12
❖ 3 −4 2 .
r
❖  ( xi + yj + zk ).(4i − 3 j + 6k ) = 12  r .(4i − 3 j + 6k ) = 12
87
 CHAPTER 11

Linear Programming Problems

Objective Questions:

1.In a LPP, the linear function which has to be minimized or maximized iscalled a linear __________
function.

A) Objective (B) Feasible (C) Unbounded (D) None of These

Answer: A

2. The common region determined by all the linear constraints of a LPP is called the _______ region.

A) Optimal (B) Feasible (C) Unbounded (D) Infeasible

Answer: B

3.Corner points of the feasible region for an LPP are (0, 2), (3, 0), (6, 0), (6, 8) and (0, 5).

Let F = 4x + 6y be the objective function.The Minimum value of F occurs at

(A) (0, 2) only

(B) (3, 0) only

(C)the mid-point of the line segment joining the points (0, 2) and (3, 0) only

(D) any point on the line segment joining the points (0, 2) and (3, 0).

Answer: D

4.If the feasible region for a LPP is _________, then the optimal value of the objective function Z = ax
+ by may or may not exist.

(A) Bounded (B) optimal (C) Unbounded (D) None

Answer: C

5.In a LPP, the linear inequalities or restrictions on the variables are called _________.

(A) Decision Variable (B) Constraints (C) Corner Points (D) Restrictions

88
Answer: B

Subjective Questions:

Solve the following linear programming problems graphically:

6. Maximise Z = 4x + y, subject to the constraints:

x+y 50

3x + y 90

x 0, y 0

Solution: The shaded region is the feasible region determined by the system of constraints. We
observe that the feasible region OABC is bounded. So,we now use Corner Point Method to
determine the maximum value of Z.

The coordinates of the corner points O, A, B and C are (0, 0), (30, 0), (20, 30) and(0, 50) respectively.
Now we evaluate Z at each corner point.

89
Hence, maximum value of Z is 120 at the point (30, 0).

7.The feasible region for a LPP is shown in Fig. 12.9. Find the minimum value of

Z = 11x + 7y.

90
Solution: Clearly the feasible region is bounded.

Find all corner points:

The minimum Value of Z is 21 at point (0,3)

8.Maximise Z = 3x + 2y, subject to x + 2y 10, 3x + y 15, x, y ≥ 0.

Solution: The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + 2y ≤ 10, 3x + y ≤ 15, x

≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, is as follows.

91
The corner points of the feasible region are A (5, 0), B (4, 3), and C (0, 5). The values of
Z at these corner points are as follows.

Therefore, the maximum value of Z is 18 at the point (4, 3).

9. Minimise and Maximise Z = 5x + 10y

subject to constraints x + 2y ≤ 120, x + y ≥ 60, x – 2y ≥ 0, x ≥0, y ≥ 0

Solution: The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + 2y ≤ 120, x + y ≥ 60, x

– 2y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0, is as follows.

92
The corner points of the feasible region are A (60, 0), B (120, 0), C (60, 30), and D (40,
20). The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.

The minimum value of Z is 300 at (60, 0) and the maximum value of Z is 600 at all the
points on the line segment joining (120, 0) and (60, 30).

10. Maximise Z = 3x + 4y, subject to the constraints :x + y 4, x 0, y 0.

Solution: The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + y ≤ 4, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, is as

follows.

The corner points of the feasible region are O (0, 0), A (4, 0), and B (0, 4). The values of
Z at these points are as follows.

93
Therefore, the maximum value of Z is 16 at the point B (0, 4).

94
 CHAPTER 12
PROBABILITY
BASIC DEFINITIONS

1. Event A subset of the sample space associated with a random experiment is called event
or a case. (e.g., In tossing a coin, getting head or tail is an event)
2. Equally Likely Events The given events are said to be equally likely, if none of them is
expected to occur in preference to the other.
3. Mutually Exclusive Events A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive, if the happening
of one excludes the happening of the other.
If A and B are mutually exclusive, then (A ∩ B) = ɸ => P (A ∩ B) =0
4. Equally Likely Events The given events are said to be equally likely, if none of them is
expected to occur in preference to the other.
e.g., In throwing a die. All the 6 faces numbered 1to 6 are mutually exclusive, since if anyone
of these faces comes, then the possibility of others in the same trial is ruled out.
5. Exhaustive Events A set of events is said to be exhaustive, if the performance of the
experiment always results in the occurrence of at least one of them.
If are exhaustive events, then = S i.e., P( )=1
6. Complement of an Event Let A be an event in a sample space S. Then complement of A is
the set of all sample points of the space other than the sample point in A and it is denoted
by A’ or
e.g., A’ = {n : n ∈ S, n ∉ A}
7. Probability : If there are n elementary events associated with a random experiment and m
of them are favorable to an event A, then the probability of happening or occurrence of A,
denoted by P(A), is given by

P(A) =

8. Conditional Probability If E and F are two events associated with the same sample space
of a random experiment, then the conditional probability of the event E under the
condition that the event F has occurred, written as P (E | F), is given by

P(E | F)= , P(F) ≠0

9. Properties of Conditional Probability
Let E and F be events associated with the sample space S of an experiment. Then:
(i) P (S | F) = P (F | F) = 1
(ii) P [(A ∪ B) | F] = P (A | F) + P (B | F) – P [(A ∩ B | F)],
where A and B are any two events associated with S.
(iii) P (E′ | F) = 1 – P (E | F)
10. Multiplication Theorem on Probability
Let E and F be two events associated with a sample space of an experiment. Then
P (E ∩ F) = P (E) P (F | E), P (E) ≠ 0
= P (F) P (E | F), P (F) ≠ 0
If E, F and G are three events associated with a sample space, then

95
 P (E ∩ F ∩ G) = P (E) P (F | E) P (G | E ∩ F)

11. Independent Events

Let E and F be two events associated with a sample space S. If the probability of
occurrence of one of them is not affected by the occurrence of the other, then we say that
the two events are independent. Thus, two events E and F will be independent, if
(a) P (F | E) = P (F), provided P (E) ≠ 0
(b) P (E | F) = P (E), provided P (F) ≠ 0
Using the multiplication theorem on probability, we have
(c) P (E ∩ F) = P (E) P (F) Three events A, B and C are said to be mutually independent if
all the following conditions hold:
P (A ∩ B) = P (A) P (B)
P (A ∩ C) = P (A) P (C)
P (B ∩ C) = P (B) P (C)
and P (A ∩ B ∩ C) = P (A) P (B) P (C)

12. Bayes’ Theorem

If are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a sample
space, and A is any event of non zero probability, then

P( | A) = ,

Objective Types Questions

1. If A and B are independent events the P(A∩B) = ……

2. If a fair die is rolling. The events are E={1,3,6}, F={4,6}. Then the probability

P(E/F) is…

A. 1/6 B. 1/3 C. 1/2 D. 2/3

3. Let A and B are two events. If P(A)=0.2 p(B)=0.4, P(AᴜB)=0.6, then P(A/B) is

equal to …

A. 0.8 B. 0.5 C. 0.3 D. 0

4. Let A and B be two events such that P(A)=0.6, P(B)=0.2 and P (A/B) =0.5, then P(A’/B’) equals…

A.1/10 B. 3/10 C. 3/8 D. 6/7

5. Two numbers are chosen from {1,2,3,4,5,6} one after the other without replacement. The
probability that one of the smaller values is less than 4 is
96
 A. 4/5 B.1/15 C.1/5 D.14/15

6. The probability of a student getting 1,2,3 division in an examination are 1/10, 3/5 and ¼
respectively. The probability that the student fails in the examination is

A.197/200 B.27/100 C.83/100 D. None of these

7. A speaks truth in 75% cases and B speaks truth in 80% cases. The probability that they contradict
each other in a statement is

A.7/20 B.13/20 C.3/5 D.2/5

8. The probability that a leap year will have 53 Fridays or 53 Saturdays

A. 2/7 B. 3/7 C. 4/7 D.1/7

9. A person writes 4 letters and addresses 4 envelopes. If the letters are placed in the envelopes at
random, then the probability that all letters are not placed in the right envelopes, is

A.1/4 B.11/24 C.15/24 D.23/24

ANSWERS 1. P(A).P(B) 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. D

2&3 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. 10% of the bulbs produced in a factory are of red colour and 2% are red and defective. If one
bulb is picked up at random, determine the probability of its being defective if it is red.
Solution
Let A and B be the events that the bulb is red and defective, respectively.
P (A) = 10/100=1/10,

P((A∩B) =2/100=1/50

P (B | A) = P (A B)/P(A) = 1/5

Thus the probability of the picked up bulb of its being defective, if it is red, is 1/ 5

2. A family has two children. What is the probability that both the children are boys given that
at least one of them is a boy ?
Solution Let b stand for boy and g for girl. The sample space of the experiment is
S = {(b, b), (g, b), (b, g), (g, g)}
Let E and F denote the following events :

97
 E : ‘both the children are boys’
F : ‘at least one of the child is a boy’
Then E = {(b,b)} and F = {(b,b), (g,b), (b,g)}
Now E ∩ F = {(b,b)}
Thus P(F) = 3/ 4 and P (E ∩ F )= 1/ 4

Therefore P(E|F) = P(E∩F)/ P(F)=1/3

3. Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then one card is
drawn randomly. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more than 3, what is
the probability that it is an even number?

Solution
Let A be the event ‘the number on the card drawn is even’ and B be the event ‘the number
on the card drawn is greater than 3’. We have to find P(A|B). Now, the sample space of the
experiment is
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Then A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
And A ∩ B = {4, 6, 8, 10}
Also P(A) = 5/10 , P(B) =7/10 and P(A∩ B)=4/10

Then P(A|B) = =4/7

4. In a school, there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of 430,
10% of the girls study in class XII. What is the probability that a student chosen randomly
studies in Class XII given that the chosen student is a girl?

Solution Let E denote the event that a student chosen randomly studies in Class XII and F be
the event that the randomly chosen student is a girl. We have to find P (E|F)

Now P(F) = 0.43 and P(E∩F)= 0.043 = (Why?)

Then P (E | F) = = 0.043/0.43=0.1

5. A die is thrown three times. Events A and B are defined as below: A : 4 on the third throw B :
6 on the first and 5 on the second throw Find the probability of A given that B has already
occurred.
Solution The sample space has 216 outcomes.

Now A = {(1,1,4) (1,2,4) ... (1,6,4) (2,1,4) (2,2,4) ... (2,6,4)

(3,1,4) (3,2,4) ... (3,6,4) (4,1,4) (4,2,4) ...(4,6,4)

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 (5,1,4) (5,2,4) ... (5,6,4) (6,1,4) (6,2,4) ...(6,6,4)}

B = {(6,5,1), (6,5,2), (6,5,3), (6,5,4), (6,5,5), (6,5,6)}

and A ∩ B = {(6,5,4)}.
Now P(B) = 6/216 and P (A ∩ B) = 1/216

Then P(A|B) =

6. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6. What is the
conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least once?
Solution Let E be the event that ‘number 4 appears at least once’ and F be the event that
‘the sum of the numbers appearing is 6’.
Then, E = {(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (5,4), (6,4)} and F=
{(1,5), (2,4), (3,3), (4,2), (5,1)}
We have P(E) = 11/36 and P(F) = 5/36
Also E∩F = {(2,4), (4,2)}
Therefore P(E∩F)=2/36

Hence, the required probability

P (E | F) = = = 2/5

7. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers rising is noted to be 6. Calculate the is the
conditional probability that the number 4 has arrived at least once?
Solution:
If a dice is thrown twice, then the sample space obtained is:
S = {(1,1)(1,2)(1,3)(1,4)(1,5)(1,6)
(2,1)(2,2)(2,3)(2,4)(2,5)(2,6)
(3,1)(3,2)(3,3)(3,4)(3,5)(3,6)
(4,1)(4,2)(4,3)(4,4)(4,5)(4,6)
(5,1)(5,2)(5,3)(5,4)(5,5)(5,6)
(6,1)(6,2)(6,3)(6,4)(6,5)(6,6)}
From the given data, it is needed to find the Probability that 4 has appeared at least once, given the
sum of nos. is observed to be 6
Assume that, F: Addition of numbers is 6
and take E: 4 has appeared at least once
So, that, we need to find P(E|F)
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Finding P (E):
The probability of getting 4 atleast once is:
E = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
Thus , P(E) = 11/ 36

Finding P (F):
The probability to get the addition of numbers is 6 is:
F = {(1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 3)}
Thus, P(F) = 5/ 36
Also, E ∩ F = {(2,4), (4,2)}
P(E ∩ F) = 2/36
Thus, P(E|F) = (P(E ∩ F) ) / (P (F) )
Now, subsbtitute the probability values obtained= (2/36)/ (5/36)
Hence, Required probability is 2/5.
8. Given that the events A and B are such that P(A) = 1/2, P (A ∪ B) = 3/5, and P(B) = p. Find p if
they are
(i) mutually exclusive
(ii) independent
Solution:
Given, P(A) = 1/2 ,
P (A ∪ B) = 3/5
and P(B) = p.
(1) For Mutually Exclusive
Given that, the sets A and B are mutually exclusive.
Thus, they do not have any common elements
Therefore, P(A ∩ B) = 0
We know that P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
Substitute the formulas in the above-given formula, we get
3/5 = (1/2) + p – 0

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Simplify the expression, we get
(3/5) – (1/2) = p
(6 − 5)/10 = p
1/10 = p
Therefore, p = 1/10
Hence, the value of p is 1/10, if they are mutually exclusive.
(ii) For Independent events:
If the two events A & B are independent,
we can write it as P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B)
Substitute the values,
= (1/2) × p
= p/2
Now, P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
Now, substitute the values in the formula,
(3/5) = (1/2)+ p – (p/2)
(3/2)– (1/2)= p – (p/2)
(6 − 5)/10 = p/2
1/10 = p/2
p= 2/10
P = 1/5
Thus, the value of p is 1/5, if they are independent.
Q.9: The probability of solving the specific problem independently by the persons’ A and B are 1/2
and 1/3 respectively. In case, if both the persons try to solve the problem independently, then
calculate the probability that the problem is solved.
Solution:
Given that, the two events say A and B are independent if P(A ∩ B) = P(A). P(B)
From the given data, we can observe that P(A) = 1/2 & P(B) = 1/3
The probability that the problem is solved = Probability that person A solves the problem or the
person B solves the Problem
This can be written as:
= P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
If A and B are independent, then P(A ∩ B) = P(A). P(B)
Now, substitute the values,
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= (1/2) × (1/3)
P(A ∩ B) = 1/6
Now, the probability of problem solved is written as
P(Problem is solved) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= (1/2) + (1/3) – (1/6)
= (3/6) + (2/6) – (1/6)
= 4/6
= 2/3
Hence, the probability of the problem solved is 2/3.
Q. 10: An fair die is thrown double times. Assume that the event A is “odd number on the first
throw” and B the event “odd number on the second throw”. Compare the independence of the
events A and B.
Solution:
Let us consider two independent events A and B, then P(A ∩ B) = P(A). P(B)
when an unbiased die is thrown twice
S = {(1,1)(1,2)(1,3)(1,4)(1,5)(1,6)
(2,1)(2,2)(2,3)(2,4)(2,5)(2,6)
(3,1)(3,2)(3,3)(3,4)(3,5)(3,6)
(4,1)(4,2)(4,3)(4,4)(4,5)(4,6)
(5,1)(5,2)(5,3)(5,4)(5,5)(5,6)
(6,1)(6,2)(6,3)(6,4)(6,5)(6,6)}
Let us describe two events as
A: odd number on the first throw
B: odd number on the second throw
To find P(A)
A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), …, (1, 6)
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), …, (3, 6)
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), …, (5, 6)}
Thus, P (A) = 18/36 = 1/2
To find P(B)
B = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), …, (6, 1)
(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3), …, (6, 3)

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(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), …, (6, 5)}
Thus, P (B) = 18/36 = 1/2
A ∩ B = odd number on the first & second throw = { (1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 1), (5,
3), (5, 5)}
So, P(A ∩ B) = 9/36 = 1/ 4
Now, P(A). P(B) = (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/4
As P(A ∩ B) = P(A). P(B),
Hence, the two events A and B are independent events.

Practice Problems for Class 12 Maths Chapter 13 Probability

1) Two numbers are selected at random from the integers 1 through 9. If the sum is even, find the
probability that both the numbers are odd. (Answer: 5/8).
2) A die is rolled. If the outcome is an odd number, what is the probability that it is prime? (Answer:
2/3).
3) A coin is tossed twice. If the outcome is at most one tail, what is the probability that both head
and tail have appeared? (Answer: 2/3).
4) An unbiased die is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting a 4, 5, 6on the first toss and a 1, 2,
3, 4 on the second toss. (Answer: 1/3).
5) The probability that person A hits a target is 1/3 and the probability that person B hits it is 2/5.
What is the probability that the target will be hit if both person A and person B shoot at it? (Answer:
3/5).

5 marks question (Bayes’ Theorem)

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Practice Problems for Class 12 Maths Chapter 13 Probability

1. Bag I contain 4 red and 2 green balls and Bag II contains 3 red and 5 green balls. One ball is
transferred at random from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn at random from Bag II.
The ball so drawn is found to be green in colour. Find the probability that the transferred
ball is also green.
2. A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A produces 1% of
defective items, whereas the other two operators B and C produces 5% and 7% defective
items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B on the job 30% of the time and C on
the job for 20% of the time. All the items are put into one stockpile and then one item is
chosen at random from this and is found to be defective. What is the probability that it was
produced by A?
3. Two groups are competing for the positions of the Board of Directors of a corporation. The
probabilities that the first and second groups will win are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. Further, if
the first group wins, the probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the
corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second group wins. Find the probability that the new
product introduced was by the second group.
4. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers,3000 cyclists and 4000 motor bikers.
The Probabilities of their meeting with an accident respectively are 0.04, 0.06 and 0.15. One
of the insured persons meets with an accident, find the probability that he is a scooter
driver.
5. There are three coins. One is a two-headed coin, another is a biased coin that comes up
heads 75% of the time and the third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at
random and tossed. If it shows heads, what is the probability that it is the two-headed coin?

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