CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview:

In the twenty-first century wind power is growing faster than other sustainable power sources such
as sunlight based and geothermal energy. It has become the third most critical well of energy,
surpassing unimaginable power such as oil and synthetic compounds. Energy is generated by wind
power offices, which is the fastest growing and most promising environmentally friendly energy
source. Air is an uninterrupted, clean and unlimited source of energy. The wind looks unexpected.
There are two types of wind turbines: fixed-speed and variable-speed wind turbines. Unlike fixed-
speed wind turbines, variable-speed wind turbines produce more power, limit power changes, and
increase responsive power supply. New fossil fuels must be created before the world's fossil assets
can be depleted. By 2032, oil and gas assets are expected to be depleted. Consumption of petroleum
derivatives releases carbon dioxide into the environment, which traps sunlight-based radiation and
causes unnatural climate change, now and then known as the "nursery effect". Wind energy has a
critical impact on the overall existence of human civilization. Windmills (or wind turbines) have
been used to grind grain and siphon water for 3,000 years. Air is a vital source of energy forever.
Level hub wind turbines have been a part of the country's economy since the thirteenth century, but
have recently become ubiquitous with low cost renewable energy source motors and the subsequent
advancement of energy in rural districts. Since the late 1800s, wind power has been used to make
energy. In 1888, Charles F. Brush designed a mechanized wind turbine with a 17-meter rotor
measure and 144 cedar sharp edges. Around 1897 (Denmark), the Danish trailblazer, Paul La Core
(1846-1908), developed the fastest pivoting wind turbine with two movable edges in Askov,
Denmark. They are more powerful than other people who move gradually. The 1973 oil emergency
sparked interest in wind power in various countries, supporting several kilowatts of its capacity.
Danish power companies, like their partners in Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the
United States, competed to develop enormous turbines. They built two 630 kW wind turbines in
1979, one with pitch control and the other with slow down control. They have a significant number
of similar features as their great partners, such as expanded cost and energy consumption. Non-
polluting advances may help reduce fossil fuel by-products worldwide, although they may help to
diversify energy supplies and limit reliance on limited petroleum derivative stocks.
1.2 WindPower Scenario

A. World Wide

Lately, wind power has become ubiquitous around the world. Wind Power Innovation continues to
work to impact, reliability and cost management, bringing about phenomenal growth, turning wind
into the fastest growing energy source in the world. In 1980, the world's wind limit was 13 MW. (In
Denmark and the United States, the wind limits introduced are 5 MW and 8 MW individually.)
Worldwide, a wind limit of 59,024 gigawatts was developed by the end of 2005. By the end of 2006,
the full range of wind turbines was introduced. 74,150 GW, which represents an annual growth rate
of 23.8 percent. The introduced limit was expanded by 93.926 GW and 121.188 GW separately at
the end of 2007 and 2008, with an annual growth rate of almost 26%. This number is expected to
increase to 288 GW and 718 GW individually before the end of 2012 and 2017, respectively.

B. India

Compared to other renewable energy technologies available in India, grid-connected wind power
generation has received much attention and approval. As of March 31, 2008, the country's wind
power installations totaled 8,698 MW, with 45,827 million units of electricity on the national grid.
India ranks fifth in the world in the use of renewable wind energy resources.

Renewable energy sources have recently attracted attention due to their lack of pollution and reliance
on crude fuels such as coal, diesel and other fossil fuels. Wind energy is in high demand, especially
since it is a reliable energy source. This enables the creation of electrical energy from wind power in
a controlled environment, resulting in improved frequency, power, and voltage performance. The
energy produced is either sent into the grid or kept in storage devices like batteries for later use. In
constant speed wind power conversion systems, two kinds of induction generators are used: SCIG
and DFIG. Variable speed generators are essential because wind speeds are always changing. In
addition, the need for generators that can run in both grid-connected and stand-alone modes is
increasing. PMSGs are utilized to address such demands by producing electrical energy from wind
power, as depicted in Figure 1.1. When wind speeds are low, a storage device such as a battery is
employed to keep the system steady.
 Fig 1.1Proposed Wind Energy Conversion System

The wind energy transformation framework incorporates wind turbines, generators, control system
and coupling equipment (WECS). The two most normal kinds of wind turbines are level turn wind
turbines (HAWT) and vertical center wind turbines (VAWT). HAWTs for certain edges can work in
downwind or upwind plan on existing wind turbines. HAWT can be set to run at consistent or
variable rates. In the two cases, the variable-speed wind turbines are more proficient and produce
less mechanical disturbance and pressure. Variable-speed turbines produce more power than fixed-
speed turbines, however require the utilization of fluffy transducers and control systems to keep up
with reliable repeat and power factor. Network mode wipes out the requirement for a battery with the
goal that the battery can be straightforwardly associated with the cross section while keeping up with
a similar voltage and recurrence.
1.3 Objective:

Wind energy is the most promising renewable energy source and the primary energy source in small
DC networks. Wind generators are powered by the wind.The Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator (PMSG) is gaining popularity in smaller DC networks due to its gearless design. The
primary goal of both modes is to keep the DC bus voltage at a nominal level. Due to constant
fluctuations in wind speed and load demand, this goal is difficult to achieve. As a result, each
generation unit is equipped with its own control units and inverters. It can affect the amount of
electricity required, as well as the amount of electricity supplied and the voltage.
CHAPTER 2

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

1. "West Sussex, England, Wind Energy in Energy Systems," John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., T
Ackerman, T Ackerman, T Ackerman, T Ackerman, T Ackerman, T This paper provides a
demonstration and control approach. Lattice affiliate wind turbine framework in the eyes of
super durable magnet coordinated generators. (PMSG). Sequential converter engineering is
used in the framework under consideration. Lattice side transformers are used to control the
DC transport voltage and unit power factor (GSC). The machine side converter guarantees
PMSG speed change (MSC). PMSG is a variable-speed generator that connects to a turbine
without the need for a gearbox. Pitch point control is not considered an addition in this
review. In addition, the MPPT control system is used in the light of the ideal velocity ratio
(OTSR) to obtain the best power effect, keeping in mind the wind speed types. A channel (L)
is placed between the GSC and the organization to reduce the current waves and work on the
nature of the excited energy. MATLAB / Simulink was used to create the proposed matrix
affiliate windframework. The proposed structure is feasible and the control components work
well according to the reconstruction innovations.
2. "Study and experimental validation of control tuning techniques for variable speed wind
energy conversion systems," Renewable Energy, J. Zaragoza, J. Poe, Arias, C. Spitteri, E.
Robles, S. Sebalos. This exploration examines and analyzes control tuning options for
Variable Speed Wind Power Change Frameworks (WECS) in the light of highly durable
magnet simultaneous generators (PMSG). Proper design of wind turbines (WT) and PMSG
was created. Three controllers, each of which can be direct or non-direct, are used in the
control approach of this study. In this test, direct correlation (PI) controls were used. The
effect of two different control frameworks is explored and different. An important goal is to
build generally speaking implementation by minimizing overheating and restricting
disruptive exposure to changed working conditions. Finally, the findings were verified using
the test WECS Lab model.
3. "Neural MPPT for Variable Speed Generators with Induction Machines with Wide Speed
Range," M. Sirrinsion, M. Puxi and G. Vitale, "Neural MPPT for Variable Speed Generators
with High Speed Range Induction Machines," a Neural MPPT in MPPT Demonstrating and
controlling the process for coordinated long-lasting magnet generators, variable speed wind
generators, enlightenment machines across enormous speed reaches, and network affiliated
wind turbine frameworks. Matrix side transformers provide the DC transport voltage
 guideline and unit power factor (GSC). Gadget Side Transformer (MSC) certifies PMSG
speed control. PMSG is a variable-speed generator that takes the gearbox requirement and is
connected directly to the turbine. Controlling the slant point is also considered. Furthermore,
the MPPT control approach is the most ideal choice. It is subject to speed. OTSR (Optimal
Wind Speed Ratio) is the ratio used to guarantee the autonomous ideal power output of wind
speed changes. A channel (L) is embedded between GSC and alum to reduce the current
waves and work on the nature of the excited energy. You. MATLAB / Simulink was used to
create the proposed matrix affiliate windframework.
4. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, "Study and Control of the Grid-Linked
Variable Speed Wind Energy System" Speed generators with constant lattice repetition. This
5. paper describes the work and function of the Instant Super Durable Magnet Coordinated
Generator, one of the Variable Speed Wind Generators (PMSG). This generator is connected
to the lattice via IGBT rectifier, DC transport, IGBT inverter and channel. The idea of
instantaneous common value supports transformer performance. We use the wind speed
profile number to show various changes, especially the most intense power point following
(MPPT) calculation and pitch control at the wind turbine level. Relevant coordinated
rectifiers were used to maintain a constant transporter voltage and to change dynamic and
responsive powers.
6. Extending the Modeling Framework for Wind Generation Systems: The RLS-Based Model
Under High Turbulence Flow”, B. Magnetic Equilibrium refers to the performance of the
Windshield Model based on the performance of the Windshield Model in various high-
turbulence modulation archives of Wind Generation Systems: Examined. The lateral
controller of the machine tries to reach the highest level when coordinating with the pile. On
the stock side, the power post point (MPPT) converts DC voltage to AC load voltage,
capturing heavy wind power. t Detailed voltage diagrams and current limits are shown.
7. The Advanced Conference on Communication and Control Systems 2013 (CAC2S 2013),
Atlantis Press, "Demonstrating and Directing the Wind Energy Framework with a Matrix
Connected Variable Speed Variable Lattice View." R. Singh, E. Cresham and R. Singh.
Displaying this test for framework associated wind turbine framework in the light of
coordinated long-lasting magnet generators (PMSG)The machine's bypass converter ensures
the speed change of PMSG (MSC). PMSG is a variable speed generator that connects to a
turbine without the need for a gearbox. Similarly, pitch point control was not considered in
this review. In addition, with less attention to wind speed types, the MPPT control system is
used in terms of optimal speed ratio (OTSR) to get the best power yield. A channel (L) is
 placed between the GSC and the regulator to reduce the current waves and act on the nature
of the transmitted energy. MATLAB / Simulink was used to create the windframe network
affiliated with the proposed network. The recommended framework is practical and the
control systems work well, proven by the explorations of entertainment.
8. LG. Gonzalez, E Figueres, Garcera and O Carranza presented their "Wind Energy
Conversion and Control Systems (WECS) presentation". This study demonstrates WECS and
planning at the 13th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, a long-
acting synchronous magnetometer based on the use of wind turbines with unique consistent
features and a transducer cascade design. Dynamic rendering determines the behavior of the
turbine generator frame over its full operating range. This review proposes a variable
structure control approach, which includes two types of tasks: maximum powerpoint trace
(MPPT) and constant powerpoint trace (CPPT) (CPP). The frame can be controlled using the
CP Area Speed Control Circuit, while the Force Control requires a temporary control circuit.
9. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 19 (2), p392-399, June 2004. "Optimal
Energy Conversion Control Strategies for PMSG Wind Turbine System Without Mechanical
Sensors." This study defines the control methodology for Super Durable Magneto
Synchronous Generator (PMSG) with Alternator Regulators and Frame Bypass Transformers
in Variable Speed Wind Turbine (VSWT) Application. The best practices for monitoring the
largest power point (MPP) in skipping generator are being audited to collect maximum wind
power. We performed Intelligent Maximum PowerPoint Tracking (MPPT) (VSAS)
calculation using the Variable Structure Automated Systems approach. According to the test
and retelling presented in this article, the proposed discovery will lead to effective
calculations. According to Discoveries, the updated and revised Enhanced Enhanced
Disturbing (MEPO) methodology is quite impressive. The energy generated by the turbine is
considered to be the auxiliary property that is transferred to the grid as much as it is sent to
the grid using this MPPT approach. Changing the current components of the network from d-
pivot and q-hub, separately, takes into account the dynamic and passive power control of the
matrix-side switch.
10. Youssef El-Rami, Mohamed, Sayed and Mohamed Maroufi reported "Display and tuning
strategy for control of PMSG based variable speed wind power conversion system". Due to
advances in electronic energy innovation, explicit control is approaching, and hypothetical
circuit geographies have aroused curiosity among wind turbine manufacturers of long-lasting
magnet simultaneous generators (PMSG). In the proposed wind power framework, PMSG
 will be used as a variable speed generator. The generator model is made in the coordinate dq
reference outline.
11. Y. Errami, M. Hilal, M. Benchagra, M. Ouassaid, M. Mauffi, "Non-Linear Control of MPPT
and Grid Connected Variable Speed Energy Transformation System in the Light of PMSG,"
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology.
Window Framework Nonlinear Back Project Control (WPGS) is shown in this paper in the
light of the most robust magnetic framework (PMSG) attached to the utility grid. WPGS
block diagram with PMSG and cascading regulatory side switch using hubs dq architecture.
The main components of this control framework are the DC jumper voltage of the executors
and the power factor control at different wind speeds. Similarly, the proposed WPGS control
framework highlights pitch control and PowerPoint Maximum Tracking (MPPT) innovation.
The use of Lyapunov research ensures the security of governing bodies. Inconsistent wind
speeds and organization depression are being investigated, including the MATLAB restart of
the framework's proposed control innovation. Repetition results are evaluated using the
proposed backsteping approach. Vector control is also covered in the traditional sense.

2.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

 To control and achieve the stable and optimal load sharing among multiple PMSGs in a dc
micro grid. To achieve this, different control schemes are used.In generation station RSC
control is based on dq-conversion and also power tracking by MPPT.In GSC the voltage
mode control is used PI & ANN the load voltage is controlled y voltage mode control the
power shared by the load is controlled by supervised controller.
CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1SIMULATION METHODOLOGY

Fig 3.1 Block diagram of simulation

3.2 About Wind Energy Conversion System

Wind power generation has been a key emphasis in energy production during the last decade, and
considerable study has been done on renewable energy, particularly wind power extraction. At a time
when renewable resources are increasingly limited, wind power creates ecologically benign
electricity and helps fulfill national energy demand. Modeling of wind power conversion systems
(WECS), controller control strategies, and suggested maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
methods for efficient wind power production from accessible sources are all discussed in this paper.

3.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator is a kind of synchronized

generator that uses permanent magnets.
The invigorated field is provided by an extremely durable magnet rather than a curl in a super
durable magnet coordinated generator. The word simultaneous alludes to the way that the rotor and
the attractive field turn at a similar speed on the grounds that the attractive field has an extremely
durable attractive instrument fixed on the shaft and the current is initiated in the stator engine.
Coordinated generators give most of business electrical power. Mechanical energy is regularly
changed over into electrical power on the lattice by means of steam turbines, gas turbines,
responding motors, and water turbines. Some wind turbine plans utilize this kind of generator too.
Double feed enlistment generators (DFIG) or long-lasting magnet coordinated generators are the
most widely recognized generators utilized in wind power change frameworks (PMSG). Both the
stationary and rotating parts of the DFIG have windings, and both windings send substantial power
from the shaft to the grid. In DFIG, only around 25% to 30% of the total power produced (rotor
power linked to the grid via the transformer) must be handled by the transformers, with the balance
going straight from the stator to the grid. The transformer used in PMSG, on the other hand, must
preserve 100% of the power produced and be 100% compatible with traditional WECS devices with
a three-phase gearbox used in DFIG. Because of the cost, weight, and size benefits, most wind
turbine manufacturers utilize DFIG for WECS. DFIG's gearboxes, slip rings, and brushes, on the
other hand, are inappropriate for many applications due to their dependability. PMSG delivers
excellent efficiency with low maintenance since it does not need a gearbox [3, 5 * 9]. PMSG motors
are low-noise, high-torque motors that do not need external spurs. The polymorphic technique used
by WECS is now popular, and it will continue to benefit bigger systems in the future. Multibrid
technology integrates the generator, gearbox, main shaft, and shaft bearing into a single unit. This
technique, when combined with gearbox technology, enables generators to be made lighter and
smaller. Multi-system generators are less costly and more dependable than standard generators, but
capacity is lost. To obtain the most effective power conversion in these actuators, several control
techniques such as Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Field Control may be employed (FOCs). Using
the PI controller, linear adjustment of the FOC is made easier.

3.4 System Configuration and Modelling.

A DC micro-network based on PMSG is being researched on a small scale. PMSG, a common DC

bus and three wind power conversion systems (WECS) based on local load make up the microgrid.
A variable-speed wind turbine, direct PMSG, three-phase rotary side converter (RSC), and buck-type
GSC are all included in each WECS. The PMSG's output is linked to the RSC in each WECS, which
serves as a rectifier regulator to keep the DC link voltage stable. This cable connects the GSC DC
jumper to the normal DC bus. From the perspective of a normal DC bus, the three GSCs linked in
parallel operate as voltage source transformers, assisting in the load sharing of a small network.

3.5 Renewable Energy Systems: Power Electronic Converters

Power electronics have greatly contributed to the reliability of existing power grids. Renewable
energy systems are no different. Electronic transducers are required to achieve high power quality at
the output. By adopting technologies for tracking maximum power points, they can also help in
extracting the largest potential energy from renewable energy sources. In this study diode rectifiers,
DC-DC converters were used to reach the appropriate DC voltage levels, and inverters were used to
generate AC output from DC. Before being sent to the network, the variable frequency output
voltage of the PMSG is converted to sinusoidal AC voltage at the network frequency. Electronic
transducers are used to achieve this conversion. The diode rectifier is followed by a boost converter
and two basic structures, an inverter and a back-to-back converter system. The switching signal of
the boost converter is generated using the control algorithm in the first scheme, and the inverter is
switched using the PWM approach in the second strategy. A wind power conversion system
including a PMSG, DC-DC converter, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) inverter
is built in this study. The photovoltaic system employs the DC-DC converter and the needed
conversion signal after achieving optimum voltage and power matching conditions.
3.6 Wind turbine modeling

Wind turbines convert wind energy into mechanical energy, which is converted into electrical energy
by an electric generator [1].Below is the power generated by wind turbines in Zone A [2]:(Equations
are referred from Ref paper-2)

(1)

Where

Pm-power generated using wind (watts or J/s),

ρ -airdensity (kg/m3),

V-velocity of the wind (m/s) and

A-swept area of the blades of the turbine (m2),

Cp-coefficient of power [3] [4] [5] [6]:

(2)

Where

R-radius of swept area and

ωm–speed of the rotor of electrical generator (rad/s),

The coefficient of power is provided below (3):

Β-pitch angle (degrees).

(3)

Ands
 1
λ i=
1 0 . 035 (4)
( − 3 )
λ+0 . 08 β β +1

The power coefficients of (3) have the following parameters::

C1 = 0.5176,
C2 = 116
C3 = 0.4
C4 = 5,
C5 = 21 and
C6 =0.0068
Since the power gathered by wind turbines is in the scope of 59.3 percent, the greatest power factor
is 0.593, and that implies that we can accomplish a most extreme effectiveness of 59.3 percent.
Practically speaking, the real power coefficients are roughly 40% because of different flaws and
misfortunes brought about by the optimal design of the turbine. The diagram between the power
factor and the maximum speed proportion for various bowing points in Fig. 4.61 shows the wind
turbine execution. For instance, the biggest worth of the power factor is 0.48. λ =8.1 with pitch point,
β = 0.
 0.5
B=0

Cp
max
0.4

B=5
0.3
Cp

B=10

0.2

B=15
B=20
0.1

TSR
opt
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
TSR

4
x 10
6

2
Pm(w)

-1

-2

-3

-4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Wm(rad/s)

Figure 3.62 shows the power output vs the variable generator speed.
Figure. 3.61Variation of power coefficient with TSR at various pitch angles
 d a
ωs

Vd
θ
Id
Фf

Vq 0

c Iq

b
q
Figure 3.63 shows the PMSG model's dq and abc axes.

3.7 PMSG Models

Under the synchronous rotation of the PMSG model, the q axis is 90 ° ahead of the d axis.
Figure 3.63 shows the abc and d-q axes of the PMSG. (5) and (6) [7], [8] produce the d-q voltages of
the alternator equations:(Equations are referred from Ref paper-3).

di d dψ f
v gd =Rg i d + L d + −ωe Lq i q (5)
dt dt
di q dψ f
v gq= R g i q + Lq + +ω e ( Ld i d +ψ f ) (6)
dt dt
 The rotational speed of the PMSG's revolving electrical field is given in [9]:

(7)

Park's transformation is used to get the d and q parameters from the abc parameters, as shown
in (8):

(8)

Inverse Park's transformation is used to get the abc parameters from the dq parameters, as
shown below:

(9)

The input power measured on the stator side is given in tenths:

Pin =V sa i a +V sb i b +V sc i c (10)

whereVsa,Vsb , Vscare the voltages applied to the stator windings.

The power may be expressed using the dq parameters shown below in (11):

3
Pin = (V d i d +V q i q ) (11)
2
The following is the resulting power (12):

3
Pout = ( ωr Ld i d i q + ωr ψ m i q −ω r Lq i q i d ) (12)
2
 In (13) with pole pairs as follows, the resulting power is provided:

3
Pout = pn ω m ( Ld i d i q + ψ m i q −Lq i q i d ) (13)
4
The torque (Te) equation may be obtained by dividing eq 13 by the rotor speed, as shown in
(14):

3
T e= p ( L i i +ψ i −L i i ) (14)
4 n d d q mq q q d

In (15), the electromagnetic torque is given using pole pairs (p):

(15)

IfLd= Lq, Thus the torque equation is given in (16) as follows:

(16)

(17) gives the dynamic equation for a wind turbine:

(17)

Where J is the moment of inertia, F is the viscous friction coefficient, and Tm is the torque
imparted from the wind turbine.
3.71. Buck Converter

Figure 3.71 shows the buck converter circuit.

Fig 3.71 Buck Converter Circuit

The function ratio of the shunt pulse is used to reduce the DC voltage using a buck converter.
It consists of inductor, switch, diode and capacitor. The input voltage is less than the load voltage.
Here are the steps to operate a buck converter:

Early stage

Figure 3.72 shows the operating circuit of the buck converter in step A. The inductor is
charged at this time as the gate pulse sent to the transformer S is high. The following equations
provide the inductor voltage and load voltage (Equations are referred from Ref paper-4)

V o =V ¿−V L
 Fig 3.72 Stage AoperationalCircuit of Buck Converter, Vo=Vin-VL

STAGE B

In step b, the operating circuit of the buck converter is shown in Figure 3.73. The gate pulse
given to the switch, S is low so the inductor is discharged at this time. The load voltage is calculated
using the following formula (Ref paper-4).

V o =V L

Fig 3.73Stage B OperationalCircuit of Buck Converter, Vo=VL

 The following equations are used to build the buck converter circuit:

The buck converter circuit's duty ratio (D) is shown below:

Vo
D=
Vin

The following equation is used to compute the inductor value of the buck converter circuit:

Vo∗(Vo−Vin)
L=
Δ Io∗Fsw∗Vin

The ripple current of the inductor is chosen using the following equation:

∆ I L=0.2∗I ¿

The following equation gives the buck converter circuit's output capacitance:

ΔIoc
Co=
8∗Fsw∗ΔVo

The following equation is used to get the capacitor ripple voltage:

ΔVoc=2 % ofVo

3.8 Proposed Control Schemes

Frequency and voltage must be constant, so the generator and load side controllers are built
to enable this.

3.81 Generator Side Controller (GSC)

The console consists of two rings, outer and inner rings. Rotor speed is controlled by a PI
controller in the outer ring, while direct and square axis currents are controlled by special PI
controllers in the inner rings. From position 16, the torque square is in phase with the axis current,
which allows q to control the torque using the axis current.

The PI controller consists of two constants: the proportional KP constant and the KI
integration factor constant, both modified to create better control and response. The speed control
loop provides the current iqref on the q-axis and the output of the PI controller (Ref paper-5).
 iqref =K pω e ω+K Iω ∫ e ω dt (18)

The output voltage d-q from the PI controller is given below:

¿
V d =K pi ed +K Ii ∫ ed dt−ω r 9)Lq i q
(1

¿ (2
V q =K pi e q + K Ii ∫ e q dt +ω r ( Ld i d0)+φ m )

By applying an inverse park shunt to the three-phase abc voltage Vd * and Vq *, these are converted
into three-phase modulation signals that are fed to the PWM to generate pulses for the generator
bypass transformer.

3.82 Load Side Converter Control (LSC)

The PI regulator gets the reference voltage, which is contrasted and the deliberate voltage as well as
the result mistake voltage. The working proportion of the buck converter is given by the PI regulator,
which lessens the mistake voltage until it arrives at nothing.

The following is the PI controller transfer function:

Gpi(s) = Kp+ Ki/S

3.9 Design of ANN Control

ANN detects changes in voltage and power and calculates working ratios using equations (2)
and (3). (3) As a result, if the radiation changes, the ANN control is more precise and responsive
than any other control, providing the optimal operating ratio to capture maximum PV power.
Training was done using data from the platform. Neural network training using the Levenberg-
Marquard method. This method requires more memory but takes less time. When normalization does
not improve, training is discontinued, as indicated by the high average squared error of the
verification models. The following graphs (Fig. 3.9) show the appropriate curve for training the
ANN controller:
 Figure 3.9: Neural Network Training Fitting Curves
The regression coefficient achieved from the neural network control training is 0.99953. The
following figures (Fig. 3.91) show the regression curve:

Figure 3.91: Neural Network Training Regression Curves

CHAPTER 4

SIMULATION SETUP & RESULTS

Table I shows the results of the simulation.

Table I

Wind Turbine Generator System Parameters

Wind Turbine Parameters

Turbine Blade Radius (R) 6m

Air Density(ρ) 1.11

Nominal wind velocity Vwind 12 m /s

Maximum value of power coefficient(Cp) 0.48

Optimum value of Tip speed ratio(λ) 8.1

PMSG Parameters

Stator Winding Resister(Rs) 0.25Ω

Stator Winding Inductance(La=Ld=L) 0.6857 mH

Permanent flux 0..0534 Wb

Pole pairs(ρ) 24

Moment of Inertia (J) 0.0001295 Kg.m3

Coefficient of viscous friction(F) 0.0001 N.m.s

DC Link

DC link Voltage 760 V

Capacitor(C) 2.2 mF

Inmductor(L) 0.5 mH

The simulation circuit is shown in Figure 4.1.

 Figure 4.1: Proposed WECS Simulation Circuit

Using three sets of machine side transformers and buck converters, the triple wind power
shift system with PMSG supplies the load. Load 1 is first added to the system, then t = 1s then load
2, and finally t = 2s then load 3. This confirms the temporary and stable performance of the proposed
control system. The wind speed is 12 meters per second.The rotor speed in PMSG is shown next to
the reference speed.

Figure4.2: PMSG Rotor Speed Reference and Actual

The waveforms initially have vibrations, but they stabilize after 0.4 seconds and the actual rotor
speed is controlled by the reference speed provided to the controller.

Figure 4.3 shows the stator voltage and current waveforms:

 Fig. 4.3 Waveforms of Stator Voltage and Current in PMSG-based WECS
In Fig. 4.4, the dc voltage measured at the output side of the machine side converter is shown:

Fig. 4.4 DC Link Voltage at MSC

The reference DC voltage of 700V distributed to the controller is used to maintain the DC
voltage. It is given as buck converter input. The voltage is reduced by the buck converter according
to the demand of the load. In Figure 4.5, the load voltage and current are shown:
 Fig. 4.5 Waveforms of Load Voltage and Current
In this method the load is lifted between 1s and 2s. As a result, the current increases at certain times,
but the voltage mode is maintained at 200 V thanks to the control circuit or load-side controller.
When load 1 and load 2 are connected, the measured load voltage is approximately 202 V, but when
load 3 is added, it drops to 196 V, which is 2% less than the specified load voltage. The following
figure shows the 4.6 loading power:
 Figure 4.6: Load Power Consumption

The power consumption increases in lockstep with the load at t=1s and 2s, much as the
current.
CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

Multiple wind power conversion systems with PMSG, as well as machine and load-side converters
are designed in this model. Control units have also been developed for such transformers, as well as
load control voltage. The ANN controller of the supplied voltage mode control loop is studied and
designed for load voltage control. Load 3 has 98 percent control, while the other two have almost 99
percent control.
 FUTURE SCOPE

 The government is making laws to utilize it to overcome the increase in energy demand.
 As a result, various energy sources such as wind power are used to protect the environment
from hazards. It has proven to be an excellent energy compensator.
 Global energy consumption, even in developing countries such as India, has led to the
depletion of fossil fuels, which, despite providing large amounts of energy, have adverse
environmental consequences.
 Over time, wind power increases rapidly. The government, as well as other countries in the
world, are working hard to understand and take advantage of this.
 Wind power has a bright future as technology improves and windmills become more
efficient.
 PUBLICATION

SL.NO Details of the Paper Published

TITLE: “MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF MULTIPLE PERMANENT
MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS BASED WECS WITH DC

1 VOLTAGE REGULATION”

AUTHORS: AshwiniSugirayyanamath, Dr.G V Jayaramaiah

NAME OF THE JOURNAL: Natural Volatiles and Essential oils(NVEO)-ISSN-

2148-9637( Web of Science)

DATE:November - 2021