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C Programming Basics To Advanced

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68 views8 pages

C Programming Basics To Advanced

Cvv

Uploaded by

sankarshine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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C Programming: From Basics to Advanced

1. Introduction to C

- What is C?

- C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis

Ritchie.

- It is widely used for system programming, creating operating systems, and embedded software.

- Features of C:

- Low-level access to memory

- Simple set of keywords

- Clean style and structured language

2. Getting Started

- Setting Up the Environment:

- You need a C compiler (like GCC, clang, or Visual Studio Code with extensions).

- Write your first "Hello, World!" program.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

printf("Hello, World!\n");

return 0;

- Explanation:

- #include <stdio.h>: Preprocessor command that includes the standard input/output library.
- int main(): The main function where the program starts execution.

- printf(): Prints output to the console.

- return 0: Exits the program.

3. C Basics

- Variables and Data Types:

- C provides several data types:

- int: Integer

- float: Floating-point numbers

- char: Single characters

- double: Double-precision floating-point numbers

- Example:

int a = 10;

float b = 3.14;

char c = 'A';

- Operators:

- Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %

- Relational Operators: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=

- Logical Operators: &&, ||, !

- Example:

int x = 5, y = 2;

int sum = x + y; // 7

4. Control Structures
- If-else:

if (a > b) {

printf("a is greater than b\n");

} else {

printf("b is greater than or equal to a\n");

- Switch Case:

switch (choice) {

case 1: printf("You chose 1\n"); break;

case 2: printf("You chose 2\n"); break;

default: printf("Invalid choice\n");

- Loops:

- For Loop:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d\n", i);

- While Loop:

int i = 0;

while (i < 5) {
printf("%d\n", i);

i++;

- Do-While Loop:

int i = 0;

do {

printf("%d\n", i);

i++;

} while (i < 5);

5. Functions

- Function Basics:

- A function is a block of code that performs a specific task.

- Syntax:

return_type function_name(parameters) {

// function body

- Example:

int add(int x, int y) {

return x + y;

}
int main() {

int result = add(5, 3);

printf("Sum: %d\n", result);

return 0;

- Pass by Value:

- Function parameters are passed by value, meaning changes inside the function do not affect

the original variables.

6. Arrays

- Arrays store multiple values of the same type.

- Example:

int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d ", arr[i]);

- Multidimensional Arrays:

int matrix[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}};

7. Pointers

- What is a Pointer?

- A pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable.


int a = 10;

int *p = &a; // p stores the address of a

- Dereferencing a Pointer:

printf("Value of a: %d\n", *p); // prints the value of a

- Pointer Arithmetic:

- Pointers can be incremented or decremented to point to the next or previous memory locations.

8. Structures

- What is a Structure?

- A structure is a collection of variables under one name.

- Example:

struct Person {

char name[50];

int age;

float height;

};

struct Person person1;

- Accessing Structure Members:

person1.age = 25;

printf("Age: %d\n", person1.age);


9. Dynamic Memory Allocation

- malloc, calloc, realloc, free:

- Allocate memory dynamically using functions from stdlib.h.

int *ptr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * 5); // Allocate memory for 5 integers

free(ptr); // Free the allocated memory

10. File Handling

- Opening and Reading Files:

FILE *fptr = fopen("file.txt", "r");

if (fptr == NULL) {

printf("Error opening file\n");

} else {

char c;

while ((c = fgetc(fptr)) != EOF) {

printf("%c", c);

fclose(fptr);

11. Advanced Topics

- Recursion:

- A function that calls itself.

int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0) return 1;

return n * factorial(n - 1);

- Function Pointers:

- Pointers that point to functions.

void (*funcPtr)(int);

- Preprocessor Directives:

- #define, #include, and other macros.

- Command-Line Arguments:

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

printf("Program name: %s\n", argv[0]);

12. Best Practices

- Always free dynamically allocated memory.

- Follow proper code indentation and comment your code.

- Use header files to organize code in large projects.

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