CHAPTER 7 RIZAL IN BERLIN, GERMANY 1 November 1886 At 1:25 P.M.

, Rizal arrived at Berlin and boarded at the Central Hotel. 2 November 1886 Rizal wrote a letter to his friend Pastor Karl Ullmer informing the latter of his arrival at the big German capital the day before. He wrote: "Remembrances to your loving wife, Eta and to Friedrich." 4 November 1886 In a letter he informed Prof. Blumentritt about his meeting with Dr. A.B. Meyer last October 31 in Dresden. He was already residing at Jaeger Straesse 71,111. 9 November 1886 He was admitted to the Real Biblioteca de Berlin to do some research and to read other books. His admission ended on March 1,1887. 22 November 1886 In a letter, he informed Pro. Blumentritt that he had already sent to his nephews in the Philippines the tragedies of Schiller and the stories of anderson, which he translated into Tagalog. 27 November 1886 He made a small outline of the Teruray, dialect of the binhabitants of the Western coast of Mindanao,which he later sent to Prof. Blumentritt. 11 December 1886 Maximo Viola joined Rizal in Berlin. Rizal was not able to meet Viola at the station because the former was sick. 12 December 1886 Early in the morning Rizal visited Viola at the Central Hotel. They took breakfast together I the restaurant below then hotel. 15 December 1886 He started teaching Viola the German language. 23 December 1886 He started dreaming of his mother. 24 December 1886 Rizal was high spirit although he just recovered from sickness. He was very happy to be with Maximo Viola. He finished translating one third of the book Waitz.

25 December 1886 Rizal wrote his mother: "It is three times now that I constantly dream you and sometimes the dreaam repeats itself in a single night. I would not like to superstitious even if the Bible and the Gospel believe dreams, but I like to believe that you are thinking constantly me and this makes my mind reproduce what goes on in you for after all my brain is a part of yours, and this is not stran because while I am asleep here, you are awake there." 27 December 1886 He was required by the German police to provide himself with the necessary passports or the risk of being expelled from German soil after three weeks. 30 December 1886 In a letter, told Prof. Blumentritt, of a plan of Maximo Viola to cope with him to Leitmeritz during his visit there. 31 December 1886 A certain Captain and ex-aide of Geneva Moltke of the French-pruss War invited Rizal to his home to celebrate the incoming New Year. Before this fiesta, Rizal bought a pair of chin pitchers, painting them figure of an old man representing the outgoing year and a boy personifying the incoming year. January 1887 He became a member of the Ethnographic Society of Berlin in whose meeting he had the rare opportunity of hearing the interesting lecture of Dr. Donitz on pre-historic Japanese tombs which contained sets of dishes and other decorations. 11 January 1887 He met personally Dr. Teodor Jagor who invited him to attend the monthly luncheon of the member of the Geographic Society. In one of luncheons, he came to know the famous Virchow, president of the Anthropological Society of Berlin. 24 January 1887 He was again sick of fever and in the evening had stopped working on the novel. If not for Maximo Viola, he would have transferred to Italy where according to him the climate was healthful. 26 January 1887 He planned to translate the book of travels of Dr. Jagor as soon as he would finish translating the book of Waitz. By spring, he hoped to finish this works.

7 February 1887 He was very busy this day and the previous days going to the clinic and making some clinical investigations. In the house, he was occupied reading the copies of the Globus sent him Prof. Blumentritt. February 1887 He became a member of the Anthropological Society and the Geographic Society of Berlin. 21 February 1887 He communicated to Evaristo Aguirre telling the latter that the novel Noli was being rushed for publication. He requested Aguirre not to divulge the real title "Sampagas". At 11:30 in the evening, he finished writing the novel. 1 March 1887 His admission to Real Biblioteca, where he used to read the books about the Philippines, expired on this day. 5 March 1887 Rizal translated into French the "History of a Mother" by Andersen written in German. 21 March 1887 Copies of his novel came off the press. He sent one copy to Prof. Blumentritt. In a letter of his Austrian friend, he say it was the first impartial and daring book to be written on the life of the Tagalogs. He opined that the Spanish authorities and the friar would attack the book. 29 March 1887 In grateful appreciation of Maximo Violas pecuniary aid, Rizal presented him the last galley proofs and the first bound copy with this dedication: "To my dear friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work- Jose Rizal, March 29, 1887, Berlin." April 1887 Rizal read before the Ethnographic Society of Berlin the "Arte Metrica del Tagalog", a thesis submitted by him to become a member of the same society in the same year. 12 April 1887 He received a gift from Blumentritt. It was an Ethnographic map of Central Mindanao published by the Cartographic Institute of Gotha.

13 April 1887 With Maximo Viola, Rizal studied the map sent him by Prof. Blumentritt. He said it is very necessary for every one to know first his own country- "Nosce te ipsum". He considered the Filipinos unfortunate because they had to receive new knowledge about themselves from foreigners. 24 April 1887 He was happy to receive the letter of pardon from his beloved father. He definitely decided to go home and help his folks. Later he sent an advance notice to Prof Blumentritt of their coming visit to Leitmeritz. April 1887 By the end of April, Rizal left in Berlin for Dresden where the most famous "Musco Etnografico" was located. He met there the wise Filipinoogist director of the museum, Dr. A. B. Meyer, uthor of the excellent monographs. 11 May 1887 Accompanied by Maximo Viola, Rizal left Berlin to visit the cities of Eurupe, including Dresden, Leitmeritz, Prague, Vienna, Munich, Nuremberg, Ulm, Lausanne, and Geneva. CHAPTER 7 RIZAL IN PARIS TO BERLIN v Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in ophthalmology. He chose this branch because he wanted to cure his mothers eye ailment. In Gay Paris (1885-86) v After studying at the Central University of Madrid, Rizal, who was then 24 yrs old, went to Paris to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology. v Maximo Viola a medical student and a member of a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan v Seor Eusebio Corominas editor of La Publicidad v Don Miguel Morayta owner of La Publicidad and a statesman v Rizal gave Editor Corominas (an article on the Carolines Question) v November 1885 Rizal was living in Paris He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, a leading French ophthalmologist. v Juan Luna great master of the brush; Rizal helped him by posing as model in Lunas paintings. 1. The Death of Cleopatra where Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest

2.

The Blood Compact Rizal posed as Sikatuna Fifth Centenary of Heidelberg University Rizal as Musician v The famous University of Heidelberg held its fifth centenary celebration on August 6, 1886 where Rizal had witnessed the said celebration. In Leipzig and Dresden v August 14, 1886 Rizal arrived in Leipzig v He attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig on history and psychology. v He befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, a famous historian, and Dr. Hans Meyer, German anthropologist. v Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig was the cheapest in Europe so he stayed for 2 months and a half. v On October 29, he went to Dresden, where he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, the Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum. Rizal Welcomed in Berlins Scientific Circles v v Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and the absence of race prejudice. Some scientists Rizal met are: Dr. Feodor Jagor German scientist-traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines Dr. Rudolf Virchow famous German anthropologist Dr. W. Joest German geographer Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger famous German ophthalmologist Rizals Life in Berlin With Pastor Ullmer at Wilhelmsfeld

v Rizal had no natural aptitude for music, and this he admitted. He studied music only because many of his schoolmates at Ateneo were taking music lessons. v He told Enrique Lete that he learned the solfeggio, piano, and voice culture in one month and a half. v He is also a flutist. v Some of his compositions are: Alin Mang Lahi (Any Race) a pariotic song which asserts that any race aspires for freedom La Deportacion (Deportation) a sad danza, composed in Dapitan In Historic Heidelberg v February 3, 1886 Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its old university and romantics surroundings. v He became popular among the Germans because they found out that he was a good chess player. v He worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker, distinguished German ophthalmologist. To the Flowers of Heidelberg v April 22, 1886 Rizal wrote a fine poem entitled A Las Flores de Heidelberg (To the Flowers of Heidelberg) because he was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the Neckar River, which is the light blue flower called forget-me-not.

Rizal spent a three-month summer vacation at Wilhelmsfeld where he stayed at the place of a Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer. The pastor has a wife and two children named Etta and Fritz. First Letter to Blumentritt

July 31, 1886 Rizal wrote his first letter to Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt who is the Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria. Blumentritt is an Austrian ethnologist and he has an interest in the Philippine language. v Rizal sent Aritmetica (Arithmetic) book to Blumentritt which was published in 2 languages Spanish and Tagalog by the University of Santo Tomas Press in 1868. The author was Rufino Baltazar Hernandez. v Blumentritt became the best friend of Rizal.

v Five reasons why Rizal stayed in Berlin: To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology To further his studies of science and languages To observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation To associate with famous German scientists and scholars To publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere v Rizal worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Scweigger, and at night, he attended lectures in the University of Berlin. v He also took private lessons in French under Madame Lucie Cerdole. Rizal on German Women v Rizal sent a letter to his sister, Trinidad, dated on March 11, 1886. In his letter, Rizal expressed his high regard and admiration for German

womanhood. Rizal said that German woman is serious, diligent, educated and friendly. German Customs v Some of the German customs Rizal admired: On Yuletide season, people will select a pine tree from the bushes and adorned it with lanterns, papers, lights, dolls, candies, fruits, etc. Self-introduction to strangers in a social gathering. Rizals Darkest Winter v The winter of 1886 in Berlin was his darkest winter. v He lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke. v He could not pay his landlord and he was eating only one meal a day. v His clothes were old and threadbare. v His health broke down due to lack of proper nourishment. v This is one of the most memorable days in the life of Rizal. CHAPTER 8 NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN 1. 1886 (winter) memorable moment in Rizals life TWO REASONS: It was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city. A great joy because his novel Noli Me Tangere, was published on March 1887. 2. IDEA OF WRITING A NOVEL IN THE PHILIPPINES Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe - The book that inspired Rizal to write a novel about the suffering of the Filipinos to the Spaniards. Central University in Madrid where Rizal started writing the novel July 2 1884 Rizal proposed the writing of a novel about the Philippines 3. THE WRITING OF NOLI Towards the end of 1884 Rizal began writing the novel in Madrid and finished of it.1885 he was in Paris, he continued writing the novel, finishing the of the 2nd half Germany he finished the of its Last 2 chapters he finished it at Wilhelmsfeld in April - June 1886December 1886 he was in Berlin Fernando Canon where Rizal wrote his worries about the publishing of his novel. 4. MAXIMO VIOLA, SAVIOR OF NOLI Dr. Maximo Viola - a rich friend of Rizal from Bulacan who financed the publishing the

Noli. - lives at San Miguel, Bulacan December 25, 1887, he arrived at Berlin. 5. CHAPTER OF ELIAS AND SALOME This chapter was deleted for some financial purposes. February 11, 1857 Noli was ready for printing Berliner Buchdruckrei Actien Gesellschaft a publishing house that charged the lowest rate for publishing Rizals novel Php 300.00 the cost of printing for 2,000 copies. 6. PRINTING OF NOLI March 29, 1887 Noli Me Tangere came off the press Rizal sent copies to: Blumentritt Dr. Antonio Ma. RegidorG. Lopez Jaena Mariano PonceFeliz R. Hidalgo. 7. THE TITLE OF THE NOVELNoli Me Tangere Touch Me Not - from Gospel of Saint John (Chapter 30, Verses 1317)AUTHORS DEDICATION Rizal dedicated the Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines To My Country 8. CHARACTERS OF NOLI ME TANGERE & SYNOPSIS OF THE NOVELCrisostomo Ibarra A young and rich Filipino who studied in Europe/ sweetheart of Maria Clara Maria Clara Daughter of Capitan Tiago Padre Damaso Franciscan friar who had been parish priest of San DiegoSan Diego Ibarras native town for 20 yrs. Padre Salvi young Dominican parish priest of Binondo Senor Guevarra Elderly and Kind lieutenant of guardia civil Don Tiburcio Bogus Spanish Physician 9. Dona Victoria wife of Don Tiburcio Don Melchor Captain of Cuadrillores SisaFormerly a rich girl but became poor because she married a gambler Basilio & Crispin Sons of Sisa/ Sacristans Elias A boatman was a strong silent, peasant youth Nor Juan Architect who constructed the schoolhouseNovember 11th feast day Ibarras attacked Padre Damaso produced two result: Engagement to Maria Clara was brokenHe was excommunicated. 10. Don Alfonso Linares Cousin of Don Tiburcio Dona Consolation bulgar mistress of Spanish AlferezNOLI ME TANGERE is consist of 63 chapters and epilogue 11. THE NOLI BASED ON TRUTH Maria Clara Leonor Rivera Crisostomo Ibarra & Elias Rizal Pilosopo Tasyo Paciano Padre Salvi Padre Antonio Piernavieja Capitan Tiago Capitan HilarioSunico of San Nicolas Doa Victorina Doa Agustina Medal Basilio and Crispin Crisostomo

brothers of Hagonoy Padre Damaso are the bad friars Chapter 9 Rizals Grand Tour of Europe with Maximo Viola (1887) _________________________________________ ___ After the publication of Noli, Rizal planned to visit the important places in Europe. Dr. Maximo Viola agreed to be his traveling companion. Rizal received Pacianos remittance of P1000 which forward by Juan Luna from Paris and immediately paid his debt to Viola which he loaned so that the Noli could be printed. First, he and Viola visited Potsdam, a city near Berlin. Tour Begins At the dawn of May 11, 1887, Rizal and Viola, two browned-skinned doctors on a roaming spree, left Berlin by train. Spring was an ideal season for travel. Their destination was in Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany. Dresden Rizal and Viola tarried for sometimes in Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, who was overjoyed to see them. In the Museum of Art, Rizal was deeply impressed by painting of Prometheus Bound. They also meet Dr. Jagor and heard there plan about Leitmeritz in order to see Blumentritt. He advice to wire Blumentritt because the old professor might be shock of their visit. First Meeting with Blumentritt At 1:30 pm of May 15, 1887 the train arrived at the railroad station of Leitmeritz. Professor Blumentritt was at the station carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal which he sent to identify his friend. Blumentritt get a room at Hotel Krebs, after which he bought them to his house and stayed Leitmeritz May 13 to 14 1887. Beautiful Memories at Leitmeritz They enjoyed hospitality of Blumentritt family. The professors wife, Rosa, was a good cook. She prepared Austrian dishes which Rizals liked very much. Blumentritt proved to be a great tourist as well as hospitable host. He showed the scenic and historical spots of Leitmeritz to his visitors. The Burgomaster (town mayor) was also amazed by Rizals privileged talent

Prague Rizal and Viola visited the historic city of Prague. They carried letters of recommendation from Blumentritt to Dr. Wilkom, professor in University of Prague. Rizal and Viola visited the Tomb of Copernicus Vienna May 20 they arrived at Vienna capital of Austria-Hungary. They met Norfenfals, one of the greatest novelist iun that time. They stayed at Hotel Metropole. They also meet two good friends of Blumentritt Masner and Nordman, Austrian scholars. Danubian Voyage to Lintz May 24, Rizal and Viola left Vienna on a river boat too se beautiful sights of Danube River. As they travelled along the famous river, Rizal observed keenly river sights. Form Lintz to Rheinfall The river voyage ended in Lintz. They travelled overland to Salzburg, and from there to Munich where the sojourned for a short time to savor the famous Munich Beer. Crossing the Frontier to Switzerland They stayed from June 2 to 3 1887 and continued tour to Basel (Bale), Bern, and Laussane. Geneva Rizal and Viola left Laussane in a little boat crossing the foggy Leman Lake to Geneva. On June 19, 1887, his 26th birthday, Rizal treated Viola to a blow-out. Rizal and Viola spent fifteen days in Geneva. On June 23, they parted ways. Viola decided to return to Barcelona while Rizal continued his tour to Italy. Rizal Resents Exhibition of Igorots in 1887 Madrid Exposition Rizal received sad news from his friends in Madrid of the deplorable conditions of the primitive Igorots who were exhibited in this exposition. Some of these Igorots died. Rizal was outraged by the degradation of his fellow countrymen. Rizal in Italy He visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence. On June 27, 1887, he reached Rome. He was thrilled by the sights and memories of the Eternal CityRome. On June 29th, Rizal visited for the first time the Vatican, the City of the Popes

and the capital of Christendom. After a week of staying in Rome, he prepared to return to the Philippines. He had already written to his father that he was coming home.

life, I decide to live in my country by the side of my family. Until now, I am not Europeanized like the Filipinos of Madrid; I always like to return to the country of my birth. In June 29, 1887, Rizal wrote to his father, announcing his homecoming. On the 15th of July, at the latest, I shall embark for our country, so that from the 15th and 30th of August, we shall see each other. DELIGHTFUL TRIP TO MANILA From Rome, Rizal went to Marsailles, a French port which he reached without difficulty. He boarded the steamer Djemnah on July 3, 1887. This was the same steamer that brought him to Europe five years ago. There were about fifty passengers aboard, and Rizal was the only Filipino in it. He acted as an interpreter for his companions because he was the only one who is multilingual. On board, he played chess with fellow passengers and engaged in lively conversations with them. The steamer was enroute to the Orient via the Suez Canal and he saw this historic canal for the second time. The fist time he saw it was when he sailed from Manila to Europe in 1882. In July 30, 1887, he transferred to another steamer, Haiphong, which was Manila bound. The steamer left for Manila on August 2. On the near midnight of August 5, 1887, Rizal arrived in Manila. He went ashore with a happy heart, for he once more walked on his beloved native land. He stayed in the city for a short time to visit his friends. He found Manila the same as when he left it five years ago. HAPPY HOMECOMING He returned home to Calamba where he was welcomed by his friends and family. He wrote to Blumentritt of his homecoming, stating that he had a pleasant voyage and that he had found his family enjoying good health. Despite the happiness felt by his family on his return, they started to become worried about his safety. His brother, Paciano did not leave him during his first days in Calamba to protect him from any assault. His father didnt let him leave the house alone, for having the fear that something might happen to him. While in Calamba, he established his own clinic, and his very first patient was his mother, Dona Teodora, who was almost blind. News of the arrival of the great doctor from Germany spread far

CHAPTER 10 RIZALS FIRST HOMECOMING A. INTRODUCTION All the fascinating beauties of foreign countries and all the beautiful memories of his stay in foreign lands could neither make Rizal forget his country nor turn his back to his own nationality. He may have studied abroad and enjoyed the company of great men of the Western lands, but he still remained a true Filipino at heart, with an avid love for the Philippines and a steadfast determination to die in the land of his birth. Thus, after five years of memorable stay in Europe, he returned to the Philippines on August 1887 and practiced medicine in Calamba. He lived the quiet life of a country doctor. But his enemies who hated his Noli, persecuted him, and even threatened to kill him. B. DISCUSSION DECISION TO RETURN HOME Because of the publication of the Noli Me Tangere and the uproar it caused among the friars, Rizal was warned by his friends and family not to return home. But he did not heed their warning. He was determined to return to the Philippines for the following reasons: 1. to operate on his mothers eyes; 2. to serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants; 3. to find out for himself how the Noli Me Tangere and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines; 4. to find out why Leonor Rivera remained silent. In a letter to Blumentritt, written in Geneva, Switzerland, dated June 29, 1877, Rizal wrote: Your advice that I live in Madrid and continue to write form there is very benevolent, but I cannot accept it. I cannot endure the life in Madrid, where everything is a voice in a wilderness. My parents want to see me, and I want to see them also. All my

and wide. Patients from Manila and the provinces flocked to Calamba to consult with him. He gained the title, Doctor Uliman because he came from Germany. Soon, he acquired a lucrative medical practice, and earned a lot of money from it. Rizal was dedicated to serve his fellowmen. He opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he introduced European sports. He even distracted his town mates from cockfights and gambling by introducing gymnastics, fencing, and shooting. Despite his successful stay in Calamba, Rizal had one failure - He failed to see Leonor Rivera during his six months stay in the country. He was forbidden by his parents to see Leonor because they know for certain that her mother didnt want Rizal for a son-in-law. He was caught in the iron-grip of the custom of his time that marriages must be arranged by the parents of both groom and bride. With a heavy heart, Rizal bowed to his parents will. STORM OVER THE NOLI A few weeks after his arrival, a storm broke over his novel. One day, Rizal received a letter from Governor General Emilio Terrero requesting him to come to Malacaang Palace, for he was charged that his Noli contained subversive ideas. He denied the charge and he explained that he merely exposed the truth and that he didnt advocated subversive ideas. The governor was pleased by his explanation and was curious about the controversial book. He even asked Rizal for a copy but the latter wasnt able to provide one because the only copy he brought home was given to a friend. However, he assured the governor general that he will provide him a copy of the Noli Me Tangere. He asked for a copy from the Jesuits but they wouldnt part with it. The Jesuits, especially his former professors, Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Fr. Jose Bech, Fr. Federico Faura were glad to see him. He had a spirited discussion with Father Faura, who stated an opinion that everything on the book was the truth but he added that Rizal might lose his head for it. Luckily, Rizal had found a copy from a friend and he gave it to Governor General Terrero. The governor general was a liberal-minded Spaniard, and he knew that Rizals life was in jeopardy because the friars were powerful. For

security measure, he assigned a young Spanish Lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade, as bodyguard of Rizal. The battle over the Noli took the form of the virulent war of words. There was a report made by the faculty members of Santo Tomas and it was stated there that Noli was heterical, impious, and scandalous in the religious order, injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands in the political order. However, General Terrero was unsatisfied with the report of the Dominicans because he knew that they were prejudiced against Rizal. He sent the novel to the Permanent Commission on Censorship which was composed of .priests and laymen, The report of this Commission was drafted by its head, Fr. Salvador Font, Agustinian cura of Tondo, and submitted to the governor general on December 29. It found that the novel contained subversive ideas against the Church and Spain and recommended that the importation, reproduction, and circulation of this pernicious book in the islands be absolutely prohibited. Father Font printed his report and distributed copies of it in order to discredit the controversial novel. However, the banning of the Noli only served to make it popular. Everybody wanted to read it. News about this book spread among the masses. What the hated Spanish Master did not like, the oppressed masses liked very much. Despite the Government prohibition and the vigilance of the cruel Guardia Civil, many Filipinos were able to get hold of copies of the Noli which they read at night behind closed doors. Thanks to Governor General Terrero, there was no mass imprisonment or mass execution of the Filipinos. He refused to be intimidated by the friars who clamored for harsh measures against people caught reading the novel. Another Agustinian, Fr. Jose Rodriguez, Prior of Guadalupe, published a series of eight pamphlets under the general heading Cuestiones De Sumo Interes (Questions of Supreme Interest) to blast the Noli and other anti Spanish writings. The eight pamphlets were as follows: 1. Porque no los he de leer? (Why Shold I not Read Them?) 2. Guardas de ellos. Porque? (Beware of them. Why?) 3. Y que me dice usted de la peste? ( And What Can You Tell Me of Plague?)

4. Porque triunfan los impios? ( Why do the impious triumph?) 5. Cree usted que de versa no hay purgatorio? ( Do You Think There is Really No Purgatory?) 6. Hay o no hay infierno? (Is there or is there no hell?) 7. Que le parece a usted de esos libelos? 8. ( What do You Think of These Libels?) 9. Confesion o condenacion? ( Confession or Damnation?) Many of the Filipinos were forced to buy these pamphlets so as not to displease the friars, but they didnt believe what the author had said. NOLI ME TANGERE IN SPAIN The novel was fiercely attacked in the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes. Senators: General Jose de Salamanca General Luis de Pando Sr. Fernando Vida Vicente Barantes Spanish academician of Madrid who formerly occupied high government position in the Philippines bitterly criticized the novel in an article published in the Madrid newspaper, La Espaa Moderna.

novel published in Singapore on July 18.1888. He attacked the arguments of Fr. Rodriguez as follows: 1. Rizal cannot be an ignorant man, as Fr. Rodriguez alleged, because he was a graduate of Spanish universities and was a recipient of scholastic honors. 2. Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain because what he had attacked in the Noli were the bad officials and not Spain, and the bad and corrupt friars and not the Church. 3. Father Rodriguez said that those who read the Noli commit a mortal sin; since he ( Rodriguez), had read the novel, therefore he also commits a mortal sin. Rizal cried because of his gratitude to his defenders especially to Fr. Garcia who defended him unexpectedly. He also defended his novel against Barantes and attacked him by exposing his ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental dishonesty which is unworthy of an academician. Because of the interest of both enemies and protectors of the Noli, the price of the book increased from five pesetas to 50 pesetas per copy. RIZAL AND TAVIEL DE ANDRADE While the storm over the Noli was raging in fury, Rizal was not molested in Calamba. This is due to Governor General Terreros generosity in assigning a bodyguard to him. Between this Spanish bodyguard, Lt. Jose Taviel De Andrade, and Rizal, a beautiful friendship bloomed. What marred Rizals happy days in Calamba with Lt. Andrade were: 1. the death of his older sister, Olimpia 2. the groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he was a German Spy, an agent of Bismarck, a Protestant, a Mason, a witch, a soul beyond salvation, etc. CALAMBAS AGRARIAN TROUBLE Influenced by the novel, Governor-General Emilio Terrero ordered a government investigation of the friar estates to remedy whatever inequities might have been present in connection with land taxes and with tenant relations. One of the friar estates affected was the Calamba hacienda by the Dominican order since 1883. Upon hearing about

Defenders of the Noli Propagandists such as Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Mariano Ponce rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli. Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez Rizals favorite teacher in Ateneo defended and praised the novel in public. Don Segismundo Moret former Minister of the Crown. Prof. Miguel Morayta- historian and statesman Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt Rizals best friend

A brilliant defense of the Noli came form an unexpected source. It was by Rev. Fr. Vicente Garcia, a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral and a Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas Kempis. Under the pen name Justo Desiderio Magalang, he wrote a defense of the

the investigation, the people of Calamba asked helped from Rizal to gather facts and list the grievances so that the government might institute certain agrarian reforms. These were the following findings submitted by Rizal: The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around Calamba, but the whole town of Calamba. The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary increase of he rentals paid by the tenants. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town fiesta, for the education of the children, and for the improvement of agriculture. Tenants who spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of the said lands for flimsy reasons High rates of interest were arbitrarily charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals When the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated the work animals, tools, and farm implements of the tenants.

HYMN TO LABOR Chorus: For the Motherland in war, For the Motherland in peace, Will the Filipino keep watch, He will live until life will cease! MEN: Now the East is glowing with light, Go! To the field to till the land, For the labour of man sustains Fam'ly, home and Motherland. Hard the land may turn to be, Scorching the rays of the sun above... For the country, wife and children All will be easy to our love. WIVES: Go to work with spirits high, For the wife keeps home faithfully, Inculcates love in her children For virtue, knowledge and country. When the evening brings repose, On returning joy awaits you, And if fate is adverse, the wife, Shall know the task to continue. MAIDENS: Hail! Hail! Praise to labour, Of the country wealth and vigor! For it brow serene's exalted, It's her blood, life, and ardor. If some youth would show his love Labor his faith will sustain : Only a man who struggles and works Will his offspring know to maintain.

FAREWELL TO CALAMBA Rizals exposure to the deplorable condition angered the friars. They exerted pressure to Malacaang to eliminate Rizal. They asked Gov. Gen. Terrero to deport Rizal but the latter refused for there is lack of charges against Rizal in court. Anonymous threats in Rizals life alarmed his parents, siblings, Andrade his bodyguard, friends, and even Terrero, thus they all advised him to leave the country. He was compelled to leave Calamba for two reasons: First, his presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends. Second, he could not fight better his enemies and serve his countrys cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries. A POEM FOR LIPA Shortly before Rizal left in 1888, he was asked by a friend to write a poem in commemoration of the towns cityhood. Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn To Labor) was the title of the poem and it was dedicated to the industrious people of Lipa.

CHILDREN: Teach, us ye the laborious work To pursue your footsteps we wish, For tomorrow when country calls us We may be able your task to finish. And on seeing us the elders will say: "Look, they're worthy 'f their sires of yore!" Incense does not honor the dead As does a son with glory and valor.