Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Institute of Technology Aerospace Thermodynamics (ASeng 2142) For Aerospace Engineering Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts & DefinitionsOutlines Thermodynamics and its Applications Dimensions and Units Basic terminologies: system, property, state, process Temperature and the Zeroth law of thermodynamics PressureThermodynamics and Energy > Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy and its transformations, including power generation, refrigeration, and relationships among the properties of matter. What is energy? Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause changes. The change might be; position, velocity, phase, temperature, and other properties. Four laws of thermodynamics: > YV Vv Zeroth law: Thermal equilibrium (like transitive property) First law: Conservation of energy Second law: Energy has both quantity and quality Third law: Entropy of pure substances is zero at absolute zero temperatureApproaches of thermodynamics: two approaches > Statistical approach: is an elaborative approach, based on the average behavior of large groups of individual particles. > Classical approach: is macroscopic approach to the study of thermodynamics that does not require a knowledge Study of whole system "Study of tidividual notecule| Pt]C|@S (A) Classical Thermodynamics (BR) Statistical ThermodynamicsApplication areas of thermodynamics: very vast as all activities in nature involve some interaction between energy and matte: + Auto mobile engines + Refrigeration systems + Air-conditioning + Power plants The human Turbixedgompressor, pumps, fans systemsDimensions and units: Dimensions are used for characterizing any physical quantity and magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units. Quan ur ‘Site ‘Base Unies me oa 2 =o 5 “ Fundamental (Basic) and derived ‘Temperature (1) ‘Keun x (Secondary) dimensions Plane angle Reta a Solid angle Seaton imino intensity Condes Meese stance Mole isc Cutest Anpae Derived Units Ferce @) Neto Energy () Power Wat Presse Pascal Two unit systems: SI and English system’ iss = Teieh br 1055467 sb = Doe eae Lin — 00624 ag, teal =4187Systems and control volumes: system is a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study. The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings. The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is called the boundary. A boundary could be fixed or movable. Based on whether we chose a fixed mass or a fixed volume in space for study, there are two types of systems; > Closed system (control mass): consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. > Open system (control volume): is a properly selected region in space with both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume.SURROUNDINGS BOUNDARYProperties of a system: Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some familiar properties are P, T, V, m, u, k, and i. There are two types of properties based on their dependence on amount of matter. > Intensive properties: are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density. > Extensive properties: are those whose values depend on the size or ext tem. E.g. m, V, and total momentum Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific v= VimContinuum: is an idealization to disregard the atomic nature of a substance and view it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes. This idealization is valid as long as the size of the system we deal with is large relative to the space between the molecules. Otherwise, theories such as rarefied gas flow theory cq=t#===+ 0; 1 atm, 20°C 3 x 10! molecules/mm?State and Equilibrium: state is a set of properties that completely describes the condition of the system. Ata given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values. If the value of even one property changes, the state will change to a diffarant ann Equilibrium implies a state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials (or driving forces) within the system. Types of equilibrium: Thermal equilibrium; Mechanical equilibrium; Chemical (a) State 1 (b) State 2 equilibrium; Phase equilibrium=> Thermodynamic equilibriumThe State Postulate: The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties. E.g. T and v, T and P for single phase system What is a simple compressible system? A system is called a simple compressible system in the absence of external force fields like electrical, magnetic, gravitational, motion, and surface tension effects. Process and Cycles Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is called a process, and the series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the path of the process.Property A State 2 Final state Initial ‘Process path Property B et 20g jp gp sett gy «ly close tc i ‘imes, atic, or qui (a) Slow compression (b) Very fast compression (quasi-equilibrium) (nonquasi-equilibrium)+ A quasi-equilibrium process is an idealized process and is not a true representation of an actual process, but many actual processes closely approximate it with negligible error. + Why are we interested in such process? i) easy to analyze, ii) serve as standards to which actual processes can be compared. Process diagrams: are used to visualize a process by plotting thermodynamic properties (T, P. v,h, Ss...) as coordinates. + — Anon quasi-equilibrium process is denoted by a dashed line between the initial and final states instead of a solid line which is a case for quasi-equilibrium process.Pp Final state | Final state Process path | P ‘ Initial state \ 1 | aan sea statiepath load Initial state ers @ (Dei Anon quasi-equilibrium compressio A quasi-equilibrium compression |Examples of some very known thD processes The prefix ‘iso’ is often used to designate a process for which a particular property remains constant. + Isothermal process: is a process during which the temperature T remains constant + lsobaric process: is a process during which the pressure P remains constant + Isochoric (or isometric) process is a process during which the specific volume v remains constant. + Cycle: when system undergoes a process in which it returns to its initial state at the end of the process (initial and final states are identical).The Steady-flow process: process during which a fluid flows through a contro! volume steadily (no change with time). The opposite of steady flow is unsteady, or transient flow. The fluid properties can change from point to point within the Control VCsass dint the. during the“ . The term uniform, however, implies no change with location overTemperature and The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics What is temperature? As the classic saying it is “measure of hotness or coldness”, butis it?? What is even hotness and coldness mean? Take metal and wood at 200C and 1atm, which one if relatively cold? Most definitely our senses would consider the metal is colder. From SLT, heat transfers from higher to lower thermal energy until they reach thermal equilibrium (equal temperature). We can take this and define temperature as the only measure for thermal equilibrium. The Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in+ This serves as a basis for the validity of temperature measurement. By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can be restated as two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading even if they are not in contact. Reading Ass. . Temperature scale: ITS of 27, 48, 68, 90, unit conversions + Ice point and steam point, absolute temperature scale + Temperature measuring methods and devices...Pressure: is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area. The equivalence of pressure in solids is called normal stress. There are different units of pressure; Pa, kPa, atm, bar, kgf/ cmz2, ... The actual pressure at a given position is called the absolute pressure, and itis measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure). Most pressure-measuring devices, however, are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere which is gage pressure (difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure). Pressures below atmospheric pressure are called vacuum pressures and are measured by vacuum gages that