ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS AND FAULT DIAGNOSIS DIP 1 ‘Measurement is the comparison of an unknown physical quantity with a known fixed physical quantity. Measurement is the process of obtaining the magnitude of a quantity relative to an agreed standard. Basic requirements of measurement The two basic requirements of measurement are + The standard used for comparison purposes must be accurately defined and should be commonly accepted. © The apparatus used and the method adopted must be provable. ‘The two methods of measurement may be broadly classified into two categories: * Direct method + Indirect method. In direct method of measurement, the unknown quantity is directly compared against the standard. The result is expressed as a numerical number Significance of Measurements: The significance (importance) of measurement is expressed in the following statement of the famous physicist Lord Kelvin: “offen say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and can express it in numbers, you know something about it; when you cannot express in it numbers your knowledge is of a meagre (insufficient) and unsatisfactory kind.” ‘Measurement Systems: ‘A measurement system is defined as the system (Group of physical components) which is used for making measurements ‘There are three main functional elements of the measurement systems are: a) Primary sensing element: these are basically transducers. b) Variable conversion element or Signal conditioning elements: these are generally filters and amplifiers circuit, ©) Data presentation clement or Outputs elements: these are basically display devices, like LED or LCD display. Functions of Measurement systems: ‘Measurement systems may be classified into three important categories based on their functions they perform. 4) Indicating Measurement system ii) Recording Measurement system and iii) Controlling Measurement system. i) Indicating Function (Indicating measurement system) In this case information is obtained as a deflection of pointer of a measuring instrument. Example, The speed of automobile is indicated by deflection of pointer of a speedometer, Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter. ii) Recording Function (Recording measurement system) This involves a written record on the paper according to given input unknown quantity under measurement against time o against some other variable. Example, Monitoring of instantaneous values of temperature records using potentiometric strip chart recorder with respect to time, monitoring of pressure and temperature relationship record for boiler and compressor using X-Y recorder. iii) Controlling Function (Controlling measurement system) In this case, the information is used by the instrument or the system to control the original measured input unknown quantity Applications of Measurement systems: ‘The Measurement systems are used for different applications are as under the following functions: i) Monitoring of processes and operations ‘isdoameriswanborersterevon Ey studocu Downloaded by Gibertkimathi (giberkins !Begrall.com)ii) Control of Processes and Operations and iii) Experimental Engineering analysis QUANTITIES, UNITS AND STANDARDS Quantity: Quantity is a property that is measured [e.g. mass, length, time, volume, pressure] Physical Quantities: All quantities in terms of which laws of physics can be expressed and which can be measured are called Physical Quantities For example; Distance, Speed, Mass, Force etc. Physical Quantity = Numerical value x unit Q= Physical Quantity n= Numerical value Standard unit €.g. Mass of stool = 15 kg Mass = Physical quantity 15 = Numerical value Kg = Standard unit ‘Means mass of stool is 15 times of known quantity ie. Kg Characteristics of Standard Unit: A unit selected for measuring a physical quantity should have the following properties (i It should be well defined ie. its concept should be clear. (i) It should not change with change in physical conditions like temperature, pressure, stress etc. (iii) It should be suitable in size; neither too large nor too small (iv) It should not change with place or time. (v) It should be reproducible. (vi) It should be internationally accepted. SYSTEMS OF UNITS: CGS, FPS, MKS, SI For measurement of physical quantities, the following systems are commonly used:- (@ C.G.S system: In this system, the unit of length is centimetre, the unit of mass is gram and the unit of time is second, (ii) F.P.S system: In this system, the unit of length is foot, the unit of mass is pound and the unit of time is second. (iii) MK.S: In this system, the unit of length is metre, unit of mass is kg and the unit of time is second. (iv) S.1 System: This system is an improved and extended version of M.K.S system of units. It is called international system of unit. vy) The Electromagnetic System of Units (EMU): centimeter, gram, second, and biot as its base units, where the biot is energy-equivalent to the unit square root dyne (Vermgy/s). For naming consistency, the biot is called the abampere. The electromagnetic system of units (EMU) has the vi) The Electrostatic System of Units (ESU): The electrostatic system of units (ESU) has the centimeter, gram, second, and franklin as its base units, where the franklin is energy-equivalent to the unit square root dyne centimeter (cm *? \g/s). For naming consistency, the franklin is called the abeoulomb. The C.G.S. system suffers from the following disadvantages : (@ There are two systems of units (¢.m.u, and e.s.u.) for fundamental ‘theoretical work and a third (practical units) for practical engineering work. (ii) There are two sets of dimensional equations for the same quantity. (iti) If we use C.G.S. system factor 4n ocedrs in formulae where its presence seems unwarranted specially in formulae which are widely med. Downloaded by Gilbert Kimati ([email protected])ADVANTAGES OF M.K.S SYSTEM 1. The system connects practical units directly with fundamental laws of electricity and magnetism. 2. The formulae for expressions of electromagnetism are specified involving practical units. 3. Ih CGS, system, p is not existing in many expressions as its value is unity for the air. Hence it creates the confusion that the formula wrongly indicates that there is no effect of permeability of medium on the quantity to be measured, due to absence of u. In MKS. system, there is presence of u in all the expressions in. which it is required to be present, to consider the effect of permeability of medium. Advantage of S.I. system: (i Itis coherent system of unit ice. the derived units of a physical quantities are easily obtained by multiplication or division of fundamental units. (i) It is a rational system of units ie. it uses only one unit for one physical quantity. e.g. It uses Joule (J) as unit, for all types of energies (heat, light, mechanical). (Gii) It is metric system of units i. it's multiples & submultiples can be expressed in power of 10. ‘Table of Fundamental Units Sr.No. [ Name of Physical Quantity [Unit | Symbol 7 Tength Mee |m 2 Mass Kilogram | Kg 3 | time Second | 4 J Temperature Kelvin |K 5 | Electric Curent ‘Ampere | A 6 Luminous Intensity Candela | Ca 7 Quantity of Matter Mole mol Table of Supplementary unit Sr.No | Name of Physical Quantity | Unit Symbol 1 Plane angle Radian | rad 2 Solid angle Steradian_ | st Definition of Basic and Supplementary Unit of $.1. 1, Metre (m): The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792.458 of a second. 2. Kilogram (Kg) : The kilogram is the mass of the platinum-iridium prototype which was approved by the ConférenceGénérale des Poids et Mesures, held in Paris in 1889, and kept by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 3, Second (s): The second is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of Cesium- 133 atom. 4, Ampere (A) : The ampere is the intensity of a constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 [ 10° ’Newton per metre of length. 5, Kelvin (K): Kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. necxmensosicerectcome Ey studocu Downloaded by Gibert Kimathi(giberkimath [email protected])