JHS005D

Mathematics 10: Remainder

Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial

Module on

7
Remainder Theorem, Factor
Theorem, Rational Root Theorem
and Factors of Polynomial.

Hello students! In this module, we will be dealing about proves the

remainder theorem and factor theorem. We will also have the Rational root
theorem that will be useful in factoring polynomials. In this module, you will
learn new method in finding the remainder when a polynomial is divided by x
-r. You will also learn a method of determining whether or not x – r is a factor
of a given polynomial.
The entire module helps learners to be a critical thinker and to become
a problem solver which help them in their day-to-day life.

Most Essential Learning Competency/ies (MELC) In-Focus:

1. Proves the Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem and Rational Root
Theorem. (M10AL-Ig-2)
2. Factors Polynomials. (M10AL-Ih-1)

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Apply remainder theorem and Factor theorem,
2. Apply rational root theorem in Factoring polynomial.

1
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial

Activity: Message under the Table

Direction: Evaluate the polynomial at the given values of x. Next, determine
the letter that matches your answer. When you are done, you will be able to
decode the message.

A. P ( x )=x 3+ x 2 + x +3
x -2 -1 0 1 2
P(x)
Message

B. P ( x )=x 4−4 x 3−7 x 2 +22 x +18

x -2 -1 0 1 2
P(x)
Message

A. 17 C. -3 E. 5 I. 18
M. 3 N. 78 O. 2 O. 30
P. 6 R. 0 S. -6 T. 23

2
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial

Objective 1 Discussion

The preliminary activity that you did in the previous section will help
you understand the different lessons and activities that you will encounter
here.

The Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem

The Remainder Theorem

If the polynomial P(x ) is divided by (x−r ), the remainder R is

a constant and is equal to P(r ).
R=P (r )
Then, we have two methods in finding the remainder when
P(x ) is divided by (x−r ), that is:
1. Use synthetic division, or
2. Calculate P(r )

Similarly, there are two ways to find the value of P(r ):

1. Substitute r in the polynomial expression P(x ), or
2. Use synthetic division.

The Factor Theorem

The polynomial P(x ) has x−r as a factor if and only if P ( r )=0

Proof: There are two parts of the proof of the Factor Theorem,
namely:
Given a polynomial P(x ),
1. If (x−r ) is a factor of P(x ), then P ( r )=0.
2. If P ( r )=0 , then (x−r ) is a factor of P(x ).

3
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial

Sample Illustration
The Remainder Theorem

Example 1: Find the remainder when (5 x 2−2 x+1) is divided by (x +2).

Solution:
a. Using the Remainder Theorem:
2
P ( x )=5 x −2 x +1 , r=−2
2
P (−2 )=5(−2) −2(−2)+1
P (−2 )=5 ( 4 ) + 4+1
P (−2 )=20+ 4+ 2
P (−2 )=25
 Therefore, the remainder when P ( x )=5 x2 −2 x +1 is divided by (x +2)
Is 25.

b. Using synthetic division:

 Therefore, the remainder is 25.

Example 2: Find the remainder when P ( x )=2 x 4 +5 x 3 +2 x 2−7 x−15 is divided by

(2 x−3).
Solution:
a. Using Remainder Theorem

( ) 3 3
Write 2 x−3 as 2 x − . Here ,r = , the value of r will be use as the value of
2 2
x.
4 3 2
P ( x )=2 x +5 x +2 x −7 x−15

( ) () () () ()
4 3 2
3 3 3 3 3
P =2 +5 +2 −7 −15
2 2 2 2 2

( ) () () () ()
4 3 2
3 3 3 3 3
P =2 +5 +2 −7 −15
2 2 2 2 2
P( 3
2) =21−15

P( 3
2) =6
 Therefore, the remainder is 6
b. Using synthetic division:

4
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial

 Therefore, the remainder is 6

The Factor Theorem

Example1. Show that ( x−1 ) is a factor of 3 x 3−8 x 2+ 3 x +2
Solution:
Using the remainder theorem, we have
3 2
P ( 1 )=3(1) −8 ( 1 ) +3 ( 1 ) +2
P ( 1 )=3−8+3+2
P ( 1 )=0
 Since the remainder is equal to zero then we can say that ( x−1 ) is a
factor of 3 x 3−8 x 2+ 3 x +2.

Note: you can also use the synthetic division to find the remainder
just like what we have above. The process of the remainder theorem
is just same in factor theorem it just that if the remainder is zero
then we can that the divisor is a factor of the dividend.

Objective 2 Discussion
Rational Root Theorem and Factors of Polynomials

The Rational Root Theorem

Let a n−1 x n−1+ an−2 xn −2 +...+a 1 x + a0=0 be a polynomial equation of degree n . If
p
, in lowest term, is a rational root of the equation, then p is a factor of a 0
q
and q is a factor of a n.

Factors of Polynomial
Factor theorem is use to determine if a divisor is a factor of a
polynomial. When can we say that the divisor is factor of polynomial when the
remainder is equal to zero.

How to find the factors of polynomials?

1. Find the possible factors of the last term.
2. The number of factors depends on the degree of polynomials.
3. When you multiply the factors, it is equal to the last term/constant of
the polynomial if the polynomial is written on its standard form.
4. When you add the factors, it is equal to the 2 nd coefficient if the
polynomial is written on its standard form.

5
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial
5. When you add the factors, it is equal to
the 2nd coefficient if the polynomial is written on its standard form.

Sample Illustration
Example 1: Is (x−1) a factor of (x ¿ ¿ 3+6 x 2+ 11 x+ 6)¿?
By applying the factor theorem, we can substitute the value of r which is 1.
P ( x )=( x ¿ ¿ 3+6 x +11 x +6)¿
2

3 2
P ( 1 )=1 +6( 1) +11(1)+6
P ( x )=1+6+11+ 6
P ( x )=24
 Since the remainder is not equal to zero, therefore (x−1) is not a factor
of (x ¿ ¿ 3+6 x 2+ 11 x+ 6)¿

Example 2: Is (x +1) a factor of ( x ¿ ¿ 3+6 x 2+ 11 x+ 6)¿?

P ( x )=(x ¿ ¿ 3+6 x +11 x +6)¿
2

3 2
P (−1 )=−1 +6 (−1) +11(−1)+6
P ( x )=−1+6−11+6
P ( x )=0
 Since the remainder is equal to zero, therefore (x−1) is a factor of
( x ¿ ¿ 3+6 x + 11 x+ 6)¿
2

ACTIVITY 1: Applying the Remainder and Factor Theorem

(for Objective 1)

Name: ______________________________ Grade & Section:

__________________
Directions: Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder when the given
polynomial is divided by each binomial. Indicate whether or not each binomial
is a factor of the given polynomial.
1. P ( x )=x 3−7 x+ 5
a. (x−1) b. (x +1) c. (x−2)

6
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial
2. P ( x )=2 x 3 −7 x+3
a. (x−1) b. (x +1) c. (x−2)
4 3 2
3. P ( x )=4 x −3 x −x + 2 x +1
a. (x−1) b. (x +1) c. (x−2)

ACTIVITY 2: Factoring Polynomials

(for Objective 2)

Name: ______________________________ Grade & Section:

__________________
Directions: Use the Factor Theorem to determine if it’s a correct factor
1. ( x +6 ) ( x−2 ) is a factor of x 2+ 4 x−12
2. ( x +2 ) ( x −9 ) is a factor of x 2−7 x−18
3. ( x +2 ) ( x −2 )( x +3 ) is a factor of x 3 +6 x 2+5 x−12

In this module you have learned that:

 Find the remainder using the synthetic division or the factor theorem
The Remainder Theorem

If the polynomial P(x ) is divided by (x−r ), the remainder R is

a constant and is equal to P(r ).
 Evaluate polynomials using substitute or synthetic division and
 Determine whether (x – r) is a factor of a given polynomial.

The Factor Theorem

The polynomial P(x ) has x−r as a factor if and only if P ( r )=0

7
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial

The Rational Root Theorem

Let a n−1 x n−1+ an−2 xn −2 +...+a 1 x + a0=0 be a polynomial equation of degree n.
p
If , in lowest term, is a rational root of the equation, then p is a factor of
q
a 0 and q is a factor of a n.

How to find the factors of polynomials?

1. Find the possible factors of the last term.
2. The number of factors depends on the degree of polynomials.
3. When you multiply the factors, it is equal to the last term/constant of
the polynomial if the polynomial is written on its standard form.
4. When you add the factors, it is equal to the 2 nd coefficient if the
polynomial is written on its standard form.
5. When you add the factors, it is equal to the 2 nd coefficient if the
polynomial is written on its standard form.

Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section:

__________________
Look for other references and add information to what we have discussed.
(This assignment will be submitted on ________________.)

Direction: Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder of R in each of

the following.

1. ( x 4 −x 3+2 ) ÷ (x+2)
2. ( x 3−2 x 2+ x +6 ) ÷( x−3)
3. ( x 4 −3 x3 + 4 x 2−6 x +4 ) ÷(x−2)
4. ( x 3−3 x 2−4 ) ÷(x−2)

8
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial
5. (x ¿¿ 2−3 x +7)÷ ( x+5)¿

Callanta, M., Canonigo, A., Chua, A., Cruz, J., Esparrago, M., Garcia, E.,
Magnaye, A.,…Ternida,
C., (2015). Mathematics – Grade 10 Learner’s Module. Department of
Education.

Image: Male teachers ready to tutor the students, accessed 5 August 2020,
https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/male-teachers-ready-tutor
students_7883433.htm#page=1&query=teacher&position=0

Image: Female teachers ready to tutor the students, accessed 5 August 2020,
https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/female-teachers-ready-tutor-
students_7883434.htm#page=1&query=teacher&position=2

9
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial

Module on
Remainder Theorem,
Factor Theorem, Rational
Root Theorem and
Factors of Polynomials
1. What is the remainder when you divide x 10−2 by x +1?
A. 2
B. -2
C. 1
D. -1
2. Which of the following is a factor of x 3−2 x 2−5 x +6 ?
A. x−2
B. x−3
C. x +6
D. x +1
3. What is the possible rational root of 2 x3 +5 x 2 + x−2?
A. -1/2
B. 1/3
C. ½
D. -1/3
4. 10 is the remainder when you divide x 3−3 x+ 8 by what polynomial?
A. x +3
B. x−2
C. x +1
D. x−4
2
5. is a possible rational root of 3 x 3+ 4 x 2−13 x +6 because,
3
A. 2 is a factor of the constants term and 3 is the leading coefficient
B. 3 is the leading coefficient and 2 is the next coefficient

10
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial
C. 3 is a factor of the constant term
and 2 is 2nd coefficient
D. 2 is factor of the constant term and 3 is the degree of the polynomial
6. Which polynomial will give 0 as remainder when it divides
3 2
x +3 x −10 x−24
A. x−4
B. x−2
C. x−3
D. x−6
7. What is the right way to find the remainder when you divide
100
x −1by x−2?
A. Find the root of the dividend and substitute the value to the
variables in the divisor then simplify.
B. Find the root of the divisor and substitute the value to the variables
in the dividend then simplify
C. Find the root of the dividend and substitute the value to the
variables in the dividend then simplify
D. Find the root of the divisor and substitute the value to the variables
in the divisor then simplify
8. When do you say that certain polynomial is a factor of another
polynomial?
A. If the remainder is less than zero when you divide the polynomials.
B. If the remainder is greater than zero when you divide the
polynomials.
C. If the remainder is equal to zero when you divide the polynomials.
D. If the remainder is undefined when you divide the polynomials.
9. What is the remainder when you divide (x ¿ ¿ 4 + x 3−11 x 2−5 x+30)by (x−2)¿?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
10. What is the remainder in ( 4 x 3−2 x −2) ÷( x +1)?
A. 3
B. -3
C. 4
D. -4
11. What is the remainder when ( 5 x 100 +5 ) is divided by (x−1)?
A. 5
B. 10
C. -5
D. -10
12. Which of the following is a factor of (5 x 2+14 x−24)?
A. 5 x−6
B. 5 x+ 6
C. x−6
D. x +6
13. Given P ( x )=2 x 3 +3 x 2−5 x−12. What is the value of P(3)?
A. 56
B. 55
C. 54

11
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial
D. 53
14. ______ a polynomial P(x ) is divided by (x−r ), the remainder R is a
constant and is equal to P(r ).
A. Factor Theorem
B. Remainder Theorem
C. Rational Root Theorem
D. Synthetic Division
15.______ is a polynomial P(x ) has x−r as factor if and only if P ( r )=0 .
A. Factor Theorem
B. Remainder Theorem
C. Rational Root Theorem
D. Synthetic Division
16. A short method of dividing polynomial expressions using only the
coefficient of the terms.
A. Factor Theorem
B. Remainder Theorem
C. Rational Root Theorem
D. Synthetic Division
17. What is the remainder when ( x ¿ ¿ 3+7 x 2+ 2 x−40) divide( x−2) ¿?
A. 0
B. -1
C. 1
D. 2
18. Which of the following is not true about remainder theorem?
A. R = P(r)
B. Remainder is a constant and is equal to P(r)
C. Remainder theorem is use to find the quotient
D. Remainder theorem is use to find the remainder
19. If P(-2) = 0, which of the following statements is true about P(x)?
A. x + 2 is a factor of P(x)
B. 2 is root of P(x) = 0
C. P(x) = 0, has two negative roots
D. P(0) = -2
20. If ( 7 x 4 −5 x 5−7 x 3 +2 x−3 ) is divided by (x +3) using synthetic division,
the numbers in the first row would be,
A. -5 7 -7 0 2 -3
B. -7 -7 -5 0 2 -3
C. 1 7 -7 0 2 -3
D. -3 7 -7 0 2 -5

12
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial

ANSWER KEY:

PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY: Message under the Table

A. P ( x )=x 3+ x 2 + x +3
x -2 -1 0 1 2
P(x) -3 2 3 6 17
Message C O M P A

B. P ( x )=x 4−4 x 3−7 x 2 +22 x +18

x -2 -1 0 1 2
P(x) -6 -6 18 30 18
Message S S I O N

ANALYSIS, APPLICATION and EXPLORATION

Activity 1: Applying Remainder and Factor Theorem
1. a. -1 (not a factor) b. 11 (not a factor) c. -1 (not a factor)
2. a. -2 (not a factor) b. 8 (not a factor) c. 5 (not a factor)
3. a. 3 (not a factor) b. -1 (not a factor) c. 41 (not a factor)
Activity 2: Factoring Polynomials
1. (x+6)(x-2) – correct factor
2. (x+2)(x-9) – correct factor
3. (x+2)(x-2)(x+3) – not correct factor
ASSIGNMENT
1. R = 26
2. R = 18
3. R = 0
4. R = -8
5. R = 47

EVALUATION
1. D 11. B
2. B 12. A
3. C 13. C
4. D 14. B

13
 JHS005D
Mathematics 10: Remainder
Theorem, Factor Theorem,
Rational Root Theorems and
Factors of Polynomial
5. A 15. A
6. C 16. D
7. B 17. A
8. C 18. C
9. A 19. A
10. D 20. A

14