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■Philosophy is the study that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things. ■ The need to philosophize is traced to a person's sense of wonder and doubt, the need to make sense of challenging experiences, and the love for wisdom. ■The study of philosophy can be considered as a way of analyzing ideas and frameworks. It is also considered as a way of examining a particular area of knowledge. Philosophy itself is a discipline with its own g

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2 views3 pages

Gen Bio1

■Philosophy is the study that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things. ■ The need to philosophize is traced to a person's sense of wonder and doubt, the need to make sense of challenging experiences, and the love for wisdom. ■The study of philosophy can be considered as a way of analyzing ideas and frameworks. It is also considered as a way of examining a particular area of knowledge. Philosophy itself is a discipline with its own g

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jhnnnnnnn7
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Cell: Theory, Structure and Organization

Cell Theory
Robert Hooke
- The first person to observe cells as microscopic structures.
- He was the person who gave cells their name.
- Observed cell from dead tissue.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek


- The first person to observe living, moving cells.
- He was able to observe living single-celled organisms—such as bacteria—and
sperm cells, which he collectively called animalcules.

Matthias Jakob Schleiden & Theodor Schwann


- All the different parts of plants and animals are made up of cells, and that cells
can be produced from other cells.

Rudolf Virchow
- Stated that all cells must come from other cells—not just that some cells could,
under the right circumstances, be formed this way.

Cell Theory
 All living things are composed of one or more cells.
 The cell is the basic unit of life.
 New cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cell Structure
All cells possess features which enable each cell to function like a little
factory.
The more activities carried out by the cell, the more complex the cell will
be.
Cells can be grouped according to whether they have the nucleus or not.

Prokaryotes – Those without the nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. (e.g.


Bacteria)

Eukaryotes – Those with nucleus and membrane bound organelles. (e.g. Plant and Animal
Cells)

Nucleus - Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which carry the codes containing
information controlling all the cell activities.
- Chromatin  Chromosomes
- 46 chromosomes except sex cells

- When the nucleus is not dividing, its most visible part is the nucleolus - responsible
for the formation of ribosomes - are involved in protein synthesis.

Cytoplasm
- Entire region of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
- Site for production, transport and storage of substances in the cell.
Cytosol - Jelly-like medium through which substances move from one part of
the cell to another

Plasma Membrane
 Controls which substances are to enter or leave the cell;
 Transfers chemical messages from the outside of the cell to the inside; and
 Keeps the cell contents in place.
 it is not a solid wall. Made of lipids and proteins, it is constantly reforming to
allow the movement of materials into and out of the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (R.E.R)


- The site of protein synthesis resulting from theattached ribosomes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (S.E.R)


- Assists in the synthesis of steroid hormones and other lipids and carries out various
detoxification processes.

Golgi Apparatus

- Package substances produced in rough endoplasmic reticulum and secrete to


other parts of the cell surface for export.

Lysosomes

- The principal site of intracellular digestion.

Mitochondria

- Site of cellular respiration


- Powerhouses of the cell

Vacuoles

- Fluid-filled sacs with a surrounding membrane bud off the endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi body or plasma membrane.
- Temporary structures known as vesicles.

Central Vacuole
- Large structure which makes up to 90% of a cell’s volume in a fully grown plant.
- Helps to maintain the turgidity (firmness) of the cell.
- Storage of various substances:
Nutrients (e.g. Sucrose)
Wastes (e.g. Tannins)
Pigments which color plant parts; and
Poisonous substances

Chloroplasts

- Site of photosynthesis
- Contains chlorophyll

Cell Wall

- Protect the cell from harmful external influences.


- Help the cell keep its shape.
- Prevent the cell from absorbing too much water and keeps it from bursting.

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