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    Wireless CDMA RF Engineering: Week 1

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    Abhilash Ramadugu
    The document provides an overview of a training course on RF100 Wireless CDMA RF Engineering. The course covers topics such as wireless industry introductions, modulation techniques, multiple access methods, wireless system architectures, RF propagation, antennas, CDMA principles, CDMA system architecture, performance indicators, optimization tools and techniques. It also describes a follow-up course RF200 that focuses on optimization principles, tools, and real-life examples/exercises related to CDMA network performance and optimization.

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    Wireless CDMA RF Engineering: Week 1

    Uploaded by

    Abhilash Ramadugu
    52 views16 pages
    The document provides an overview of a training course on RF100 Wireless CDMA RF Engineering. The course covers topics such as wireless industry introductions, modulation techniques, multiple access methods, wireless system architectures, RF propagation, antennas, CDMA principles, CDMA system architecture, performance indicators, optimization tools and techniques. It also describes a follow-up course RF200 that focuses on optimization principles, tools, and real-life examples/exercises related to CDMA network performance and optimization.

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    The document provides an overview of a training course on RF100 Wireless CDMA RF Engineering. The course covers topics such as wireless industry introductions, modulation techniques, multiple access methods, wireless system architectures, RF propagation, antennas, CDMA principles, CDMA system architecture, performance indicators, optimization tools and techniques. It also describes a follow-up course RF200 that focuses on optimization principles, tools, and real-life examples/exercises related to CDMA network performance and optimization.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    52 views16 pages

    Wireless CDMA RF Engineering: Week 1

    Uploaded by

    Abhilash Ramadugu
    The document provides an overview of a training course on RF100 Wireless CDMA RF Engineering. The course covers topics such as wireless industry introductions, modulation techniques, multiple access methods, wireless system architectures, RF propagation, antennas, CDMA principles, CDMA system architecture, performance indicators, optimization tools and techniques. It also describes a follow-up course RF200 that focuses on optimization principles, tools, and real-life examples/exercises related to CDMA network performance and optimization.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 16

    Course RF100

    Wireless CDMA RF Wireless CDMA RF Engineering: Week 1 Engineering: Week 1

    December, 1998

    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

    1-1

    Integrated RF/CDMA/Performance Training


    Course RF100: RF Introduction, CDMA Principles, Understanding System Design & Performance Issues Monday
    Wireless Industry Intro. Modulation Techniques Mult. Access Methods Wireless system Architectures RF Propagation Physics Mechanisms Models Link Budgets Margins Pred. Tools Meas. Tools

    Tuesday
    Wireless Antennas Intro: Principles Families/Types Choosing the right antenna Selecting ants. Other devices Tests/Problems Traffic Engineering Units, principles Traffic tables Wireless appls.

    Wednesday
    Introduction to CDMA Spread Sp. Principles CDMAs Codes Fwd & Rev Channels System Architecture Power Control Phone Architecture Handoff Process Ec/Io, Eb/No phones limitations Call Processing CDMA Messages

    Thursday
    CDMA Flow Examples Critical CDMA Issues Interference control Managing Soft HO% Capacity constraints Forward big picture Reverse big picture Sys Architecture details Lucent Nortel Motorola

    Friday
    System Growth Mgt. Stopgap measures Longterm strategies Multiple carriers Intercarrier Handoff Intro to Optimization Perspectives Bottom-up: mobile Top-down: OMs Survey of Tools Performance Goals Design Implications

    Course RF200: Optimization Principles, Tools, Techniques, and Real-Life Examples/Exercises Day 1
    Optimization Overview RF100 Fast Review General Q&A Meet the CDMA performance indicators Signatures of CDMA transmission problems The classic CDMA death scenario Introduction to Performance Data System-side tools and their implications

    Day 2
    Intro to Mobile Tools Collection Tools Grayson, LCC, HP PN Scanners HP, Grayson, Berkeley Post-processing Analyzer, DeskCat Drive-test Demo files Grayson LCC Intro to Post-Processing Analyzer, DeskCat

    Day 3
    Handsets as test tools Drive-Test Demo Lab RSAT/Collect 2000! Grayson Inspector Data Analysis and PostProcessing Analyzer, DeskCat what events did you see? Identifying root causes Parameter & configuration changes

    Day 4
    Operators Corporate RF Benchmarking Overview PN Scanner Lab HP, Grayson, Berkeley Gathering data, interpreting problems Applied Optimization common scenarios

    December, 1998

    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

    1-2

    RF100 Chapter 1

    How did we get here? Whats it all about? How did we get here? Whats it all about?

    Wireless Systems: Wireless Systems:

    MTS, IMTS

    December, 1998

    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

    1-3

    Radio Hasnt Been Around Long!


    Days before radio.....
    1680 Newton first suggested concept of spectrum, but for visible light only
    N

    1831 Faraday demonstrated that light, electricity, and magnetism are related 1864 Maxwells Equations: spectrum includes more than light 1890s First successful demos of radio transmission

    LF HF VHF UHF MW IR

    UV XRAY

    December, 1998

    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

    1-4

    First Wired Communication: Telegraphy


    I Samuel F.B. Morse had the idea of the telegraph on a sea cruise in the 1833. He studied physics for two years, and In 1835 demonstrated a working prototype, which he patented in 1837. I Derivatives of Morse binary code are still in use today I The US Congress funded a demonstration line from Washington to Baltimore, completed in 1844. I 1844: the first commercial telegraph circuits were coming into use. The railroads soon were using them for train dispatching, and the Western Union company resold idle Samuel F. B. Morse time on railroad circuits for public telegrams, nationwide at the peak of his career I 1857: first trans-Atlantic submarine cable was installed

    Submarine Cable Installation news sketch from the 1850s


    December, 1998

    Field Telegraphy during the US Civil War, 1860s


    1-5

    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

    Wired Communication for Everyone: Telephony


    I By the 1870s, the telegraph was in use all over the world and largely taken for granted by the public, government, and business. I In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying actual voices over wires. I Initial telephone demonstrations sparked intense public interest and by the late 1890s, telephone service was available in most towns and cities across the USA

    Alexander Graham Bell and his phone from 1876 demonstration


    December, 1998

    Telephone Line Installation Crew 1880s


    1-6

    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

    Radio Milestones
    I 1888: Heinrich Hertz, German physicist, gives lab demo of existance of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies I 1895: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates a wireless radio telegraph over a 3-km path near his home it Italy I 1897: the British fund Marconis development of reliable radio telegraphy over ranges of 100 kM I 1902: Marconis successful trans-Atlantic demonstration I 1902: Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates voice over radio Guglielmo Marconi I 1906: Lee De Forest invents audion, triode vacuum tube radio pioneer, 1895
    feasible now to make steady carriers, and to amplify signals

    MTS, IMTS

    I 1914: Radio became valuable military tool in World War I I 1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting I 1940s: first application of RADAR - English detection of incoming German planes during WW II I 1950s: first public marriage of radio and telephony MTS, Mobile Telephone System I 1961: transistor developed: portable radio now practical I 1961: IMTS - Improved Mobile Telephone Service Lee De Forest I 1970s: Integrated circuit progress: MSI, LSI, VLSI, ASICs vacuum tube inventor I 1979, 1983: AMPS cellular demo, commercial systems
    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1 1-7

    December, 1998

    Overview of the Radio Spectrum Frequencies Used by Wireless Systems


    AM LORAN Marine 3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 Hz CB 30,000,000 i.e., 3x107 Hz

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

    1.2

    1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

    2.4

    3.0 MHz

    Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur

    4
    VHF LOW Band

    10
    FM

    12

    14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz
    VHF VHF TV 7-13

    VHF TV 2-6

    30

    40

    50
    UHF

    60

    70

    80 90 100
    Cellular

    120 140 160 180 200


    GPS

    300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz DCS, PCS

    240

    300 MHz

    UHF TV 14-69

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0/6

    0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

    1.2

    1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

    3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz

    2.4

    3.0 GHz

    10

    12

    14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz
    30,000,000,000 i.e., 3x1010 Hz

    Broadcasting
    December, 1998

    Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Telephony Terrestrial Microwave Satellite


    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1 1-8

    Development of North American Cellular


    I In the late 1970s, the FCC (USA Federal Communications Commission) allocated 40 MHz. of spectrum in the 800 MHz. range for public mobile telephony. I FCC adopted Bell Labs AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) standard, creating cellular as we know it today The USA was divided into 333 MSAs (Metropolitan Service Areas) and over 300 RSAs (Rural Service Areas) I In 1987, FCC allocated an additional 10 MHz. of expanded spectrum I By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted and at least one system operating. I In the 1990s, additional technologies were developed for cellular TDMA (IS-54,55,56, IS-136) (also, GSM in Europe/worldwide) CDMA (IS-95) I US Operators did not pay for their spectrum, although processing fees (typically $10,000s) were charged to cover license administrative cost

    333 MSAs 300+ RSAs

    December, 1998

    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

    1-9

    North American Cellular Spectrum


    Uplink Frequencies (Reverse Path)
    824 835 845 849

    Downlink Frequencies (Forward Path)


    Frequency, MHz Paging, ESMR, etc.
    846.5 869

    870

    880

    890

    894

    A
    825

    B
    891.5

    Ownership and Licensing

    Frequencies used by A Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Non-Wireline companies Frequencies used by B Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Wireline companies

    I In each MSA and RSA, eligibility for ownership was restricted A licenses awarded to non-telephone-company applicants only B licenses awareded to existing telephone companies only subsequent sales are unrestricted after system in actual operation
    December, 1998 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1 1 - 10

    Development of North America PCS


    I By 1994, US cellular systems were seriously overloaded and looking for capacity relief The FCC allocated 120 MHz. of spectrum around 1900 MHz. for new wireless telephony known as PCS (Personal Communications Systems), and 20 MHz. for unlicensed services allocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10-year licenses were auctioned to highest bidders I PCS Licensing and Auction Details A & B spectrum blocks licensed in 51 MTAs (Major Trading Areas ) Revenue from auction: $7.2 billion (1995) C, D, E, F blocks were licensed in 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas) C-block auction revenue: $10.2 B, D-E-F block auction: $2+ B (1996) Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology About half the C-block winners were unable to pay for their licenses. These openings will be reauctioned in early 1999

    51 MTAs 493 BTAs

    PCS SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA


    A
    1850 MHz. 15

    D
    5

    B
    15

    E F
    5 5

    C
    15

    unlic. unlic. data voice

    A
    15

    D
    5

    B
    15

    E F
    5 5

    C
    15 1990 MHz.

    1910 MHz.

    1930 MHz.

    December, 1998

    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

    1 - 11

    Major PCS Auction Winners


    Sprint PCS CDMA
    The Largest Players, Areas, and Technologies I Sprint PCS Began as partnership of Sprint, TCI, Cox Cable Bid & won in 2/3 of US markets A or B blocks Sprint won D and/or E blocks in remaining markets CDMA: Mix of Nortel, Lucent, Motorola I AT&T Wireless Systems Bid & won a majority of markets in A&B Blocks will combine and integrate service between its new PCS 1900 systems and its former McCaw cellular 800 MHz. properties IS-136: mix of Lucent and Ericsson equipment I Other CDMA Operators Primeco: partnership of various operators GTE, others I GSM Operators Western Wireless, OmniPoint, BellSouth, GTE, Powertel, Pacific Bell Mix of Ericsson, Nokia, and Nortel networks I For auction details, check www.fcc.gov
    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1 1 - 12

    AT&T Wireless IS-136

    Primeco CDMA
    Western Wireless Pacific Bell Aerial OmniPoint BellSouth Powertel

    GSM

    December, 1998

    Progress in Radio Technology Development


    Systems, Signals, & Devices
    Radio Communication Systems
    HFAmateur
    Marine Military

    VHFLand Mobile

    Mobile Telephony30-50MHz
    150MHz 450MHz 800MHz 1900MHz

    Microwave Microwave Point-to-Point Satellite RADAR AM Bcst1MHz FM Bcst100MHz VHF-TV Bcst UHF-TV Bcst FM PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK

    Modulation CW AM FSK Devices Spark Vacuum Tubes 1920 1930

    Discrete MSI VLSI, Transistors LSI ASICS 1940 1950 1960 Time 1970 1980 1990 2000
    1 - 13

    1910
    December, 1998

    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

    Evolution of Wireless Telephony


    Standards, Technologies, & Capacity
    Standards Evolution
    MTS150MHz IMTS150MHz
    450MHz

    Technology Evolution
    Analog AM, FM Digital Modulation
    DQPSK GMSK

    AMPS800MHz N_AMPS D-AMPS CDMA

    PCS1900MHz
    GSM CDMA AMPS, etc

    ESMR800MHz
    FDMA TDMA CDMA

    Access Strategies

    Vacuum Tubes Dozens

    Discrete Transistors Hundreds

    MSI

    LSI

    VLSI, ASICs 1,000,000s

    System Capacity Evolution - Users


    100,000s

    1960
    AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone System N_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola) D-AMPS = Digital AMPS (IS-54 TDMA) ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio December, 1998 PCS-1900 = FDMA = TDMA = CDMA =

    1990
    Personal Communication Systems Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access 1 - 14

    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

    Summary: Wireless Economics and Logistics Trends in Radio Communications


    Technology: System Organization:
    Analog Centralized Digital Distributed

    Cost per Subscriber System Capacity System Complexity Radio Frequencies Used Time
    December, 1998 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1 1 - 15

    End of Section

    December, 1998

    RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

    1 - 16

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