CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 AN OVERVIEW OF OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

The oil and gas industry in the world includes the global processes of an exploration,

extraction, refining, transporting which is often by oil tankers and pipelines, and marketing

petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and petroleum or

gasoline. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including

pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. Safety is a priority in an

industry that grows quite fast and absolutely help economic growth from zero to high level

The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream

and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category.

Petroleum is a vital to many industries around the globe and is of importance to the

maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration, thus is a critical concern for

many nations around the world. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world’s energy

consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, to a high of 53% for the

Middle East. The PBJV Group Sdn Bhd and Barakah Offshore Petroleum are the upstream

level in Malaysia and separate the monopoly power in this complicated industry.

The existence of oil in Miri, Sarawak began in 1910 had provided the bedrock for the

development of our country’s in present day oil and gas industry. It creates various

opportunities for many oil majors and involvers such as Shell, Esso or ExxonMobil and

others to invest in the upstream and downstream sectors of the industry provided

employment and skills transfer to thousands of Malaysians such as Bumiputra and non-

Bumiputra had changed the economic landscape of the country forever.

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 To date today, Malaysia has some 28 billion barrels of oil (BBOE) reserves and about

1.2 per cent of the world’s natural gas reserves approximately 2.35 trillion cubic metres of

proven reserves. Malaysia has a current production rate of 730,000 barrels per day of crude

oil products. The Government of Malaysia also contributes significantly towards policy and

macro-economic planning to secure a sustainable and long-term success of the oil and gas

industry.

The Government’s main objective is to increase aggregate production capacity by 5

cent every year up to year 2020 to meet domestic demand growth while it be sustain crude

oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports to overseas markets. In the Asia Pacific region,

Malaysia aims to be the number one oil and gas hub by 2017, taking advantage of its

strategic location at key shipping lanes as well as strong economic fundamentals in China,

India and within Southeast Asia.

In Malaysia, energy policy for the upstream sector is determined by the Economic

Planning Unit (EPU) and the Implementation and Coordination Unit (ICU), both of which

reports directly to the Prime Minister. The Government focuses on efforts to enhance output

from existing oil and gas fields, new marginal fields as well as exploration and development

opportunities in deep-water areas. To this end, new tax and investment incentives under

Petroleum Income Tax Act (PITA) were introduced in 2010 to promote oil and gas

exploration activities.

According to Rao Abdullah (2012) said that Malaysia has approximately 615,100

square kilometres of acreages available for oil and gas exploration. Of these, 218,678

square kilometres or 36% of the total acreages are currently covered by Production Sharing

Contracts.

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1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND: THE PBJV GROUP SDN BHD

(BARAKAH OFFSHORE PETROLEUM BHD)

The PBJV Group Sdn Bhd (PGSB) was form in August year 2000 as one of the oil

and gas player in Malaysia has include pipeline pre-commissioning activity as their upfront

scope and activity to established the markets of oil and gas structures. The structures

include the movements of their materials and equipment to assemble to their offshore and

onshore bases. Their vision is to be the premier, integrated solutions provider to oil and gas

industry. Their mission also committed to ensure high quality and innovative solutions

without compromising safety.

The first business that PGSB proposed in August 2000 during their establishments is

pipeline pre-commissioning. Pipeline pre-commissioning is the process of proving the ability

of a pipeline and piping systems to contain product without leaking. This product may be

liquid, gaseous or multiphase hydrocarbons, water, steam, CO2, N2, petrol, aviation fuel etc.

Pipeline companies are responsible for the safety of pipelines, operating under a

comprehensive series of regulations from construction to operation and maintenance.

Federal and state pipeline inspectors evaluate whether operators are being diligent in

meeting regulatory requirements, conducting proper inspections, and making necessary

repairs.

However, this study would be focusing on the safety, health and environments by

encourage the usage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), encourage usage of

designated tools and follows the safety policies and regulations where appropriate.

1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT

In August 2014, the PBJV Group Sdn Bhd faced the incident regarding to fluorescent

dye spillage at Kg Lanas area. The notification reports has been made. Incidents happened

when workers who involved with project manage to dispose Empty Intermediate Bulk

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Container (IBC) Tank where there is a chemical spillage from leaking from the tank during

transporting the tank to the project sites. People of Kg. Lanas at Kimanis, Sabah near the

PBJV Kota Kinabalu Yard afraid of exposure of hazardous and health issue, while they want

explanation from local authority such as Department of Environment and Department of

Health. The safety project and yard management team take action according to these

issues.

In our country, there are always some issue with level of safety and practicing the

safety in oil and gas industry such as handling with exposures of chemical and hazardous

things. The consequences of accidents should be clearly distinguished from emissions and

pollution during normal operation activities, even if these activities are extended through the

whole life-cycle of an installation from beginning to end and start again reciprocating.

While the latter (pollution from normal operation) results in relatively small quantities

of pollutants ending in the sea during long periods, the accidental events result in release of

huge quantities of hydrocarbons and pollutants discharged uncontrolled in the sea during

relatively short periods. Consequently, the relevant topics (pollution from normal operation

and from accidents) are regulated by different instruments and different “best technologies”

and “best practices” apply.

Prasanta Kumar Dey (2004, p. 2) stated that while pipeline are one of the safest

modes of transporting bulk energy, and failure rates much lower than the railroads or

highway transportation, failures do occur, and sometimes with catastrophic sequences. Most

pipeline operators ensure that during the design stage, safety provisions are created to

provide a theoretical minimum failure rate for life of the pipeline.

Those failure rates in pipelines occurred if the safety precautions does not follow

accordingly and workers are not allow to continue their task given because safety

requirements are not completed regarding on their activities and caused a delay on projects

that supposed to finish on right time because of safety failures.

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 Health, safety and environmental issues has going risen on the oil and gas industry’s

agenda. It is reflected both increased public pressure and more complex operational

challenges. According to Petronas, (Safety, 2010) says it has taken all necessary measures

to ensure the safety and security of the gas pipeline which caught fire two days ago in the

district of Lawas in Sarawak about 135 km from the Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal in Kimanis,

Sabah.

According to Michalis Christou and Myrto Konstantinidou (2012, p. 8). As it has been

dramatically demonstrated not only in the Macondo accident but in a variety of cases,

offshore oil rigs activities entail the hazard of a major accident with potentially severe

consequences to the life and health of workers, pollution of the environment, direct and

indirect economic losses, and deterioration of the security of energy supply. The main

hazards include:

 fire, after ignition of released hydrocarbons;

 explosion, after gas release, formation and ignition of an explosive cloud;

 Oil release on sea surface or subsea.

It is also in touch with the communities in the vicinity to update them on the current

situation, it said, adding that there have been no reported injuries or casualties and the fire

did not affect any of the communities along the pipeline as the closest community is 10km

away. The statement added that the fire was brought under control and finally extinguished

by the activation of the pipeline’s automatic safety system, and that the company at all times

adhered to stringent safety measures with international standards for all its operations.

According to The Association of Oil Pipe Lines (AOPL) and American Petroleum

Institute (API) launched the Pipeline Safety Excellence initiative, “an industry-wide program

to improve liquid pipeline safety performance. Pipeline Safety Excellence is an industry-wide

safety initiative by the more than 50 pipeline operating members of AOPL, including Crimson

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Pipeline, and API. It reflects the shared values and commitment of pipeline operators to

building and operating safe pipelines”.

A statement from Gas Malaysia website, they have implemented comprehensive

safety features during the engineering stage of pipeline installations, which is including the

following protection against over-pressure, protection against corrosion, isolation valves,

warning facilities, daily patrolling, 24-hours operations control centre, and immediate action

on irregular pressure. The researcher would cover the safety requirements which are

improving worker productivity and ensure safety awareness as the top priority.

By providing a safety equipment like Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Roseline

S Konya, Rachael U. Akpiri, Nkiruka P. Orji (2013) stated that the use of personal protective

equipment (PPE) is a crucial functional element that guard against or minimize the effects of

occupational hazards and to insist that employers protect employees from work place

hazards that can cause serious injuries.

A review from Sir Thomas Legge (2013) stated that the employers need to

responsible and need to protect workers from workplace hazards. Protection of workers from

workplace hazards is crucial to reduce mortality and morbidity in the workplace. Many of

these morbidity and mortality occur long after the workman has left the work. Hence besides

other control measures it becomes important to assess compliance of the employer and

employee with personal protective equipment.

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1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

In a view of research problem statement the main objective of this study is:

 To identify the types of safety equipment, instrument and tools necessary with pipeline

activities

The objectives of this study are:

 To identify when PPE is necessary for the activities

 To identify PPE is an organizational sources for safety

 To identify PPE is a part of company safety regulations

 To identify the needs of PPE for individual workers

1.4 RESEARCH SCOPE

This section of researcher’s research paper is the part where researcher list what

researcher are doing. Basically, all it need to do an outline and list everything as part of the

research paper. The main purpose of this research is to study about the importance of safety

and steps that should be taken for protections among employees and environment factors

that involved in oil and gas industries and discuss about challenge and significant of

conducting safety during the operations.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Research question is important in this study. It was created based on the objectives of

the study. It also acts as a guideline for the researcher to collect the right data to analysis. At

the end of the study, the researcher should be able to answer all the research questions by

using the data that will be analysed for this study. There are two (2) main questions that

need to be answered at the end of this study.

 What are the causes of the activities without following the safety precautions?

 This question is to identify the symptoms and the factors that the pipeline

maintenance activities without following the safety procedures. Without knowing

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 the root cause of the problem, researcher will not able to identify the possible

ways to solve the problems on these activities.

 What are the consequences from not using personal protective equipment (PPE)

during the activities?

 This question is to identify the consequences if workers are not using the

protective equipment during on project activities.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDIES

This study is design and creates with the purposes that has been explained on the

above. It not meant for the use on one party only, but it is significant to all the parties involve

either direct or indirect in this study. The result of this study can give an advantage to

everyone as long as all the information is not been misused by irresponsible person.

1.6.1 Significance of Researcher

This study is one of the preconditions and requirements that must be fulfilled by all

students from Bachelor of Business Administrative before completing the degree studies.

While ongoing the internship program in any company related to the course taken in the

university, student need to identify any possible gaps or problems in the company to be used

as the topic of the research. During the period of research, researcher is able to apply any

skills and knowledge that has been learned in the university.

The application of what have been learned into the real working world might give the

opportunity to the researcher to gain more understanding and knowledge. Besides that,

researcher also can able to know the potential and the weakness which can be improved.

The exposure to the real world will give the motivation to the researcher to complete the

study successfully and make a better preparation for working life.

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 1.6.2 Significance of University

Classroom and work place is two different things where the environment is not the

same. Even though most of the syllabus being teaching by the lecturers is based on the

industry requirement, but the students still cannot fill the actual world of working in the

industry. By doing this study, lecturers can use the result and all the information gathered as

a teaching tool in the classrooms.

This would be good approach for the lecturers to help the students understand better

on what being teach which link with direct information about the current issues in transport

industry. Besides that, University also can make use of the information that will be gathered

by the researcher for research and education purposes. The topic chosen by the researcher

might open a big opportunity for further and deepen study.

1.6.3 Significance of Company

The company itself become more invulnerability by providing a good quality of

services and business purpose by conducting a safety training for all employees and put a

safety into a first priorities during the activities regarding on pipelines maintenance, drilling

and offshore platform. It is also create awareness among employees by improving the safety

requirements such as tools, equipment, materials, and provide safety drilling and training for

all employees who are designated to work in site, offshore, onshore and any other platforms

that requires safety.

1.6.4 Significance of Industry

Oil and gas is the main source of energy consumptions. To allocates the sources

need a critical knowledge and proper research involving around the world and regain our

economy benefits. Industry learn a fact, the demand for fossil fuels is expected to grow and

the prices for oil and gas are predicted to increase over the next years.

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 New plants, safety, health and environment factors have to be followed and in proper

guidance to allow for speedy commissioning as well as flexible and safe operation. The

industry has to find ways of reducing the costs and risks associated with developing new

fields in deep sea or extreme climates.

1.7 LIMITATIONS DURING RESEARCH

This study and research will be conducted with the guideline designed which is in the

line with the purpose of the study. This is to ensure researcher to achieve the main

objectives of the study. However, there are certain of limitations that will be faced by the

researcher alongside this study especially during collecting data. These limitations will give a

little bit influence to the accuracy for the result from the study.

1.7.1 Time Constraint

Researcher has only limited time of approximate 20 weeks to complete this study.

So, the researcher needs to manage the time efficiently and always work within the work

schedule that has been drafted according to findings. Furthermore, the respondents of this

study which are the engineer, project engineer, supervisor of the pipeline (pre-

commissioning) projects which is assigned and posting in various sites activities in

Peninsular Malaysia including Sabah and Sarawak. This makes a researcher difficult to

collect the data within the specific time frame.

1.7.2 Financial Constraint

Financial was one of the biggest barriers and significant in completing this study.

Researcher need to spend HIGH amount money for transportation, photocopy, internet,

printing, posting, binding, and editing. All the expenses are quite expensive to the researcher

due to limited budget provided especially in the process of collecting the data.

This is because all the respondents of this study were in different places throughout

all major sites in Malaysia such as yards in Miri, Labuan, Paka, Kemaman Supply Base,

Kota Kinabalu, Puchong and Bintulu.

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 1.7.3 Lack of Experience & Knowledge

This is the first time that researcher conducting an individual study for certain titles.

Lack of experience will make it difficult for the researcher to design, collect, and analysis all

the raw data for this study. Since the researcher was not an expert in oil and gas industry, it

is difficult for the researcher to organize fake data that that will be collected. That’s why the

researcher are focusing on pipelines which is consider as one mode of transportation but

focusing on safety and environments.

1.7.4 Lack of Cooperation

Respondents are very important to the researcher because most of the information

need in this study come from them. All the respondents in this study are under various

departments such as project operations, operation support, tender and contract, risk and

procurements. Since operation is one of the busier departments in the company, some of the

respondents refuse to cooperate in this study. So, researcher will lose the opportunity to

collect more important data for this research

1.7.5 Limited Information

Oil and gas is a huge industry in the world even in our country Malaysia, but there is

a number of people got involve especially in pipelines pre-commissioning activities. With

limited companies involve in oil and gas, specifically in pre-commisioning, researcher has

faced difficulty to get more information needed for this study.

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1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.8.1 Conceptual Definition

By conducting this research, the researcher makes a better look into conceptual

aspects of safety. According to World Health Organization (1998) Safety and Safety

Promotion: Conceptual and Operational Aspects stated, safety is absolutely fundamental

human right. The safety connects with environments. Environments give impact of the

condition of safety that has been take. If the environments are exposed with danger, the

results and chances to be unsafe are higher. From that point, a rules must be implement to

protect from this kind of nature (danger exposure).

Safety also is stated the hazards and conditions of a person, individuals and groups

of our society, especially for workers, employees, visitors through physical, psychological or

material harm are controlled in order to preserve the health and well-being of individuals and

the community.

1.8.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994

The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) is a piece of Malaysian

legislation which was gazetted on 25 February 1994 by the Malaysian Parliament. The

principle of the Act is "To make further provision for securing that safety, health and welfare

of persons at work, for protecting others against risks to safety or health in connection with

the activities of persons at work, to establish the National Council for Occupational Safety

and Health and for matters connected therewith."

The Act applies throughout Malaysia to the industries specified in the First Schedule.

Nothing in this act shall apply to work aboard ships governed by the Merchant Shipping

Ordinance 1952, the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1960 of Sabah or Sarawak or the armed

forces.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE REVIEW

According to University of Wisconsin writing Center, literature review is a critical

analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification,

and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles. In the

other words, literature review is the writing of the comprehensive review of any sources from

the secondary data which is related to the specific interest to the researcher.

Literature review is very important in this study and it should be done at the early

steps of study. The purpose of literature review to this study is to identify the important

variables which related to this topic. The repeated variables in previous study might be the

important variables. With the list of relevant variable, it will help the researcher to develop a

good theoretical framework for this study.

2.0.1 The Oil and Gas Industry Strives for Safe Operation

The Oil & Gas industry faces critical challenges when meeting high demands for

energy consumptions. This industry also must meet this demand with fewer trained and

skilled workers, and often, under process more difficult and uncertain conditions. Therefore,

the need for effective safety equipment and standards of safety, beyond the basics, is

essential for the success and safety of any oil and gas operation.

2.0.2 Perform a Thorough Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

When you are performing a safety procedures, the researcher found out that the

safety must be recorded in a document. It must be analyze according to the task that needs

you to be secure and safe every moment. According to Canadian Centre of Occupational

Safety and Health (2008), some individuals prefer to expand the analysis into all aspects of

the job, not just safety. Methodology is based on the idea that safety is an

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 At the start of each shift during work at site, yard and platform, collectively identify

and analyze the list of tasks to be performed that day by using the safety analysis record.

Record potential hazards involved and actions necessary to eliminate or reduce the risk of

injury such as safe work procedures, personal protective equipment and fall protection.

Job Safety Analyses are not performed in a vacuum by a safety manager in a trailer

but should be done by the entire group on the jobsite. Document environmental conditions

that may affect each step of the job including temperature, high winds and precipitation. Be

sure to note hazardous underfoot conditions as well. Re-evaluate the jobsite with a fresh

JSA each time conditions change and notify all personnel of JSA results. Retain JSAs at site

and yard for your records.

2.0.3 Use a Proper Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)

Personal protective equipment includes any apparatus or garment intended to

protect you from injury or illness. Eye and hearing protection, safety boots, gloves and hard

hats should always be worn on pipeline jobsites. Proper footwear protects against falling

objects and helps prevent slips. Reflective vests should be worn in high traffic areas and

while working along roads. Reflective clothing is always a good idea, making employees

working on the ground more visible to equipment operators.

The JSA may identify certain tasks that require the use of special devices or clothing

(fire retardant clothing, respirators, etc.) Beyond the basic PPE, it is your responsibility to

know what PPE is necessary, ensure it fits properly and understand how to correctly inspect,

use and maintain it. Know its limitations and safely dispose of any damaged equipment. In

case of a machine roll-over or collision, another crucial piece of equipment is designed to

keep you safely within the roll-overprotection structure (ROPS) - Always wear your seat belt.

2.0.4 A Way to Protection by Using Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is often referred to as the least desirable way to

protect workers from hazard. It is the "last line of defense" against harmful substances or

sources of energy, to be used only when other controls have failed to eliminate or isolate the

hazard. But to a worker in a hazardous environment, PPE is not a last resort. It's a suit or a

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helmet, a respirator or hearing protector that serves as a barrier to falling and flying objects,

chemicals and vapors, noise, electricity or heat. It is the second skin that keeps the worker

healthy, safe and alive.

David J. Fennell (2014) on his review according to safety protection equipment

stated that most of our industry such as oil and gas handles flammable hydrocarbons, fire

retardant such as coverall as a work wear has become standard protective equipment and it

works and succeed. We have had many case studies from flash fire incidents where injury to

workers has been greatly reduced thanks to their fire retardant clothing and coverall.

2.1 RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

According to Miles and Huberman (1994, p18), conceptual framework consist of

““explains either graphically, or in narrative form, the main things to be studied – the key

factors, concepts or variables - and the presumed relationship among them”

Safety is a pre-requisite for maintenance as well as improvement of well-being and

health of the population. According to Maslow’s Needs Theory, safety is one of the

fundamental needs of human beings exactly like a physiological needs (Maslow,1968).

Safety also can be view as for maintaining and improving the health and welfare of a

population. Here’s the link between safety and health;

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 Environment

 Physical

 Regulations

 Organizational Safety for employees

Behaviour

 Individual

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Figure 2.1: Theoretical framework

Variables are used in research and can be divided into two types which is dependent

variables and independent variables. The dependent variable represents the output or effect,

or is tested to see if it is the effect. The independent variables is represent the inputs or

causes, or are tested to see if they are the cause of the dependent variables.

It shows the cause and effects of safety status according to environment and

behaviour factor. The effect of environment and behaviour determinants on how health is

well often a function of the level safety attained. Safety concerns everybody, especially in oil

and gas industry that focusing on workers and employees’ safety as well as the whole

community, individuals, stakeholders, agencies must be mobilised to enhance the safety of

the workers.

The researcher came out with the theoretical framework through several literature

reviews who applied the same methods regarding the safety issues for employees for any

industries that are related.

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2.2 RESEARCH JUSTIFICATION

Beginning the early research, the researcher found out that the oil and gas business

has become one of the safest industries in which to work. In fact, a worker is about five times

more likely to be injured on the job as a performing artist or professional athlete than an oil

and gas worker in the fields, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

That doesn’t mean there aren’t some risks and hazards associated with working in

the oil fields, but, the oil and gas industry has done a great job in recent years of developing

safety programs, which train its employees and prepare them for what they might expect on

the job in the remote sites where many drilling rigs are now located.

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 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field

of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles

associated with a branch of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts such as

paradigm, theoretical model, and phase on data collection from several articles, journals and

internets.

This chapter is focusing on the method that researcher will use in this study for PPE

especially in generating research design and collecting data. It is actually a framework which

acts as the guidelines for conducting the research project. All the details and procedures that

are necessary in collecting the information needed in order to structure and solve the

research problems have been specifically stated in this chapter.

The data collection is based on the questionnaires need to be send to a project sites

involving The PBJV Group Sdn Bhd around Malaysia and (if can reach) Sabah and

Sarawak. Ninety (90) copies of a specially designed questionnaire need to be send by post

to the major sites and yards throughout our country. The selection of the selection has been

restricted to project employees that most actives and most dealt with employees and other

parties.

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3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Brink, P. J., & Wood, M. J. (1998) state that the purpose of a research design is to

provide a plan for answering the research question and “is a blueprint for action”. It is the

overall plan that spells out the strategies that the researcher uses to develop accurate,

objective and interpretative information.

A quantitative, descriptive research design was chosen for this study in order to give

a detailed description of the knowledge about safety in workplace that is related to PBJV

Group activities at sites and types of safety equipment, instrument and tools necessary with

pipeline activities.

Quantitative research is a formal, objective and systematic process for generating

information about the world. The specific questions addressed will generate knowledge,

which will directly improve clinical practice by according to Burns and Grove (1997, pg. 40).

According to Brink and Wood (1998:289), a descriptive survey design may be utilised

“to study characteristics in a population for the purpose of investigating probable solutions of

a research problem”.

A survey was chosen for this study for the following reasons:

 It is appropriate for the research objectives of this study as the aim of the study is not

to infer cause and effect but to describe the nature of the research topic (Brink, P. J.,

& Wood, M. J. 1998, pg. 139).

 There is no active intervention on the part of this investigations that may result the

researchers produce a bias (Chen, 2000, pg. 171).

 According to Brink and Wood (1998, pg. 289), a survey design may be utilised to

study characteristics in a population to investigate probable solutions of a research

problem.

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3.2 TARGET POPULATION

The target population means that “the entire aggregation of respondents that meet

the designated the set of criteria” (Burns & Grove 1997, pg. 236). The target population in

this research are constituted all the pipeline workers at yards and branches with different

task allocations from PBJV Group Sdn Bhd that age between 20 to 60 years old.

3.3 DATA COLLECTION

3.3.1 Primary Data

This area of studies requires the researcher to gain an important data first hand from

one of most reliable source of data which came from pipelines project workers in in yards

especially PBJV Miri Yard and PBJV Paka Yard. In order to get access data and information,

the researcher did some preliminary observation regarding the operation for a period of time

before preparing the close or structured questionnaires.

Data was collected in November and December, 2014. Data was collected using a

structured questionnaires. Closed or structured questionnaires are a quantitative method of

research, which was advocated and agreed by Emile Durkheim (1858 - 1917). It is a

positivist research method. It includes the low level of involvement of the researcher and

high number of respondents which the individuals who answer the questions.

A questionnaire is a series of questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful

information about a given topic about the safety regarding the use of safety equipment and

steps taken. When properly constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires

become a vital instrument by which statements can be made about specific groups or people

or entire populations in PBJV Groups Sdn Bhd pipelines activities.

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 3.3.2 Secondary Data

Besides the primary data, the secondary data are gathered by the previous instalments

of reports, journals, articles and research from other researchers. Internet also helps

researcher to find outs the data that suitable for this research and how it applied to

researcher to get a findings and proper analysis.

Information was obtained from Google search for various occupations and separated

into knowledge, attitude and use of the personal protective equipment.

3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The structured questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument and

analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The original

SPSS manual (Nie, Bent & Hull, 1970) has been described as one of "sociology's most

influential books" for allowing ordinary researchers to do their own statistical analysis.

The researcher later on were designed and an open ended and closed questions for

the questionnaires. The questionnaire was divided into two parts which is Section A and

Section B. Section A comprised the demographic data, which sought to obtain respondents’

details such as age, designated place and working experiences.

Section B sought to determine the relevant knowledge from a workers had about the

condition of safety in workplace, their activity involvements, equipment and tools they have

been using during work, the usage and needed of personal protective equipment during

operations and common accidents that might occurs at workplace.

3.5 SAMPLING FRAME

The populations that are targeted by the researcher is from the project employees

that are surrounded in every yard and site. The population consist of 90 respondents from

PBJV Group yards and branches located at Labuan, Paka, Miri A, Miri B, Kuala Lumpur and

Kota Kinabalu.

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3.6 DATA ANALYSIS

All of the data that has been collected were analysed to get the findings for the next

chapter. The data collected through the distributed questionnaires will be described. Later

were analysed by using the software package SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social

Sciences). It is for searching for collection of instances from the data. By using SPSS also

the findings will emerge to begin a data collection for analysis process and shape the

formation of each category. For the recommendation and conclusion, analysis researcher

will develop generalization about the study.

3.7 PILOT TEST

A total of 90 respondents were surveyed. Most of workers believe using the Personal

Protective Equipment must be efficient inside or outside of workplace due to exposure of

hazardous every surroundings such as liquefied gases and petro chemical that has been

used to operates the heavy equipment. Unfortunately, not all workers are trained with safety

procedures, choose the right Personal Protective Equipment and policies.

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 CHAPTER 4

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION TO FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

This chapter will show the findings and analysis of the data that has been conducted

according to quantitative data analysis. According to Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie

(2010), quantitative data analysis is helpful in evaluation because it provides quantifiable and

easy to understand results. Quantitative data can be analysed in a variety of different ways.

Quantitative data consists of structured questionnaires with separated categories and

sections that consists of demographic data and the issues related to the scope of study that

is related. The findings in this chapter will describe the relationship between the safety of the

employees at PBJV Group Sdn Bhd with the independent variables such as environment

and behaviour.

By elaborating the finding and analysis, this chapter is divided by several sections to

process the data and get the findings and to come out with a strong recommendations and

conclusions.

4.1 PIPELINE PRE-COMMISSIONING (PPC) SERVICES

Figure 4.1.1: The fabrication process in pipeline

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 The principal activities involved in Pipeline Pre-Commissioning (PPC) are preparing a

pipeline for operations are maintenance those of filing, cleaning and gauging, hydrotesting;

dewatering, and drying. As in many other pipeline operations, pigs are the tool of choice in

achieving many of the goals in this area. The safety officers must monitor the safety

precautions during activities.

Activities that are thought of as PPC cover the entire range necessary to prepare a

newly laid pipeline for handover to its operator. Following the construction phase of the

pipeline build, the line may be physically complete, but will require significant preparatory

works prior to being ready for service.

Figure 4.1.2: The pigging launching to receiver

Pigging in the context of pipelines refers to the practice of using devices known as

"pigs" to perform various maintenance operations on a pipeline. This is done without

stopping the flow of the product in the pipeline. These operations include but are not limited

to cleaning and inspecting the pipeline. The researcher found out that the launcher and

receiver exposed the impacts of chemical and percentage of chemical spill is higher and

need a coverall to cover up the physical of workers surrounding.

This is accomplished by inserting the pig into a 'pig launcher' (or 'launching station') -

an oversized section in the pipeline, reducing to the normal diameter. The launcher /

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launching station is then closed and the pressure-driven flow of the product in the pipeline is

used to push it along down the pipe until it reaches the receiving trap – the 'pig catcher' (or

'receiving station').

The first of these is likely to be filing the line with water. In most circumstances this

will be required in preparation for hydrotesting the pipeline, and to demonstrate its fitness for

service at the intended operating pressures. For hydrotest purposes, the total volume of

residual gas must be controlled to within strict limits, generally 0.2%. After this stage the line

will then be cleaned and gauged in order to verify that the line specification regarding

acceptable minimum bore, absence of dents etc. has been met.

Figure 4.1.3: Hydro tested Figure 4.1.4: Gauge settings

Finally, the line will be pressure tested (hydrotested), and this stage is usually

followed by dewatering and drying in preparation for service. However, the dewatering and

drying of the line are sometimes delayed for a while (several months), as can be the case for

subsea lines when waiting for the completion of tie-ins. According to my research, these

activities has been supervised by safety officers from the company throughout several rules

and regulations regarding safety precautions in PPC activities such as maintenance.

4.2 HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE)

Safety, health and environment are very important concepts that organizations must

understand in order to remain comfortable in workplaces. There is always the possibility of

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an accident or damage to someone’s health. All work exposes people to hazards, be they

loads which have to be manually handled, dangerous machinery and tools, toxic substances,

electricity, working with display screen equipment or even psychological hazards such as

stress.

T.S. Oguntona (2012, p.2) confirmed that workplace exposure and hazards could cause

devastating effects on health and quality of life. Occupational exposure to body fluids can

result from percutaneous injury (needle stick or sharp injury), mucocutaneous injury (splash

of blood or other body fluids into the eyes, nose or mouth) or body contact with non- intact

skin. The most common form of occupational exposure to blood and the most likely to cause

infection is the needle stick injury. From the view of that, researcher found out that any

hazardous or chemical spilled must be protected by a proper attire for certain jobs.

Mr D Santha Kumar (HSE Journal, 2011) confirmed that safety is an integral part of

any task we undertake. A project can claim true success only if it meets all the safety

standards along with timely delivery and quality. Even they have a various systmes and

processes in place for maintaining HSE standards, the current safety record has more

ground to cover, and distinct improvements to be made.

Stephen O. Ogunlana (2004) stated that the environmental impacts of pipelines are

relatively small compared with other modes of energy transportation as environmental issues

are addressed during planning and construction of pipelines facilities. The construction of

pipelines may cause short-term disruption due to movement of heavy equipment, materials

and machineries. The researcher found out that how environment implications effects the

pipeline activities, a protection is needed at all cost for suitable situations.

4.3 MAJOR HAZARDS INDUSTRY

Health and safety is an important part of any industry, but particularly so in the

offshore sector, which is classed as a major hazards industry. Reducing the number of

dangerous occurrences, injuries and hydrocarbon releases remains a top priority and is a

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key focus of the industry’s absolute commitment to continually improving process safety

standards. No other industry puts more effort into improving its safety performance through

leadership, communication and co-operation.

Transparent reporting of safety performance and learning from accidents and

incidents is achieved through information sharing at many industry safety forums. The

industry recognises the importance of joined-up working and engages the workforce and

trade unions through offshore safety committees and onshore networks.

Safety and health management is a priority of the vital attachments of Oil and Gas

industry activities because most of the activities involving pipelines services that exposed

with danger leakage that will occur during the operations. Other than that involves with

operations are offshore transportation and installation, topside major maintenance and hook-

up commissioning, onshore pipeline and construction, underwater services and ship

management and chartering.

These activities are associated with Oil and Gas productions are well-known to pose

serious safety and health threats to the workers, employees and visitors. According to Lynn

Brielmaier (2014), from 2003 to 2010, 823 oil and gas extraction workers were killed on the

job-a fatality rate seven times greater than the rate for all U.S. industries (Census of Fatal

Occupational Injuries). This database also reports similar fatality rates since at least the

early 1990s. Safety and health hazards and dangerous conditions that can result in fatalities

for oil and gas workers include:

 Vehicle Accidents

 Struck-By/ Caught-In/ Caught-Between

 Explosions and Fires

 Falls

 Confined Spaces

 Chemical Exposures

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4.4 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) FOR PIPELINES

However, Personal Protective Equipment is not the first line of protection. Personal

Protective Equipment is the last line of protection. There are three legs to the Personal

Protective Equipment risk management process which is

 training,

 engineering and work practice controls,

 and Personal Protective Equipment

According to Duralabel websites (2012) all Personal Protective Equipment for hand

safety is that the pair of gloves you use must be compatible with the task at hand. Leather

gloves, a go-to staple for industrial workers, are surprisingly not very cut resistant. A cotton

knit glove can sometimes be a better choice for hand safety.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or

other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury. The hazards

addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards,

and airborne particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for job-related

occupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational

activities. "Protective clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and "protective

gear" applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others.

Sankt Augustin (2003) explained the purpose of personal protective equipment is to

reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not

feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels. PPE is needed when there

are hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at

source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails.

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 B. L Tanko and N.A. Anigbogu (2012) confirmed that any item of PPE imposes a barrier

between the wearer/user and the working environment. This can create additional strains on

the wearer; impair their ability to carry out their work and create significant levels of

discomfort. Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE correctly, therefore placing

them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme circumstances, death. Good ergonomic

design can help to minimise these barriers and can therefore help to ensure safe and

healthy working conditions through the correct use of PPE.

Practices of occupational safety and health can use hazard controls and interventions to

mitigate workplace hazards, which pose a threat to the safety and quality of life of workers.

The hierarchy of hazard control hierarchy of control provides a policy framework which ranks

the types of hazard controls in terms of absolute risk reduction.

At the top of the hierarchy are elimination and substitution, which remove the hazard

entirely or replace the hazard with a safer alternative. If elimination or substitution measures

cannot apply, engineering controls and administrative controls, which seek to design safer

mechanisms and coach safer human behaviour, are implemented.

Personal protective equipment ranks last on the hierarchy of controls, as the workers are

regularly exposed to the hazard, with a barrier of protection. The hierarchy of controls is

important in acknowledging that, while personal protective equipment has tremendous utility,

it is not the desired mechanism of control in terms of worker safety.

Danger lurks in every activity, from building well foundations and erecting lease tanks, to

chemically treating or hydraulically fracturing wells. In off-shore drilling, the dangers range

from blow-outs, hydrogen sulphide gas during drilling, heavy metals and benzene present in

crude, to asbestos, formaldehyde, hydrochloric acid and normally occurring radioactive

materials (NORMs).

Even in normally safe refineries, certain activities – process sampling, inspection,

handling or recharging catalyst – pose chemical risks as high as anywhere else on the

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planet. Risk is also higher during regularly scheduled maintenance and repair shutdowns.

Workers are also potentially exposed to flames and fires and other consequences of

explosions. Workers need strong protection against all of these potential perils, and to be

able to comfortably work in their protective garments for their entire shift.

4.4.1 Coverall Suit

Figure 4.4.1: Coverall suit Figure 4.4.2: Coverall suit wore by employees

A coverall (or known as boilersuits at some place and area but the same things) is a one-

piece garment with full-length sleeves and legs like a jumpsuit, but usually less tight-fitting.

Its main feature is that it has no gap between jacket and trousers or between lapels, and no

loose jacket tails. It often has a long thin pocket down the outside of the right thigh to hold

long tools. It usually has a front fastening extending the whole length of the front of the body

up to the throat, with no lapels. It may be fastened with buttons, a zip, velcro, or snap

fasteners. Boilersuits with an attached hood are available. The word "boilersuit" may also

refer to disposable garments such as DuPont's Tyvek suits.

According to Cesar Velasco Muñoz, Jeannette de Boer, Louise van Kranendonk,

Carmen Varela Santos, Cornelius Bartels (2014, p.13) the coveralls of the PPE ensemble

have to be particle-tight and fluid-proof. The zipper of the coveralls needs to be covered by a

particle-tight and splash-proof strip or flap. Most coveralls come with an integrated hood. If

not, a separate hood for covering head and shoulders is essential. The PPE needs to fit the

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height and posture of the user. The PPE user must be able to move around freely without

the coveralls being displaced and giving room for fluids to enter the coveralls.

Boilersuit are so called because they were first worn by men maintaining coal-fired

boilers. To check for steam leaks or to clean accumulated soot from inside the firebox of a

steam locomotive, someone had to climb inside, through the firehole (where the coal is

shovelled in). A one-piece suit avoids the potential problem of loosened soot entering the

lower half of one's clothing through the gap in the middle.

As the firehole opening is only just large enough for a fit individual to negotiate, a one-

piece suit also avoids the problem of the waistband snagging on the firehole as one bends to

wriggle through, or of jacket tails snagging if one has to come out backwards.

4.4.3 Safety Shoes

Figure 4.4.3: Physical of safety shoes recommended

A safety shoe (also known as a safety boot, steel-capped boot or steel-toe boot) is a

durable boot or shoe that has a protective reinforcement in the toe which protects the foot

from falling objects or compression, usually combined with a mid-sole plate to protect

against punctures from below.

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 Jason Contant (2014) said, although safety shoes traditionally made of steel, the

reinforcement can also be made of a composite material, a plastic such as thermoplastic

polyurethane (TPU) or even Aluminium. Steel-toe boots are important in the construction

industry and in many industrial settings.

Occupational safety and health legislation or insurance requirements may require the

use of such boots in some settings, and may mandate certification of such boots and the

display of such certification directly on the boots. In Canada, certified boots have a Canadian

Standards Association green triangle on them.

4.4.4 Safety Goggles

Figure 4.4.4: Several of safety goggles

Safety goggles are intended to shield the wearer's eyes from impact hazards such as

flying fragments, objects, large chips, and particles. Goggles fit the face immediately

surrounding the eyes and form a protective seal around the eyes. This prevents objects from

entering under or around the goggles.

Conglin Xu (2014) said safety goggles may incorporate prescription lenses mounted

behind protective lenses for individuals requiring vision correction. Take time to consider

specific lens, frame, and ventilation options when selecting safety goggles. Although safety

glasses provide satisfactory protection against most potential exposures that you may

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experience in pipeline activities, they do not fit tightly against the face and consequently offer

limited protection against chemical splashes.

4.4.5 Safety Gloves

Figure 4.4.5: Physical of safety gloves

Franklin Jay (2013) stated that gloves is a crucial piece of PPE for electrical workers,

combining high dielectric and physical strength with flexibility and durability. Depending on

the hazard level of work, there are several kinds of gloves to choose from, such as heavy

duty leather gloves, rubber insulating gloves, or a combination of both. It is important in

heavy industry including oil and gas industries that exposed with hazardous surrounding.

The type of hand injuries that occur in the oil and gas industry have inspired some

unusual glove design. Crushing, pinching, cut and puncture hazards make up most of the

serious injuries sustained by workers, so the kind of gloves needed to protect workers are

highly specific.

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4.5 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA ANALYSIS

Table 4.5.1: Age, Branch and Working Experience

Table 4.5.1 indicates that the majority of the respondents are between 21 to 30

years old age group with total of respondents are 26, followed by 21 respondents are in age

between 31 to 40 years old and the smallest age group are between 41 to 50 years old and

only one person from 61 years old and above.

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4.6 RESPONDENT TASK ALLOCATIONS

Graph 4.6.1: Percentage of Respondent Task Allocations

Graph 4.6.1 indicates the respondents who are a workers for pipeline operations that

has been allocates to their task at PBJV Group Sdn Bhd. The data showed the majority of

the respondent are allocates for Pipeline Services with 53%. On the other hand, about 22%

are designated for Top Side Major Maintenance, 15% are for Hook-up Commissioning,

EPCC Onshore Pipeline and Construction are 4% and only 2% for Underwater Services,

Offshore Transportation and Installation and Asset Management respectively.

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 Figure 4.6.2: Example of worker designated for Hook-up Commissioning

4.7 HEAVY EQUIPMENT

Graph 4.7.1: Heavy equipment used during operations

Graph 4.7.1 indicates the types of heavy equipment used during operations at any

yard and branch at PBJV Group Sdn Bhd which consists of air compressor, air dryer, high

pressure pump, vacuum pump, suction pump and supporting pump. All respondents

answered all this questions without any missing datas.

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 Figure 4.7.2: Example of High Pressure Pump

Graph 4.7.3: Suffer from injury at workplace

Graph 4.7.3 shows the respondents who suffer from injury while working at

workplace. There is 98% of the respondent which is consist of 53 respondent who are not

suffer from injury while only 2% indicates of one respondent who suffer from injury. The

reason has been given according to injury occurs at workplace which is worker exposed to

fire while drilling during maintenance.

It can be concluded that injuries can happen anytime if they are not aware about

safety. The respondent said, during the incident happens, the coverall suit he wore are not in

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a proper conditions. It shows that the coverall suit is the main Personal Protective Equipment

that should be wear and shall not remove at workplace.

Graph 4.7.4: Personal Protective Equipment use at workplace

Graph 4.7.4 showing the number of mean that represent the often use of Personal

Protective Equipment that requires at workplace. All of the respondent shows the Personal

Protective Equipment is a regular needs at workplace. It shows safety boots are very often at

workplace followed by coverall suit and head protection.

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 Figure 4.7.5: Example of template of signage at PBJV yards

It shows the respondent who work for operations is aware of the safety rules that are

implemented at workplace especially at yard. The employees must not remove the Personal

Protective Equipment until the instruction can give a permission to remove the safety attires

inside the yard. According to Occupational Safety and Health (1994), Personal Protective

Equipment for eyes, face, head, and extremities, protective clothing, respiratory devices, and

protective shields and barriers, shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and

reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or

environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in

a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body

through absorption, inhalation or physical contact.

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4.8 SAFETY RATES

Graph 4.8.1: Safety Rates at Workplace

Graph 4.8.1 indicates the number of respondent who satisfy with the rate of safety at

workplace. The 19 and 22 respondent stated that the conditions of safety at workplace are

very good and good respectively. The balance is 11 and 2 respondent who stated that the

rate of safety are fair and poor respectively. It shows that every yard and branch of PBJV

Group Sdn Bhd are follows the standard rules regarding of safety for oil and gas operations

and it is safe for employees who are working.

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4.9 WEEKLY USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Graph 4.9.1 Respondent Who Use PPE Weekly

Graph shows the respondent who are use Personal Protective Equipment weekly. It

shows 42 out of 54 respondent who are using Personal Protective Equipment more than 7

times. The result can be concluded that most of the designated position of employees need

them to wear Personal Protective Equipment all the time inside a workplace. It can show the

respondent aware of working with chemicals and hazardous stuff and environment, Personal

Protective Equipment is worn by workers to reduce or eliminate the exposure. The

PBJVGroup regulations are to ensure workers are aware with the safety, about 1000 units of

coverall suits are supplied monthly for every workers if the suits are defect or need to be

replace.

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4.10 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) FOR INDIVIDUAL NEEDS

Graph 4.10.1: PPE for individual needs

Graph 4.10.1 indicates that the individual needs of each type of Personal Protective

Equipment. As far from the analysis data, it shows all of 54 respondent need a safety

helmets and safety boots. The Material Management must provide these PPEs not just for

workers and employees but for visitors who need to visit and witness the operations.

Besides that, based on the provision stated in article 24(1) of Malaysian Occupational

Safety and Health Act (2006) which clearly provide the general duties of employees at work.

The article stated that the employees are responsible to co-operate with his employer in

fulfilling the requirement imposed by this act. It also proves that the behaviour of workers

and employees who need protections during task allocations. See the task allocations at

Graph 4.6.1 and often used of several PPE at Graph 4.7.4. So that the employers should

fulfil the needs of safety for every workers at PBJV Group Sdn Bhd.

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4.11 AWARENESS FROM ACCIDENTS DURING OPERATIONS

4.11.1: Types of accidents occurs during operations

Graph 4.11.1 shows that the type of accidents happen during the operations in oil

and gas activities. Majority of the respondent agreed that the carelessness is the main cause

of the accidents happen at workplace. Besides that the failure communication also is a part

of the accidents occur during operations.

In a journal written by David E. Cantor entitle “Workplace safety in the supply chain: a

review of the literature and call for research” mention about how important of the employer to

provide a safe workplace. This argument can be supported by the fact that workplace

incident can disrupt activities within organization.

It is organizational part to ensure environments is safe and from this findings showed

that environment factors are contributes for safety for workers and workplace and it is

answered the objectives of the studies by the researcher.

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 CHAPTER 5

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.0 INTRODUCTION TO RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

This chapter would be the final chapter for this research where the researcher will

conclude the research and suggest some recommendation regarding the research area,

which is The Effectiveness Use of Personal Protective Equipment for Oil and Gas

Operations at PBJV Group Sdn Bhd and the relationship between the independent variables

consists of physical, regulations, organizational and individual.

5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

After analysing the data that the researcher gain throughout the study researcher

discovers the factors to improve the safety in pipeline operations for future reference as the

organizations are put trust for these types of equipment that can proved safety even though

not 100% well protected but at least it can minimizing accidents and fatal injuries. The

researcher found out that by providing proper facilities and storage to keep clean clothing

and dirty work clothing apart such as coverall suits, safety jackets, safety shoes and gloves.

The researcher wishes to suggest several solutions in mitigating the safety in PBJV Group

Sdn Bhd operations.

5.2 PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FOR PHYSICAL PURPOSES

When the contamination are exposed while drilling, maintenance and extract the

petroleum, employees must continue to work by using through gloves, coveralls and

footwear, even while they are not being worn after finish the task allocated.

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 When taking the gloves on and off, contamination can get inside the gloves. The

gloves must be a right measure to your size so that the contamination are not gather inside

the gloves.

By disposing of single-use gloves when they are taken off, it can give a benefits to

your health because the bacteria and other foreign objects can permanently mixed with the

fabrics of gloves. Not just a gloves, a coverall itself.

Another one researcher found that to dispose of chemical protective gloves at the

end of their use period. The gloves that has been used to carried out chemical must be

dispose after using it.

5.3 A PROPER TRAINING FOR INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYEES

The researcher found out that by giving the proper training as a guidance for employees

regarding of properly use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), the training covers:

I. How to put on PPE properly according to right measurements, so that it can easily to

wear and remove, and also to remove contaminated PPE

II. How and where possible, to minimise contamination before removal

III. Use of disposable PPE only once and then dispose it properly by providing anti

chemical dustbin inside yards.

IV. The necessity of washing hands after taking and removing off PPE.

V. How to dispose of contaminated PPE safely by following the procedures that

amended for company regulations.

VI. Keep training records such as Job Safety Analysis (JSA) in every yards so that safety

procedures can be recorded properly and shows all employees follows the safety

rules and regulations.

VII. Analyse the work behaviour of employees during operations to ensure their

disciplines are in top priority.

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5.4 REGULATIONS

According to protective clothing and equipment, it is within the scope of safety

requirements and therefore such items as diverse as safety footwear, waterproof clothing,

safety helmets, gloves, high-visibility clothing, eye protection and safety harnesses are

covered by the regulations enforcements.

The requirements of the Regulations do not apply to most respiratory protective

equipment, ear protectors and some other types of PPE because they are already covered

by existing Regulations such as Iodising Radiations Regulations, Control of Lead and

Asbestos at Work Regulations and the Construction (Head Protection) Regulations.

Requirements of the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992

stated that select PPE that is suitable for the risks to be protected against because these

risks should have been assessed under the Management Regulations 1999 to maintain PPE

to acceptable standards, provide suitable storage accommodation and to ensure that the

PPE provided is properly used.

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5.5 CONCLUSIONS

The study conducted is mainly to identify a factors that contributed to the safety in

pipelines operations at PBJV Group Sdn Bhd at every yard that used for operations based.

Even though there are not many cases happen during operations, the safety level around

the yards and safety conditions should be strict and organize well. The researcher manages

to find the factors that contribute with potential accidents that could occurs during operations

began. Through the researcher’s observations by distributing questionnaires shows the

researcher has acquired important inputs.

Overall, from the data and input has been analysed and answered the research

questions. The result generally shows that all or several independent variables plays their

part in influencing the safety in yards and useful of Personal Protective Equipment for

operations. Therefore it can be conclude that variables such as individual behaviour,

physical, regulations and organizational can be a factors of the effectiveness use of Personal

Protective Equipment for oil and gas operations.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

JOURNALS

 H. Dagdougui, E. Garbolino, O. Paladino, R. Sacile, (2010) "Hazard and risk

evaluation in hydrogen pipelines", Management of Environmental Quality: An

International Journal”, Vol. 21 Iss: 5, pp.712 – 725

 Prasanta Kumar Dey, Stephen O. Ogunlana, Sittichai Naksuksakul, (2004) "Risk‐

based maintenance model for offshore oil and gas pipelines: a case study", Journal

of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, Vol. 10 Iss: 3, pp.169 – 183

 World Health Organization 2003 Rev 1 WHO/EHT/03.11

 O.O. Omogoroye, S.A. Oke, (2007) "A safety control model for an offshore oil

platform", Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, Vol. 16

Iss: 4, pp.588 – 610

BOOKS

 Cohen L., Lawrence M., Keith M,. Research Methods in Education. 5th ed. Routledge

Falmer, 2000.

 Cantor, D.E (2008), Workplace safety in the supply chain: a review of the literature

and call for research, The International Journal of Logistic Management, Vol. 19

No.1, pp. 65 – 83

 Brink, P. J., & Wood, M. J. (1998) “Fundamental of Research Methodology for

Professional Healthcare”, Second Edition, pp. 29 – 30

 (1974) "Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974: 1974 CHAPTER 37", Managerial

Law, Vol. 17 Iss: 3, pp.247 – 363

 Law of Malaysia, Act 514: 1994: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT

1994

Page 48 of 53
 (2014) “Canada’s Oil and Gas Safety Magazines and Articles” Pipeline, Vol.

November Issues: 11, pp. 13 – 14

 Xu, Conglin. ‘IEA: Global Oil Demand to Average 92 Million B/d in 2014’. Oil & Gas

Journal. PennWell Corporation, September 13, 2013. Web. January 14, 2014.

 (2009) “A Safe Operation Safety tips for Pipeline Workers” Caterpillar, pp. 2 – 3

 Burns N, Grove S (1997) .The Practice of Nursing Research: Conduct, Critique and

Utilization. 3rd edn. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia

 Uma Sekaran & Bougie, R. (2010). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building

Approach. UK: John Wiley & Sons.

WEBSITES

 (Smith, 2014). Oil and Gas UK. Retrieved October 7th, 2014, from

http://www.oilandgasuk.co.uk/healthandsafety.cfm

 Fennel,D., (2014), Personal protective equipment for the oil and gas industry,

Retrieved June 23rd 2014, from http://www.head2toeprotection.com/personal-

protective-equipment-for-the-oil-and-gas-industry/

Page 49 of 53
APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRES / SOAL KAJI SELIDIK

THE COMPREHENSIVE USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS FOR OIL AND GAS
OPERATIONS
AT PBJV GROUP SDN BHD /
PENGGUNAAN KOMPREHENSIF BAGI PERLINDUNGAN PERALATAN DIRI UNTUK OPERASI MINYAK
DAN GAS
DI PBJV GROUP SDN BHD

**Please answer all the questions given below.

**Sila jawab semua soalan yang diberikan di bawah.

SECTION A (Respondent details)

BAHAGIAN A ( Maklumat responden)

1. Age < 20 Years Old / < 20 Tahun :

Umur 21 – 30 Years Old / 21 – 30 Tahun :
31 – 40 Years old / 31 – 40 Tahun
41 – 50 Years Old / 41 – 50 Tahun
51 – 60 Years Old / 51 – 60 Tahun
> 61 Years Old / > 61 Tahun

2. Yard / Branch : Kota Kinabalu

Yard / Cawangan Labuan :
Megan Avenue, KL
Miri
Paka

3. Working experience : < 2 Years / < 2 Tahun

Pengalaman kerja : 2 – 5 Years / 2 – 5 Tahun
6 – 10 Years / 6 – 10 Tahun
11 – 15 Years / 11 – 15 Tahun
16 – 20 Years / 16 – 20 Tahun
> 20 Years / > 20 Tahun

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SECTION B (Questions)
BAHAGIAN B (Soalan)

4. As one of the employees, you are allocates in:

Sebagai salah seorang dari warga kerja anda ditempatkan di:

Pipeline Services / Perkhidmatan sambungan paip

Offshore Transportation and Installation / Pengangkutan dan Pemasangan Pesisir
Top Side Major Maintenance / Penyeleggaraan utama di tapak projek
Hook-up Commissioning / Penyambung Perpaipan
EPCC Onshore Pipeline and Construction / Pesisir Paip dan Pembinaan EPCC
Underwater Services / Perkhidmatan Dalam Laut
Ship Management and Chartering / Pengurusan Kapal dan Penyewaan
Other services / Perkhidmatan lain (please specify):

5. What type of equipment used during operations conducted?

Apakah jenis peralatan yang digunakan sepanjang operasi dijalankan?

Air Compressor/ Pemampat Udara

Air Dryer/ Pengering Udara
High Pressure Pump/ Pam Tekanan Tinggi
Flooding Pump/ Pam Banjir
Vacuum Pump/ Hampagas
Suction Pump/ Pam Penyedut
Supporting Pump Equipment/ Alatan Penyedut Sokongan
Others / Lain-lain (please specify):

6. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is the main thing used to protect workers from getting
injured at work.
Kelengkapan Perlindungan Diri (PPE) adalah alatan utama yang perlu digunakan untuk
melindungi pekerja daripada mengalami kecederaan di tempat kerja.

Yes / Ya No / Tidak

7. Have you ever suffer injury at workplace?

Adakah anda pernah mengalami kecederaan semasa bekerja di tempat kerja?

Yes / Ya No / Tidak

If yes, please state/ Jika ya, sila nyatakan:

___________________________________________________________________________

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 8. For this question, please tick (√) the components are often used in the workplace and the
equipments available in each area are doing operational work and please (0) for frequent
use.
Untuk Soalan ini, sila tandakan (√) komponen yang sering digunakan di tempat kerja dan
alatan yang terdapat di setiap kawasan yang menjalankan kerja-kerja operasi dan tandakan
(0) untuk kekerapan penggunaannya.

Not Very Often Very

Components and Equipment
√ Often
Komponen dan Alatan
Sangat Tidak Kerap Sangat Kerap
Coverall suit / Sut pelindung 1 2 3 4 5
Safety jackets / Jaket keselamatan 1 2 3 4 5
Rainwear jackets / Jaket hujan 1 2 3 4 5
Safety vest / Ves keselamatan 1 2 3 4 5
Safety boots / But keselamatan 1 2 3 4 5
Protective eyewear / Pelindung mata 1 2 3 4 5
Head protection / Penutup kepala 1 2 3 4 5
Hearing protection / Penutup telinga 1 2 3 4 5
Respirator protection / Pelindung respirator 1 2 3 4 5
Hand protection / Pelindung tangan 1 2 3 4 5
Chemical disposal / Pelupus kimia 1 2 3 4 5
Safety signage / Penanda keselamatan 1 2 3 4 5
Safety harness / Abah-abah keselamatan 1 2 3 4 5
Ear plug / Palam telinga 1 2 3 4 5

9. Please give a rate level of safety at yard during operations being active and give a reason
from your opinion according to safety.
Sila berikan penilaian terhadap keselamatan di tapak anda sewaktu operasi dijalankan dan
terangkan sebab pada pandangan anda terhadap keselamatan itu.

1 2 3 4 5
Poor Good

Reasons/ Sebab: __________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

10. How many times have you used this equipment (PPE) during on site activity?
Berapa kali anda menggunakan peralatan ini (PPE) sepanjang berada di tapak aktiviti?

1 – 2 times / 1 – 2 kali 5 – 6 times / 5 – 6 kali

3 – 4 times / 3 – 4 kali >7 times / >7 kali

11. What types of PPE being used or needed for you during your work?
Apakah jenis alat pelindung diri yang digunakan dan diperlukan oleh anda semasa anda
melakukan kerja?

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 Coverall suit / Sut pelindung
Safety helmet / Topi keselamatan
Safety harness / Abah-abah keselamatan
Safety goggle / Gogel keselamatan
Safety gloves / Sarung tangan keselamatan
Safety boots / But keselamatan
Ear plug / Palam telinga
Others / Lain-lain :

12. What kind of accidents typically occurs at offshore?

Apakah jenis kemalangan biasanya berlaku di tapak pesisir?

Carelessness or recklessness / Kecuaian atau perbuatan melulu

Pipeline transportation accidents / Kemalangan pengangkutan saluran paip
Failure to give proper training / Kegagalan untuk memberikan latihan berkesan
Failure to properly communication / Kegagalan untuk komunikasi dengan betul
Safety procedure not in place or current when needed/ Panduan keselamatan
tidak berada di tempat atau keadaan semasa memerlukannya
Drilling accidents / Kemalangan sewaktu penggalian
Improper construction and maintenance / Pembinaan dan penyelenggaraan
yang tidak teratur
Storage problems, including contamination / Masalah penyimpanan, termasuk
pencemaran
Others / Lain-lain :

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