Chapter-I

THE WONDER THAT IS CHANDRAKETUGARH

Introduction and the Geographical Location

The lost civilization of Chandraketugarh is an enigma. It is a wonderful civilization.
Among the very few archaeological sites that West Bengal can boost of, one that is of
utmost important is the site of “Chandraketugarh”. It is located in Berachapa of North 24
Parganas. Sites of Haroa, Debalaya, Hadipur, Sarpukur, and Jhjikra have produced relics of
Ancient Bengal.

The Site
The site is named after the name of the mythical king Chandraketu. He is a
controversial character. Many places of Burdwan Hooghly are named after him. Dr.
Gourishankar De says the Chandraketu is ethical feudal chief. Archaeological survey of India
has discovered in this site Khana Mihirer Dhipi which is a temple complex most probably of
the Pala period and probably it was a temple where Buddhist Jain and Hindu God and
Goddess were worshiped. The huge fortified area was first visited by Long Hurt of Dr S.I In in
1906.

In 1909 Rakhaldas Banerjee visited this site. He realised the importance of this site in
the Ancient History of Bengal. In 1956-57 under Ashutosh Museum of Calcutta University
Chandraketugarh was excavated revealing a continuous sequence of cultural remains from
4th century to B.C. to 12th century A.D.

Date
The relics that have been discovered from Chandraketugarh can be dated from Post
Maruya to Pala–Sena period including that of the Sunga, Skanva, Kushana, Satavahana and
Gupta periods. From the extensive excavation cites it can be said that Chandraketugarh was
an agriculture base and commerce base vast riverine civilization which had been a very rich
port-city carrying on bats internal, as wellas national and international trade within various
places. Sunga period saw the growth of terracotta figurines and Kushana period saw the
growth of Gandhara Art. The relics of these region they are resembles of Arts if these
periods.

Dr. Gourishankar De says that the site of Mahasthangarh (Purnabardhan) that is now
in site of Bangladesh and the site of Bangarh that is in Maldha are contemporary civilization
of Ancient Bengal.
 Political History
The question that first arises regarding Kind Chandraketu is who was he? To which
clynasty he belong? Before him what was the name of Chandraketugarh? There is a myth
and a story regarding this controversial King Chandraketu and Pir Gorachand in the local
area. But archaeological evidences and historian say a different story. According to them
there was no existence of king Chandraketu. If any ruler had ruled in this region he was a
feudal Chief. Who was perhaps a tax paying chief to Kushan dynasty? Dr. Gourishankar De
and Dr. Sharmi Chakraborty are of the same opinion. According to feudal chiefs these
Regions they kept the direct contact with the North Indian sovereigns specially of
Patuliputra and Takshashila. They were Maurya, Sunga, Kanva, Satabahana and Kushana
Kings.

Social and Religions History

Socially Chandraketugarh was a free society. Women had important place in the
society. They decorated themselves with beautiful ornaments and dresses. The waist bands
and anklets were also exclusively carved out. It was an affluent and prosperous society
which was mainly urban in nature. The religion of this region shows eclecticism. This was a
place where all the religious Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and local cults existed together.
Theicons of Ganasha, Surya, Kartikeya, Agni, Parvati, Buddha, Kuber, Yakshya and Yakshini
and Jaina icon proved these facts. The temple complex called Khana Mihirer Dhipihas been
identified by archaeological survey of India which was a place where both Hindu and as well
as Buddhist Gods and Goddess were worshipped. Local cults like nature worship of mother
Goddess, animals and plants took place. In the later period also the civilization highlighted
non-communalism.

Economic History
The Vanga on the Ganges Delta as described by pereplace of the Erythrean Sea and P
Ptolemy’s Geography. There was notion of a port-city named Gange. Some of the historian
has identified it as Chandraketugarh. Some seals and coins have been discovered which
indicate these regions conducted the internal, national and international trade. On these
seals are depicted the picture of large ships which conducted sea trade. Dr. Brathindranath
Mukherjee says three seals were most probably of the 3 rd century B.C. made of terracotta
with Brahmin and Kharasti’s scripts depicted on them. Ptolemy was first Western historian
who described Bay of Bengal as Gangetic Gulf. Bengal of the ancient period in which
Chandraketugarh was included traded to international world on different textile. They were
mainly muslins as well as cotton textiles. Other materials included ivory items precious and
semi-precious stones and species. The trade of Chandraketugarh continued with Roman
Emperor.
 The materials that were imported to India and Bengal silk from China which comes
probably by sea route. “Periplus of the Erythrean Sea has indicated has many pots have
been used of import of olive oil and wine from Mediterranean belt to places of India and
Chandraketugrah was one of those places. The potteries found in Chandraketugarh and
glass materials indicate that ample amount of wine were brought from Rome. The potteries
were mainly Northern Black Polished were many coins from Roman Emperor also came to
India through sea trade Chandraketugarh was a port-city which was probably a great urban
and trade centre of the Kushana period which had internal trade with Patuliputra and Taxila
international trade with Roman Emperor and Greece according to Dr Ranabir Chakraborty.

The Relics Discovered from Chandraketugarh

The relics discovered from the port-city of Chandraketugarh can be dated from Past-
Maurya to Pala-Sena period including those of the Sunga Kerma, Kushana and Gupta
periods.

Excavation brought to light that evidences to prove that Chandraketugarh was a

flourishing coastal town from about 4th century B.C. down to post Gupta age having trade
contact with foreign countries in the early period of the history. (Chandraketugarh and its
Archaeological importance – I.M.B. July 1966 K.G. Goswami.) The objects which have been
found by in complete aplanatic attempts of Archaeological Survey of India and private
collectors are gold and copper coins ivory Bengals and nuclease bronze and terracotta
females figures, various dolls, icons of Gods and Goddesses like Parvati, Yaksha, Yakshini and
others. Various kinds of pots and potteries in the Northern Black polished wares of small
and large plots of bolds tubs and drinking cup. Pottery cups with small spout pictures, jugs,
hemispherical coins, gray wares Roulette potteries, Black polished potteries with Brahmi
and Kharasthi letters engraved on them and many others like Red wares are formed along
with Potteries sealed chain pipes also depict the antiquity, roughly to 3rd and 4th century B.C.

The other relics that have been discovered from this area are bones of various
animals, terracotta bricks combs dices and a large amount of animal figures such as goats,
elephants, sheep, owls, birds of different types small birds of different colours, coins made
of copper and gold we also this covered Various terracotta figures of Kuber, Daksha, Yaksha
YakshYabshisi, Karin Goddesses have included in this relics. Potteries and terracotta figures
of Chandraketugarh are of utmost importance.

The Problems regarding Chandraketugarh as an Archaeological Sites:

Dr. Dilip Kumar Chakrabotri in his book “The Issues in East Indian Archaeology”
writes “If Tamluk was the most important early historic place in the Rupnarayan delta; it was
the area of modern Chandraketugarh which was the most important centre of that period in
the Bhagirathi-Bidyadhari system. Brief notions of excavations of this site under the auspices
of Ashuthosh Museum of Fine Arts of Calcutta University appeared between 1956 and 1967
in Indian Archaeology – A Reviews - Dr. Chakrabarti says, “There are two outstanding
topographical problems about this site. First the antiquities collected by the villagers come
from an area considerably wider than that within the earthen fortifications of the site. One
has to define properly the basic urban configuration of the place. Secondly at present the
site or even the general area cannot be linked directly to a river-channel unless one assumes
that an old channel of the Bidyadhari once ran by its side and it was linked some way to the
present Moravian channel of a river locally known as the Padma a couple of miles to the
north. Unless we postulate a separate entrance to the West Bengal delta along the
Bidyadhari which might or might not be the case one has to inform that Chandraketugarh
was approached by some presently deferent channel branching off to Bhagirathi. Dr.
Chakrabarti asks the question, “What is this site doing here? Which inter land is it oriented
to?” He answer that Chandraketugarh was a coastal outlet situated inland and there is no
reason why North Indian traffic could not come down to Chandraketugarh, but as an extra
factor one may visualize that Chandraketugarh was also oriented to the north-east i.e. in the
direction of the interior of Vanga and perhaps Varendra Bhumi.

Geographical Location and the River Padma.

River Padma which is Bangladesh is very well known but there is another Padda says Dr.
Gourishankar Dey also spelt as Padda which is largely a river of North 24 Parganas. This
Padda or Padma was an offshoot of Jamuna in the eastern branch of the Bhagirathi. Padma
had its rise from Jamuna near Nagarudra in the Nadia district and after transposing the four
things of Ashoknagar, Habra, Baduria and Deganga again joined Jamuna near Tili North 24
Parganas. It found the boundary line between the Basirhat and Barasat Fiscal Division.

Padma is now almost dried up but it had strong current in ancient times. This is
evident from the heaps of sand also by the curves of places and the deep bends which still
exist in the form of bils in the upper regions. Padma still pulsates with life in its lower
reaches from Chowrachi to Tili where one cans still ebls and tides. Padma was such a big
river in the past that it was identified with Bhagirathi itself. Another river flowed through
the present Deganga area known as Devi Ganga or Diganga, Dipaganga (the second stream
of Ganges) probably the area of Deganga came to be known after the name of the river. The
channel enjoyed great sanctity as the Ganges herself. A great centre of Jaina cult the lead of
Gangevrous live flourished on the bank of the river. The almost dried up the bed of the river
is still visible near Deganga by the side of the villages, now road running from Barasat to
Basirhat. Many legends and myths are present in the villages around Deganga and
Berachapa which if analysed properly may furnished to the early history of the ancient rivers
of these area.
 The rivers were the highways of Trade and commerce in the early and medieval
period and on the river bank flourished cities and capitals of Ancient Bengal. Padma was an
exception. Dr. Gourishankar Dey says, “On her bank once stood the famous but now
banqueted port city of Chandraketugarh, The capital city as identified by Ptolemy and
anonymous writer of periplus. The great prosperity of Chandraketugarh enjoying busy trade
was to a great extent curved by the river Padma which once flowed port of the city.

Vanga, Gange and Chandraketugarh

Kautilya’s Arthasastra Greek writer Ptolemy, Periplus of the Erytherian Sea, Milindo
Panho all mention a place called “Gange” or “Ganga” Periplus of the Erythrean Sea mention
of a place at the confluence of Ganges River and sea. This place indicates the delta of Bengal
according to Dr. Bratindranath Mukherjee. Here flows ancient Ganga with its two
distributaries. Yamuna and Saraswati according to various sources near North 24 Parganas
flowed Ganga from Bhagirathi. Here flowed another river named Padda which met Bay of
Bengal flowing through the south of Bengal. The area of Ganges meeting Bay of Bengal was
named Gangaridi. Another Greek and Latin texts from 4 th century B.C. mention this sea. In
first century B.C. Pliny commented that there was a place called Gangaridi through which
Gangas flowed, in his “Naturalis Historia”. Ptolemy also mention this place which laid at the
confluence of Ganga. Periplus of the Erythrean Sea has also described the place which has
similarity to Kalidas’s “Vanga”. Vanga had internal trade with area of North-Western India
and Taxila during Kushana period. From the area of Chandraketugarh of North 24 Parganas
many artefacts have been discovered by Dr. Gourishankar Dey with Kharashti scripts
written. These were discovered from Hadipur near Chandraketugarh. Also some seals were
discovered from Chandraketugarh with Kharasthi inscribed on them. In this area both
Bramhi and Kharasthi scripts were written. Dr. Brathindranth Mukherjee has discovered
more than 90 inscriptions from Chandraketugarh. Those inscriptions were inscribed on
plaques, potteries and seals by dice.

In these potteries, plaques and seals were inscribed a) Kharasthi inscriptions b)

together Kharasthi and Brahmi scripts and c) sometimes joint scripts of Brahmi and
Kharasthi letters were discovered. In the first and second century A.D. the text
“Lalitavistara” has this mixed letters of Brahmi and Kharasthi. These scripts indicate that
they were from dated from later first century A.D. to 5 th century A.D. and they were from
North-West India i.e. Gandhara or Kushana region.

The trade of Chandraketugarh included transaction in horse and rice according to

Brathindranath Mukherjee. From North-West horses were brought In Vanga Delta and these
horses were sent to South-east Asia. The scripts of Vanga delta indicate that these North-
western traders colonized the region of Chandraketugarh. In this region flowed Bhagirathi
on which was situated Ganga the ancient port-city. From a map of Renewal prepared in 18th
Century there is mention of a river named Jamuna or Yamuna which flowed through south
of Hooghly and met Ichamati. Later this river flowed to Raimangal and met Bay of Bengal.
The Jamuna or Yamuna was an ancient distributary of Gangas. Gange a port-centre was
situated on its bank which is named similar to “Deganga” in which colonized the North-
western traders. These traders carried on trade on horses and rice. Says Dr. Brathindranath
Mukherjee.

However the Kharasthi and Brahmin scripts and inscriptions were very valuable were
materials to there the ancient history of lower delta of Bengal. These inscriptions included
1) personal seals 2) governmental seals and coins 3) traders seal 4) selling permission 5)
religious seal such as distributed among any “Yagna” on religious festival 6) seals of trading
guilds 7) protective bands 8) any story of folk tale on incidents depicted which picture
writings.

The North-western traders mainly settled in this region for commercial reason. Some
of the cultivated huge lands and traded in crops, potteries and horses. These traders were
mainly feudal chiefs. Names like “Tajta”, “Lorpeya”, indicates that the republics as
mentioned in Kharasthi-Brahmi scripts later came under any monarchical rules. In
Chandraketugarh there were a lot of these scripts indicating this area was under the rule of
their king. The North-western traders came to Bengal when the North-western regions were
under the rule of Kushana emperor. There were some names like “Aja”, “Karafgama”,
Bajapeya inscribed on the name-seals and their picture shows Iranian Characteristics.

“Lorpeya’s” seals show him dressed like the Kushana style and a lady beside him
dressed in Hellenic style. They had sceptre and head dress similar to that of Demetrius, a
Bactrian Greek king settled in North-west Indian continent. In Chandraketugarh we find a
broken pottery now kept in Indian Museum with Kharashti-Brahmi scripts writing with a
word “Delifana” written on it. In this pottery was kept some cheap crops which were the
food of poor people which indicates that among the North-western’s settled in
Chandraketugarh with the rich trader there were also poor people.

In Chandraketugarh we find a terracotta seals with Kharasthi-Brahmi inscriptions

with “Koshlilic Korchhga” or Karafgama” written on it. This man was owner of one crore
ploughs. This may be an overestimation. But it may be agreed that this Karafgama probably
was a rich cultivators with many ploughs and under him were many cultivators or farmers
cultivating a huge cultivated land. He was most probably maker of a very large cultivatable
land. This seal picture of rice indicating Karefgama was a man cultivating rice. In Kharasthi-
Brahmi script written in a corner of this seal it was recorded that this rich cultivators was
respectful and devoted to God, Brahmans and saints.
 While these seals show the information of rich cultivators also a small terracotta
pottery with Kharasthi script inscribed on it gives information on the measurements of
lands. Rice was not only supplied to local market but also sent for international markets.
Some terracotta plaques have been discovered with pictures of rice and the word “Hoten”
written on them. On the opposite side of these plaques were written in Kharasthi-Brahmi
letter the names and signs of local chiefs or the names of local traders. One of the traders
was “Aja” which was a name used in North-western India.

Rice trade was not limited to local areas. It had international market also. Huge ships
loaded with rice were depicted in some of the seals. In a seal there is mention of a huge ship
named “Trappag” and on this ship was a standing horse. Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
mention that these ships were mainly ships of India. In Chandraketugarh near Hadipur one
seal has been discovered in which there is picture of jumping horses with a rider sited on
back. In a Kharasthi script there is written that there were trained horses in the region
named “Dhanido”. These horses came from Middle-east and were sent to South-east Asia.

From the discussion it is very clear that in 1st century A.D. a huge number of people
can from North-western India to Bengal. Gange was very much navigable and there was rich
fertile alluvial soil in Bengal which attracted the trader. During this period North-western
India was under the rule of the Kushanas. The Yuah-chis on the Kushanas brought horses
from Middle-east.

These people mostly settled in Chandraketugarh and Tamluk says Dr. Brathindranath
Mukherjee. In this area the people who came to settle purchased huge fertile land produced
rice and carried trade on rice to various foreign countries. With this they traded in horse.
This trade increased up to 3rd century B.C. and in last of half of 4th and 5th century it
declined.

In the lower of Bengal especially in 24 Parganas many potteries have been

discovered which were similar to the 3rd century A.D. potteries of amphora and roulette
wares. Which were probably came from north-western India. The potteries had Hellenic and
Roman influences. The trade in horse and rice must have been benefitted the local people
also such as there was a Bengali Trader named “Dijana” who was the owner of ship engaged
in horse trade. The local people used copper coins for trade. Many evidences give
descriptions of pre-Gupta history in politics, economics, social and religious life of Bengal
and eastern scripts of Kharasthi.
 The Art of the Chandraketugarh
North-western, Sunga and Kushana influence is also been in the art of
Chandraketugarh. A boan structure of a winged lion originally from a blooming lotus is to be
noticed “Winged Lion” is typical art of North-western India i.e. Gandhara art.

This influence was brought to Bengal in second half of first Century. In addition the
bone-made art there is also existence of terracotta art in Chandraketugarh. During Maurya,
Post-Maruya, Satabahana, Sunga, Kanva and Kushana period arrived Northern Black
Polished Pottery and punch-marked coins. Terracotta figures of Chandraketugarh are highly
influence by Sunga or Mathura Art and Gandhara Art. There consist the idols of God and
Goddess like Indra and Kartikeya, Surya Ganesha, Kubera, Yaksha and Yakkshini. There were
also terracotta images of animals like horses, elephants, goat, sheep, owl, peacock, cock and
hen as various birds, little clay carts, decorated birds etc. In Chandraketugarh we find an
image of a winged woman with crops growing from her head dress on terracotta plaques.
Same types of images have been found in Bihar which indicates the worship of a local cult of
“Sri” Ornaments, toys, pen, combs, things made of bone, copper, bronze ivory and
terracotta art are found in this region which belong from Maruya to Pala Sena period.

History of Discovery of Chandraketugarh

In 1906 some of local people of Debalaya along with a Doctor Tarknath Ghosh
appealed to Archaeological survey of India to survey the local area for its Archaeological
evidences. The area came under the survey as its superintendent Long Huest came to visit
this area In Archaeologist 1907 Nripendranath Basu informed Rakhaldas Banerjee about this
site. Rakhaldas visited the place in 1909. However attempts were made to excavate this site.

Kashinath Dikshit in 1922-23 wrote about Chandraketugarh and “Khana Mihirer

Dhipi” in the A.S.I. report. In 1937 Calcutta University established the Ashuthosh Museum,
under the suggestion of Zamindar of Joynagar Majilpur and Archaeologist Kalidas Dutta
Ashutosh Museum 1957 started the excavation of Chandraketugarh. The excavation of
Chandraketugarh supervised by Kunjagobinda Ghosh, Debaprasad Ghosh, Paresh Chandra
Dasgupta they were Archaeologists who look good interest in Chandraketugarh. Later
Chandraketugarh was assessed by Dr. Brathindranath Mukherjee, Dr. Gourishankar Dey, Dr.
Dilip Kumar Chakraborty, Dr. Pratapaditya Pal, and Dr. Upendra Singh etc. The Ashutosh
Museum of Calcutta University excavated Khana Mihirer Dhipi, Itkhola, Nungola,
Chandraketugarh and Berachapa in 1956-57 up to 1967-68 continuously. This excavation
was carried on by Kungagobinda Goswami. This excavation opened up history of Maruya
Sungha, Kushana and Gupta period. In 1962 the excavation was carried on by C.R.
Roychowdhury which produced N.B.P. potteries. In 1963-1964 was found “Khana-Mihirer
Dhipi” and Itkhola where the findings we discovered dating from N.B.P. period up to 6 th
century A.D. In 1965 D.P. Ghosh and C.R. Roychowdhury carried on excavation in 1966 was
Discovered Nungola many copper coins, NBPwere terracotta and store beds and fish
remains. Sunga Terracotta and Kushana roulettedpotteries were discovered 1966-67 Khana
Mihirer Dhipi was again excavated. In 1968-2016 was discovered a temple of 7th to 8th
century A.D.

Geographically Chandraketugarh is located 35 km from North eastern side of

Kolkata. In North 24 Parganas. It includes places like Berachap, Deohati, Hadipur, Hadipur,
Sthanpukur, Jhikra, Gajitala etc. Chandraketugarh was situated on the bank of Padma and
Bidyadhari. This Padma is a distributaries river Yamuna of North 24 Parganas. Historian Satis
Chandra Mitra is of the opinion Gangaredi region bed a great port named “Gange”. Periplus
of the Erythirean Sea also mention this area which had both national and international
trade. Padma and Bidyadhari two rivers joined Raimangal River and met Bay of Bengal
through which Chandraketugarh carried on trade. In 18 th Century Reme; prepared a map
where we can see a river named Yamuna flows in the south of Hooghly’s Tribeni and eastern
side of Bhagirathi and meets Ichamati later they met Raimangal as Yamuna and end their
flows at Bay of Bengal. From Kolkata if we tried to Chandraketugarh there is a place named
Deganga. Dr. Gourishankar De says there is dried up waterway beside Deganga which must
have been a flowing river in the past. According to Satish Chandra Mitra here was situated
“Gange” which was Chandraketugarh. This was a fertile alluvial port-city.

The Myth:
Though Chandraketugarh is an archaeological and historical site many local folk
stories, legends and myths are present in this region. The name of “King Chandra” is itself a
myth. Archaeological evidence does not prove that there was any king named Chandra living
in this region. But there was existence of tax giving feudal chiefs in this region under the
North-western Kushana Empire. There is however a story of this area revolving round King
Chandra and a saint called Pir Gorachand who was a local preacher.

The story says that once upon a time there lived a very famous King named Chandra
in Chandraketugarh. He was very rich, influential powerful and famous king. He ruled in
Chandraketugarh and lived happily with his queen. The queen was named Padmabati. The
queen loved the king immensely and they enjoyed their lives. But there life did not end in a
happy ending because of a misunderstanding. The saint Pir Gorachand and the King Chandra
were rivals of each other because both are equally powerful. Once a war started between
the two rivals. When the battle started as the myth says, while leaving his palace the king
told his queen that he is talking with himself two pigeons one white and another black. He
told the queen that if he won the battle he will send the white pigeon to the queen but if he
was defeated then he would send the black one. Then he left the queen and his palace. The
baeele started with Pir Gorachand. Local people are of different opinions regarding the
consequence of the battle. Some say that King Chandra won the battle and the by mistake
send the black pigeon to the queen. But other say that he lost in the battle and the black
pigeon reached the queen. However as the story goes as the queen was waiting for the king
the black pigeon came flying to her. The queen was certain that her beloved is dead. She
was shattered emotionally and thought that there remain no reasons to live so she ended
her life committed suicide in a nearby pond named after her. Here ended the great ruler
ship of king Chandra and the civilization of Chandraketugarh came to end. The reality of this
story is doubtful because archaeological remains bear no evidence to support this story.
Chandraketugarh has no written history. Various scholars have thrown lights on its history
but there are many puzzles to be covered. If the myths and legends we added to the
archaeological facts it seems there existed a rich, prosperous civilization in Chandraketugarh
in Ancient Bengal.

Town Planning of Chandraketugarh:

Chandraketugarh was a rich, prosperous and developed urban centre. It seems that
Chandraketugarh had a very organized corporation for its city-life. It was a scientific and
healthy arrangement. The city had dust bins under the soil like man-holes. After excavations
there had under soils exposed bones of animals, broken potteries and wooden pieces. The
municipality planning was very clear and organized. The rulers were highly alert about
health of the people and the town planning and drainage system was similar to Taxila. For
pure hygienic drinking water they dugged wells. 1957 near Haroa less than 13 to 14 feet
under the soil developed of terracotta pipe lines drainage have been excavated. There pipes
are arranged one after another and they are 2 feet 7 inches long. Similar to the civilization
this drainage system can be identified with that of skill-bent brick-build drainage of
Mohenjo-Daro and that of the palace of Knossos in Greek. The whole civilization of
Chandraketugarh has many resemblances to Gandhara, Sunga and Greek and Roman
influences.

Chandraketugarh also contains many barrages which prove that the area was prone
to flood. Later one of these barrages has developed into a wall of the city From Maruya ages
around the forts were built with huge walls such fortresses were also common during Sunga
Period.
 Chapter – VII
Conclusion
Chandraketugarh thus the history of ancient Bengal, in regional, national and
international level has achieved significant position. Many researches throughout the world
are taking place and spreading the historical and archaeological facts about
Chandraketugarh.
This work of research has tried to open up new horizons for the history of Ancient
Bengal as well as throw light on the Religious, Economic, Social and Political life of
Chandraketugarh. This study has used many texts, references and archaeological evidences
from various local and national Museums. A thorough survey of excavated sites of the fort
and Khana-MihrerDhihis has been done. Field studies in Bangarh Patna Museum,
SarnathVaishali, Budha Gaya, Nalanda, Malda Museum; Ashutosh Museum of Calcutta
University has also been done. The art of Bengal in terracotta takes an important place in
this research. The plaques as well as artefacts all throw lights on the history of the region.
The figures of the gods and goddesses, animals, human being all are epitome of the brilliant
past of Ancient Bengal which has been so far either neglected or studied in scanty amount.
The beeds, Ivory and metal items, items of bones, terracotta objects are found in
Chandraketugarh all are depiction of the philosophy of the Ancient Bengal. Along with
Chandraketugarh which cover the Sungha, Kanva, later Satabhana, Kushana, Gupta, Pala
period of the history in Bengal it is necessary to study history of Bangarh, Mahasthangarh,
Tamralipta, Uaria-Bateswar and thoroughly known the full history of Ancient Bengal starting
from Post-Maruya to Pala period.
Researches and discoveries writings and history of the region is to be yet opened up.
New horizons we to be opened and new heights are to be achieved. In India as well as in
Bengal there is a gap in historical studies. History, especially Ancient and Medieval History
which have achieved literary and written records cannot be alienated from Archaeological
as well as subject like epigraphy Numismatics etc. Unfortunately in India historians are not
conscious of this fact and they do not associate archaeology with History. But it is highly a
need of history writing to associate itself with various related subject like Archaeology,
Anthropology, Geography, Philosophy, Literature and Political Science. History is no fairy
tale and it is no fixation. The facts of history can only be opened through various field
studies and Archaeological excavation. So sites like Chandraketugarh, Bangarh,
Mahasthangarh are very much in need to be studied with immense important.

Along with negligence with Archaeological studies in Bengal there is also negligence
of the studies in Ancient Bengal’s History. Ancient Bengal’s History in various schools and
colleges tort in the text finds it importance only from the rule of Shashank. Then it is
followed by the history of Pala’s and Sana’s. But to state the facts that the archaeological
resources of Bengal are not portraying the history of Ancient Bengal from more ancient
periods i.e. dating back to Maruya period. Most probably before Maruya period this region
was inhabited by tribal people and it was land infested with jungles and rivers.
The crisis that the site of Chandraketugarh faces is illegal smuggling of artefacts
apart from the place. Various international Museum and other places like rich men of the
world have taken away the materials from Chandraketugarh and virtually deprived the place
of its antiquities. The private collectors have exploited the place and there has been no
attempt to organise the materials of Chandraketugarh under a government sponsored local
Museum. Neither the Central Government nor the State Government has made any attempt
to sponsor a local Museum. Also we find no collection of the area in Indian Museum.

The history department of our college decided to build up a Museum with collection
from various private collectors in the college premises. Our attempt has become successful.
Though we have not received any help from any authority we have established a self-
financed Museum. The Museum poses collection of Dr. Gourishankar Dey, Abul Hamid and
AajibuRahaman. They have donated their collections to the college very pleasingly and we
plan to creates galleries in the Museum in future which will be constructed to their name.
We also plan to collect many local items and established a large Museum in
Chandraketugarh.
The history Department felt a need to create a local Museum and acted with a vision
to help further researches in the History of Ancient Bengal. It was necessary to create the
consciousness of local people and other research scholars to give more conscious relief
these sites in the History of Ancient Bengal. With this motive in views the Department
organised first a seminar named “An Archaeological Reviews of Chandraketugarh” in the
college premises.
It was presided by Dr. BimalBandopadhyay (Director of Easter Regional Office of
A.S.I.). It was held on 15th February 2003. The other speakers were Dr. Saikat Banerjee,
Education Officer of Indian Museum. Dr. Gourishankar Dey (Historian and Ex-professor of
Habra Sri Chaitannya College), Prof. Kanta Chatterjee of Basirhat College, Dr. Sharmi
Chakraborty, Research Scholar of State Archaeology,, Professor Amalesh Choudhury of C.U.,
Dilip Mitey local collector of Berachapa.

A field study was conducted by history department of the college of Khana-Mihirer

Dhibi in 7th January 2004. It was headed by Dr. Gourishankar Dey.

A Museum was created in the college on 29th January 2005 named Chandraketugarh
Museum. Various Colleges and Universities visited the College like Mrinalini Dutta College of
Birathi, Rishi BamkimColloge of Naihati, RabindraBharati University, Jadavpur University;
Prof. Suparna Gupta of Calcutta University, West Bengal State University, all visited the
Museum.
 Another Seminar was held named “The Lost Civilization of Chandraketugarh on 14 th
November, 2006 and the main speaker was Dr. Gourishankar Dey. A working Committee
was created in 23rd February 2008. Museum was inaugurated on 12th February 2010. In 2010
V.C. of W.B.S.U. visited the Museum. In 2012 another workshop named, “Mycology,
Archaeology and Chandraketugarh was organized by History Department of the college. The
speakers were Dr. Tapanjyoti Chakraborty of A.S.I. and Dr. G.Dey. Also Dr. S.K. Maity
participated. In 2016 was the seiner named, “Urbanisation of Chandraketugarh”. The
Speakers were Dr. Gourishankar Dey, Subhadeep Dey. The Presidency University’s Professor
Dr. Upendranath Chatterjee is helping us in the Cataloguing processes of the artefacts of the
Museum. I hope in future this project and the Museum will open up new gates to the
history of Chandraketugarh and Ancient History of Bengal.