INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY

Integrated Biological Sciences – I

BDS104
Dr. Jayaraj
Ajman University
27-Aug-24 1
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
▪ Define anatomy and physiology and list the branches of these sciences
▪ Describe the levels of structural organization of the body
▪ Define the important life processes of the human body
▪ Define homeostasis
▪ List the systems of the human body
▪ Relate the anatomical names and the corresponding common names for various
regions of the human body
▪ Outline the major body cavities, the organs they contain, and their associated lining
▪ Describe the anatomical position, terms of movements
▪ Define the anatomical planes, anatomical sections, and directional terms used

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 Anatomy
• Is the science of body structures and the relationships among structures
o Branches of anatomy
BRANCH OF ANATOMY STUDY OF
Embryology The first eight weeks of development after fertilization
Developmental biology The complete development of an individual from fertilization
Cell biology Cellular structure and functions
Histology Microscopic structure of tissues
Gross anatomy Structures that can be examined without a microscope
Systemic anatomy Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system
Regional anatomy Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
Surface anatomy Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and
palpation
Radiographic anatomy Body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans
Pathological anatomy Structural changes associated with diseases (gross to microscopic)
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 Physiology
• Is the science of body functions

BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY STUDY OF

Neurophysiology Functional properties of nerve cell
Endocrinology Hormones and how they control body functions
Cardiovascular physiology Functions of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents
Respiratory physiology Functions of the air passageways and lungs
Renal physiology Functions of the kidneys
Exercise physiology Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
Pathophysiology Functional changes associated with disease and aging

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 Levels of Structural Organization
❑ Human body consists of six levels of
structural organization

➢ Chemical level
• Includes atoms (smallest units)
• Molecules (two or more atoms
joined together)
➢ Cellular level
• Molecules combine to form cells
• Cells are the basic structural and
functional units of an living
organism
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 Levels of Structural Organization
➢ Tissue level
• Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them
• That work together to perform a particular function
➢ Organ level
• Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissues
• They have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes
➢ System level
• A system consists of related organs with a common function
➢ Organismal level
• An organism is any living individual

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 Basic Life Processes
▪ All organisms carry on certain processes that distinguish them from nonliving things

▪ Life processes in humans are

➢ Metabolism
➢ Responsiveness
➢ Movement
➢ Growth
➢ Differentiation
➢ Reproduction

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 Homeostasis
❑ Homeostasis

• Is a condition of equilibrium
in the body’s internal
environment
• Produced by the interplay of
all of the body’s regulatory
processes

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 Body Systems
❑ 11 systems of the human organism
➢ Integumentary system
➢ Skeletal system
➢ Muscular system
➢ Nervous system
➢ Endocrine system
➢ Cardiovascular system
➢ Lymphatic system
➢ Respiratory system
➢ Digestive system
➢ Urinary system
➢ Reproductive system
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 Systems of the Human Body
❑ Integumentary system
▪ Components
• Skin and associated structures, such as hair,
fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands
▪ Functions
✓ Protects the body
✓ Help to regulate body temperature
✓ Eliminates wastes
✓ Helps to make vitamin D
✓ Detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and
cold
✓ Stores fat and provides insulation
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 Systems of the Human Body
❑ Skeletal system
▪ Components
• Bones and joints of the body and
their associated cartilages
▪ Functions
✓ Supports and protects body
✓ Provides surface area for muscle
attachments
✓ Aids body movements
✓ Houses cells that produce blood cells
✓ Stores minerals and lipids (fats)

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 Systems of the Human Body
❑ Muscular system
▪ Components
• Skeletal muscle tissue—Muscle
usually attached to bones
• Other muscle tissues include smooth
and cardiac muscle
▪ Functions
✓ Participates in body movements
✓ Maintains posture
✓ Produces heat

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 Systems of the Human Body
❑ Nervous system
▪ Components
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves
• Special sense organs, such as eyes and ears
▪ Functions
✓ Generates action potentials to regulate
body activities
✓ Detects changes in body’s internal and
external environments
✓ Interprets changes
✓ Responds by causing muscular contractions
or glandular secretions
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 Systems of the Human Body
❑ Endocrine system
▪ Components
• Hormone-producing glands
• —Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary
gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid
glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries,
and testes
• Hormone producing cells in several other
organs
▪ Functions
✓ Regulates body activities by releasing
hormones
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 Systems of the Human Body
❑ Lymphatic system
▪ Components
• Lymphatic fluid and vessels
• Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils
• Cells carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells)
▪ Functions
✓ Returns proteins and fluid to blood
✓ Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
✓ Contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B
cells and T cells

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 Systems of the Human Body
❑ Cardiovascular system
▪ Components
• Blood, heart, and blood vessels
▪ Functions
✓ Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
✓ Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
✓ Blood transport carbon dioxide and wastes away
from cells
✓ Regulate acid–base balance and temperature
✓ Maintain water content of body fluids
✓ Blood components help defend against disease
✓ Blood components repair damaged blood vessels
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 Systems of the Human Body
❑ Respiratory system
▪ Components
• Lungs and air passageways (pharynx, larynx,
trachea, and bronchial tubes)
▪ Functions
✓ Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood
✓ And carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
✓ Helps regulate acid–base balance of body
fluids
✓ Air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords
produces sounds

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 Systems of the Human Body
❑ Digestive system
▪ Components
• Organs of gastrointestinal tract– Mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines, and anus
• Accessory organs– Salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas
▪ Functions
✓ Achieves physical and chemical breakdown
of food
✓ Absorbs nutrients
✓ Eliminates solid wastes
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 Systems of the Human Body
❑ Urinary system
▪ Components
• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
▪ Functions
• Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
• Eliminates wastes
• Regulates volume and chemical composition
of blood
• Helps to maintain acid–base balance of body
fluids
• Maintains body’s mineral balance
• Helps regulate production of red blood cells
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 Systems of the Human Body
❑ Reproductive system
▪ Components
• Gonads
o Male - Testes
o Female - Ovaries
• Associated organs
o Female - Uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary
glands
o Male - Epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis
▪ Functions
✓ Gonads produce gametes
✓ Hormones regulate reproduction and other body processes
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 Body Positions
❑ Anatomical position
▪ Any region or part of the human body assume
that it is in a standard position of reference
▪ Standard position that all health professionals
use to describe the body
• Subject stands erect
• Facing the observer with the head level
• Eyes facing directly forward
• Lower limbs are parallel
• Feet are flat on the floor and directed forward
• Upper limbs are at the sides with the palms
turned forward
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 Body Positions
▪ Two terms describe a reclining body
➢ Supine position
• Body is lying face-up position
➢ Prone position
• Body is lying facedown position

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 Regional Names
❑ Human body is divided into several major regions
➢ Head consists of the skull and face
• Face includes the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin
➢ Neck supports the head and attaches it to the trunk
➢ Trunk consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
➢ Each upper limb attaches to the trunk
• Consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
➢ Each lower limb attaches to the trunk
• Consists of the buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot
➢ Groin is the area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side,
where the trunk attaches to the thighs
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 Regional
Names

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 Terms of Direction
DIRECTIONAL TERM DEFINITION
Superior (cephalic/cranial) Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure
Inferior (caudal) Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
Anterior (ventral) Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior(dorsal) Nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial Nearer to the midline (divides the body into equal right and left sides)
Lateral Farther from the midline
Intermediate Between two structures
Ipsilateral On the same side of the body as another structure
Contralateral On the opposite side of the body from another structure
Proximal Nearer to the origination of a structure
Distal Farther from the origination of a structure
Superficial (external) Toward or on the surface of the body.
Deep (Internal) Away from the surface of the body
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 Terms of Direction
❑ Directional terms
▪ Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

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 Body Planes and Sections
❑ Planes and Sections
• Flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
➢ Sagittal plane
• Is a vertical plane
• Divides the body/organ into right and left sides
o Midsagittal plane or a median plane
• Sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
• Divide body/organ into equal left and right sides
o Parasagittal plane
• Sagittal plane does not pass through the midline
• Divides the body/organ into unequal right and left
sides
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 Body Planes and Sections
➢ Frontal or coronal plane
• Divides the body/organ into anterior (front)
and posterior (back) portions
➢ Transverse plane
(Cross-sectional or horizontal plane)
• Divides the body/organ into superior (upper)
and inferior (lower) portions
➢ Oblique plane
• Passes through the body/organ at an oblique
angle ❑ Section
• Cuts made diagonally between the ▪ Cut of the body/organs made
horizontal and the vertical planes along one of the planes
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 Body Cavities
❑ Body cavities
Ventral
• Spaces that enclose internal organs body
• Are lined with membranes cavity

❖ Dorsal body cavity

• Protects the nervous system organs
▪ Has two subdivisions
➢ Cranial cavity
• Skull encases the brain
➢ Vertebral or spinal cavity
• Bony vertebral column encloses the spinal cord
▪ Cranial cavity and vertebral canal are continuous
▪ Meninges surround the brain and spinal cord
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 Body Cavities
❖ Ventral body cavity
• More anterior and larger of the closed body
cavities
• Internal organs collectively called the viscera
▪ Two major subdivisions
➢ Thoracic or chest cavity
• Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
▪ Further subdivided into
o Pleural cavities
• Two fluid-filled spaces one around each lung
o Pericardial cavity
• Fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart
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 Body Cavities
➢ Abdominopelvic cavity
• Extends from the diaphragm to the groin
• Encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and
the bones and muscles of the pelvis
▪ Further subdivided into
o Abdominal cavity
• Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder,
small intestine, and most of the large intestine
o Pelvic cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, portions of the large
intestine, and internal reproductive organs

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 Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity
▪ Membrane
• Thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures
➢ Serous membrane
• Slippery, double-layered membrane
• Does not open directly to the exterior
o Parietal serosa
• Lines the cavity walls of the thorax and abdomen
o Visceral serosa
• Covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities
▪ Serous fluid
• Small amount of lubricating fluid present between the parietal and visceral layers
✓ Allows the organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls
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 Other Body Cavities
➢ Oral cavity
• Contains the tongue and teeth
➢ Nasal cavity
• In the nose
➢ Orbital cavities (orbits)
• Contain the eyeballs
➢ Middle ear cavities (middle ears)
• Contain small bones that transmit sound
vibrations
➢ Synovial cavities
• Found in freely movable joints
• Contain synovial fluid that reduces friction
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 Abdominopelvic Quadrants
▪ Describe the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs more easily
➢ Abdominopelvic quadrants
▪ Divides the abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants
▪ A midsagittal line and a transverse line are passed through the umbilicus or belly
button

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 Abdominopelvic Regions

➢ Abdominopelvic regions
• Two horizontal and two vertical lines
• Aligned like a tictac-toe grid
• Partition the cavity into nine abdominopelvic regions

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 Abdominopelvic Regions
➢ Umbilical region
• Centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus
➢ Epigastric region
• Located superior to the umbilical region
➢ Hypogastric (pubic)
• Located inferior to the umbilical region
➢ Right and left iliac or inguinal regions
• Located lateral to the hypogastric region
➢ Right and left lumbar regions
• Lie lateral to the umbilical region
➢ Right and left hypochondriac regions
▪ lie lateral to the epigastric region
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 Anatomical Terms of Movement
Anatomical Terms Movements
Flexion Bending of ventral surfaces with formation of an angle
Extension The ventral surfaces move away from each other
Abduction Moving away from the midline
Adduction Moving toward the midline
Circumduction Combined rotatory movements involving flexion/extension with
abduction/ adduction
Medial rotation Moving the ventral surface toward the midline
Lateral rotation Moving the ventral surface away from the midline
Elevation Moving up
Depression Moving down
Protraction Moving anteriorly
Retraction Moving posteriorly

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 Anatomical Terms of Movement

Circumduction

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 Anatomical Terms of Movement

Medial rotation

Lateral rotation

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 Anatomical Terms of Movement
Anatomical Terms Movements
Pronation Medial rotation of the forearm, so the palm faces backwards
Supination Lateral rotation of the forearm, so the palm faces forwards
Planter flexion As standing on toe tips
Dorsiflexion As standing on the heel
Inversion Movement of the foot, so that the sole faces inwards
Eversion Movement of the foot, so that the sole faces outwards
Intorsion/Extortion Rotation of the eye ball around the antero-posterior axis passing
through the pupil
Opposition Is the movement by which the tip of the thumb touches the tips of
the other fingers

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 Anatomical Terms of Movement

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