a ey SS No een = ELY LANG: —_ LL o> 5 OX cout omputse ARS urrec TUE & ASsEMe! ake iwkeracl! jou) uher ) mearcrees eres. ‘ omsputer a Gi [ae Computer Orguasieabev ( C Hen d ) ee Arclikectere t of ec iPica network “Te ekructiure fk te ) fo eM) eS TA determined oud tho zecluol0He4 cpu Ceauiaa) Processivy wit devices o shsrage wk: e060 Lae 4K Brock DIAGRAM oF CompuTER'S ORGANTSATTON 9 Goltrat eomtesl. Processing Unit: SS He Prwory compment of Gees 03 Vk Control contre - Med as Brain of tha Computer. ‘ yic Uw sa Kay eae 1g Cartrad fs perferms alk aivklmelic BR “Whtyt. oe perfor PAPER ER ERLE TESTO OOOO LE LO ODED DRO Reuy “Taatradhien! g/Anl Wmshruch—y ee . ele ets Mupaker loca aeteae om Se ins te anole? De er modbima “Rawrgiog ce dyol Ss a vy) Control Vit 2 responsible i pmo te Avec’ the ened! tien Osx cb srdinediong ond S nstructiCng - Operoud / Address of pore2 Couputer TngdruckOus ate a Set! of #* Tnstruc. rockine lanquage Tnstuchs. that Poekculor processor understaud aud ocgectimte o sTratruchon Fomeat + An Tustrocten Cemspriset of yrope , called Riatdt. Thes Pelds Ynelude § 1) The operation ende COP code) field which yepresenfg the operatign fo be Perforsect - TY Tre address Feild which contain the beaten of ty operand that to Register « ay BN The wode Picld which speci Pies sthe..operoucl wilt be de cated - ‘ roy *hrde Bue footie , co ge Tnsiruchou cods Permotes jwhicl Reference inStrucki Gu. s Reference mstrucheu + wpa Reference Tretruc I refey round © These Tnatruch eddiresg of an ope § alwayt Accummlaty 4 Regiator “Type ie, 2 PIX OP code eee dle Fer clivect ond AAARPPR III Lp epee oer eee PreK LLL=A m : : . 3B) Reyiator Referguee 2) There Hadyychigw perfor a operations on Register , vaduer lan naewnsgy ad rey: r % The [Tus drachion peyeter(TR) C1 ayy Sipe sD 3 ree One RET ord ley 1 Themes 12 obit 4 speci® eo Regielor Operakton + rs } Ley ® © 3 : 5 < 15 14 es 2 4 a : ° bree 2 3s) Tapas (Oniput . AePerece,..t Tess TNT ED ~ chad irypeto, goecermdigenven,..'eo tery cota alos ~ oulttin puciumeneeticn! 2 TAU ee _ Crs 1) ond, Bene pan sro. in* yeat 12 bite Speciy Beases iors cient) T] O AA GOSbbUG8BO Register & ite types 4 aye aie ie f8 cu vory Ragk -ceruponeht Coup - | + Register memory which ¢ aged to atere data Cfnstuctous) , © Romators Cre usec by tlie cPU to perferm now operatisuy, when wm TaPut to the ey ste wal Here Tnputt wre stored th registert aud the output obtained oy ct cred Prov registerg « « S we uve used by the cpu ft * TMere Sphere! udlucly ore | yee used been described 5 ao ‘) Meson Addrers Registers 3.9 (mary ue A The voyistey holds | tte address “of tte ose ocation= Taig ragiaiter holds tHe address of Raskrchien, Prew where Tt ts Coron he A 4 stesed + od stersCTR ) > ay Vea tds tee current Snstructerd Hs " by, He processor at any Gren time. i Bem) % Co. s Beicet $6 store He odie, 0% : Bech a dats te stored 869M Sug Prom Lo menery oy mStrre bidn ) Khe results or resutts Coutput ) p by the cru are——— re VW patties an Paakrach , are nt ko \ <> ~> “t adibae Raptor * sbepes?) talent qadiess TOY x Dd) Progreus Counter( Pe) & ~> The Progra, counter holds ative, comenees aoe oS ai Wee’ progr Snstruction to to extectted: counter sewetimer called th a nstructivn address Fegistey or processey repistes® Ni wt ) Tndex jeter g Store the Whehen yunbe VY) Dake Rex glen 2) lh emery Guitar Reyater or a a a : Dake Regier LMR os MD pcateae « Rua value + PObbbobULIGE ae (> peated hy tle CPL firkoy Skot-- “p Pace 6 by one atter + “oe otter utuche touting cu wituchen, penn Wes ter ow prog cond l the Peteh whenBe Te couspleted then the PC (Program Comter ) pei, ko execete tre nowt, ngitiichtn « ‘ A ip y oe ‘ x ¥) Decode the TnaltuctOn & 3 . Ta dtig proce tHe eviceded Tnetruction prresent Tn He Trsfruct®u Register fo Tnter preted by tle decedor. w \ 5 ddress 2 tw) Reaching the effecting & hol ager TP the thratruchon Wow om a e a then the effectve addresk 18 read en memory + a) Execuking Ate Tustructon 8 Ta His phase the centred wait, senck to tre Punc#ronel wut: he . Cu Porniat en ag Be an Rew oF control signals. tp 4 Dever reer rere roroororenooanaagnass MeELINA) En gromrernit coutrel ust 7 gates aud— | ‘ : . ‘ # Arelite clare Of Herdwired Control Uut — © On Snotection ead frau meuery if plocedt ‘a Tnstruchon registerCT Q) spn tnstrackien register te devided Tato three pasts J bit (Adkvessing ede, Operation cade avd address Part), + Best 42 Bids COM) to speciAy an address, next Hhree bith the OP code feild curd ost lePt mest lik Specify the addressing mede + T= © Coirect ackressivg made ) T= 3 (tndvect addressing mede ) © Risk 42 bike are oppliect fo Hie contol logic gta - + The Opembion cede bits Cia-14) are decoded with @ 3x decoder . * The 8 output Cot 01) From decoder yoes tp tHe control logic gates 40 Pesform Specific oko - Bete) Ge toritered to" 0 Up sPlop _ by eqmbel — CT)- it SeQyUence qovnter Com court Be) onto 4 By probed nkn,)\¢ oom be Wentrented by neat rebreriot » eee BPSPPPere rer eerereeorerereeeeaneee\ v oe control wok Sq Raat loecause bed notion OCCU. © Corvdwired ; generated by cowl signals ore => Disadwoutagt ¢ control signals ove vary UPR cult » Meds ication tn © Tt fo aiPhroute | toreorrecke wriskode mistake cea) or adding ew Peat wre 6 origamol desig op coutnl ui. mci ct ing desig “ % Qo Architecture of tuivroprogsounmed Coutro| Unit © “Th valeve prenpetinved! outro Oks , control memory cfore contol signals - dts | numbers Bywaing expprroact %s >: are Stored fo used b Cine uaged? to wee SPOOUEEESEUULELELEECEEEEEE. a REGTSTER TRANGLER t— ———— trom fermed frou ove register to @4 Sn SipulodLic form e Bg called Regier wy & The Tner mation acters fester Fs represented Vy Reqlareraent Operater >) Wouter . f erecuted on tHe — > Micyoopesation 1 The opera fiou es g are calle dato gksre fn. register Micro-operaherg - Ee brace asst Opera ton asi cece) Tn the above sletewert RQ. <—— 8) Ce replacement. operater, “Tes mag the trae Per of content Anko Register Ro’ acts Ok O gtatemenrts debi oP register Ry > Register Transtor Lan quoge renee) sic Symicols of ATL — Ri, Ro, MAR, Ry 3 bite GR ter) Erk HBS Re Rr Re gp <— PrQgs—& W Pry Ra 22 Ry BUPP PPP EP OPPO MOO OO DDM MOHD DA BOND508 : 13 c10- Operation — the operation Pperier data stwrect inside ave called Aero - Opesotions Fg concept § + Mien - Pe ‘ SpFes — asevo- qrogrenenin Banerehs, cantrel sual Proyounrg . These ovre cabled CUeve Proyrons » + Mieno - Trstruch'®8ng — The Sg hruchGn “Mao woke oe NONE rencatdn§ one SOMA wey Geno Tnsituchens - fo agqroup oF yaroysoos © We eponcade, — NGcro prog Sastcuctens . Ke Can alto be termed) of ie” weed o7cede Lewd Slovo fsy € Riles ndd fosilyXM REGISTER TRANSFER OPERATION 3 — ‘The “operation perfarmed om the dota Sted tr ike agickont ove 7 eRPened to ag cegig her trorsfer operons. a «Tere ere «three hyped of register transfor operation A Senet 1) Sivaple Tromefer — “The emterk of Ry are copied Frio Qa coitheut affecting foe certede \ vol ype of ee ; Contre! > Fancon aeons Be Clock 5 ee) > 3 3 2 5 TR ere opembtoner eg St es re opermtiovyg Te to occur gimuliow ~ ° eously they they ore soparoted ein ctewraly le _ ; t s TP tte control Suchen Pel then Ka dg gts 2 : clock 5 > 2 2» a - > ep nO, (Fo wom ma the tree yor To, Maury )- Bhed ¢azos 309 WaLsds POSIT II IIIT IIIT IIT IIe ererr ees SATA Bu => Control Bud 2 + Te allo trovgnits te Ceutrot Signet ike Catknowledgement$ signatt) « + Lithen 4 COU! sins commend’ fa Ate | wnemey Per ment aynali to Ha CPU after suceeshu wniting of data - is Tg Urriclirechenal . : bus carries addrese Sntomation . oP Re. Givulor to He data bul wects COU and entry “+ oc eg aach component 5 kransPer te data Sem One “paralled Sines OF clata sur , wn king data , than the memory aoucl au ack nowlede-blw Address Gus, 0 Bus, & Control Bug, RB MEMORY and MEMORY pnsTQuctIon S ——— + Me : Caan it) ve Storage : “Memory peforg to tte bocabon | of wile storage reRerg to sta location of Mm a tong- term basis." * Storage ¢ secondary memct ity tq kept’ " gw a bord refors FO SA computer chord dive “The tom Sheree dud 73 where dole An example of grorege *8 ; dick anv LHD). Storage Sa nonvdedite Se Wavoken ess atten He computer ) dumedaene aad ht wack om- | mesinting VEUUUUHUBLELY ; os Wlhy de we mead Kqrcoupilher: memory 2 we need computer oP dota wke tents , Rites can yotreve wey Me, ah He OS PUUTVUUETUUUUY & , 4ashes t a me uit) of memory tn aacanding order. memos . ‘Se * Stoney Cathe Regicter Qo RAM. — Peet, DRAM ; EPROM i i seme. ao be ; © Main Memory § Mado imomory, alse called Prinnany Meuron met ‘ ot La prrocessmy EgNIaia memory {8 accessibta directs y Abe frrecessiv wash: : © Te ty volatile, aud more eonplets ox pensi ue Bolas ota Paster , therefore: opertive » or wer i ascording oreder + eae eee 1: Petelaytt 8. Exabyte PIPP POP PL ITILF FSF LPS PP PPP PITT PRP PRR eeDywowrie Ram 2 ee F ORAM ehernds For dynamic RAM. * Relakivaly glower cue (ow cost meuny © Vaed Per mein momsry + + Contents ove Comatankly re reabed Lee mes per Second - kraut gkers to 8 © We gia dala Com cecept enr comma aud beusfer one word © Acceim Kime 60-70 “vone eecends OF aka For chal exle- b). ROM (Read Onty Mowsy ) : o Red Rese wnly memory fain the Powey 16 tured off date © Tk ta non- volatile mewung © + Data can't be changed - + Data storage fa of pesmouent natovre Kncun oy Feild gtrrea, dend Hot skores oe petra’ yorerysoninn ers ton fa steed hy 4 be adtored + Te allo cam’ sivdlor * PROM, but we 4 My a Violet hi Meck oy olet progres : eke ROM coseble yrroqeama oak bo EPROM ss Ay voltage using on bse Bie ceeom ond ENPROM , ae stored 4 EAPROM cam beq HR SECONDARY MEMORY B— S es MO - Secondary cromary 16 jalio called univers mewary + MB = Nuch longer copacity bulk “lowor? tors Ree bce ~> Cerinorry moment) : RO + Secondagy mung Te Reet ee, ~~ Located ovtside the comrpubor * aa RAM oe mee ees . , Be caus: tes —= ley CPU resides, 60 secondary, ™ 3 = dick , Floppy Dik. =m + Te Bo non vitoble momerg > ne yw ~~ Tha" Potow'ag., ore He aypes oF secendory Memmry § a 1) Hod Disk pats wD “3 §+©@ verd, disk fo Oo Becta toric persone ekoroge | daveo. Tt ao Her wiekte disk Wot pormonon tly D> and tiek shea. dram, GoNot sy when the computer's pont QOUNCR — ‘ ‘ = ated Pakdcrally. o9 conmpater's “ Be aud feterct, data using dick ploertrene ay ® YonMaw + BS) CD drive —————st 2 cH akeuds Pot) & Compact Disk. CD's dikes tot ute optical rayt , ugualhg te data. ove Creutor Aa te Tees ide no of Data of “Skorajo space dolor » They one ae dive, yeamove Au) memory SESE RE Devices ¢ 2 Pe se device coutos saa. Pcie eumeeee Counected meme ea ehtalhen. switched en Ao RES colts ho! eg of Grace ere ‘or Bede pea” comoutes, to 7 ated tarentes ene eal Pind ers dowieet , di, which goed recognize th Gated cameros Hknewn a1 .a USe ‘Pash daive, peatyige device aheck counectt erot . TE ures Pash manory Sha (rrverient and reladble : oksring Files: Veer ofsrage capacities, PPP PPLE SLEEP PHL HOM M OOO OOOOA RDA RDD ROB) fo several terol toy &A Rdg, ak modes davicls: OE bILi Fy usitts m0 oo BvD UBig te Vergettite* Diae' or: Digit vided pise ) optical disc storage /-Revvot tok wok widedy used Pex Video , audio aud dota, stent? | DVD's typically hold 4°57 GB, OF dota discs offering UP to 8S Oe + They gained tueie popularity on a single - Lays ake Adhere obi Gey ko lagh qpiolity video and cudio , qupking Khaw o standord ~ "e ~> 3 > ap ~» => => Pocmot Fer vapvieg aud ,softwore dalmubon - <2 = => > = ad fess pead memerts wi Moa high - Bivetebuti | Raster ton sie moun ick fron the 3 synchnro- a3 Mere aru: Ae te used b Suprve ¢— > Chorracteriahes 0f Cache Menon a © Cache moruovy ty cu ortramelly fast memory type Ge Brot act ag a buther blo RAM aud te cpu + Coshe mecuory halds Frequently requested data aud Tnatructeng So that they are Tnrpedietely available to ‘te CPU wher needed - = Cache meu Ta Costtiew | om. mon. memory of disk memory but vucve ecenenieal thon CPU Vegisters » Siac ache cidaas enya aed (CO apres iy SytAo ymdlacon- Tre tlh a ligh speed CPU. Levelt of Mewory s— re a Ds kee teats a type, ch memerd to vel 1 sy Ragigtor % ae es eee: accepted that ara immediakly stored fq te CPU as Glcbuyventy, cued register Ye Accamuloter , py, Address Register etc, POLLO PP POO OOP ON PD De® etal e aaa) 9 TE Se Hea Partert momny ae fg ko Mew on a. ene wosks, ~ MA Size and once Povey | Steps Fy tle memory Moir © Tr fo oxtornal rewng Hot 83 not Mgt as tHe i Pramamentty Yn Has 22> PP P77r Lt EO , Ga Q_ COMPONENT! fee | Mtersal Seria aus TT ED — Cormpalt disk m 2. CU Combo Unit, Vip RAM — Ramdow Access Mewury mS ee ALU — Arithmebe Logic Unit vii) Rona — Read Onty ‘Neues cs) 5 \ Mag | CPU ~ Centra Processing Unit Aw) Hd — Hard Diele Brive > Ls Digitet Versatile Dick *) CompuTeR — © evmort fod > Wasa mrachine 200 se Rox “Tecnolumy , Chucho ~ cten dls a —~> * i my How does Cache rmemory wstl with CPU 9 meg * Wither COU needs tla dots, Bret of alte, M4 loottt 3 Mnside He LA cache 1 TP ae nocenes akin Sd Lo cache TP agen, +k Bn L1, Tk looks ‘Inside Mee Rind Me dato 89 Co cache Jak Meokts Sno Le o nl dees t , (bec ep Gola ta) found or Wa coche Memory At ea eee caeoee SPD See Ww On Aue Sraury de Mu cache 5 $+ oo 3h data Ys aot found Teal Called a cache iss. | ov © TR data ts nob available fn omy of He ede eet ide He Rondow ™ 2am’ TR Ram alte anean't howe ‘he cola , xhow Hoot dake Frou the HP» Acce Se us ae Wns Pirsk Aime, Sheurked Pe )O000000 : ey ote < ea 9 Leo. We, Behan , choke mew os in IM + 2 Beata carcockty Prom ml your om coun get uaeA Gevorad Purpo se Regatey “S E doka’ witty He QRRLacessusea tees eye ont ales - (PrOesSOF* + Thera, one & general = Purpose registers in tre G0R6 [ wticroprocesssy ¢ | + These regaters Ore Aud ths pointers. “There she Fotlowh ag © ie ees ate, RY OF ETO are mrainy uted Por holding Gor logical aud urttimedic operate Srrrerrerer? Ty Operands D operand Rr address sokubi bien, ee Yewany poner ae = Accunauilater Ragisle, CAN ~ AL) ie a. Aes Cot — aL} Bunk Repister cer - | De- 4 e) Cn Bate Register COW - OL) a BoA a ,r7;72 oe 7 Ieevst of Pour 32-bit data 1 a8 Pamtimedic + Loyeal and other operation ~ exgean gloaity nko 4 type" They ie os ~ ~ as Ke Accunnidoctor Reactor - &~ ~ AG Gre bt into 0, yell - tk js used 9 He anthmebe oye Gr chiowt- jn mowipatation and dition Pry Te Wor WBIAE ond, rskes oa GH and org with & bi ead? ie Ha aa “register x TES Indirect addressing VanesaFl FP TWis: ie known 4 Counter Rags ber SUWMintsrtssBAule reqaters, CH awd CU,” He to onecute 8-Kik inttruction! OF WOT Ke SMe Re AO eet fy ieee ht eet Ce development of foreqsaw loops ShiPe/ rotate ete : and shing manipulation both allow the use regiskes. oe counter + a & > Dated Tadd ig, lenewn as te DORs” Rog! Hoo @ bik) Tege into are sptt 3 : So thet it com enecute &- toit ; Tn T/O opsratieu, tre dota eogietor port nuubor Tig ‘also applied te ti Homeostl + Draw Hordwra orchitecture 3 yaptruch O15 GOODE EUEELESPs . %& SPECTAL PURPOSE REGISTER * +The 88S nioroprecessicy haa special ~ purpose eee towels, 2 Proyron Counters - vy eewory |rcebress Raxctor 2 Steele Poiakoy . WY) Tea frrory Register WW) Flag / Status Repister Wi) penaamy aPfet Qagpater - Ww) Tratruction Register ‘ — Prograrn Courter (Pc > 2 The progr Bother gars NG RIS gpecial~ purpose yeqiste1. Tuis is uae, to totd the memory addsess bk jastuckeu alah Which wilt be “exe ected + track of enecubon of preys" register f ereerte (nate Facroments tho oh tle nen! + Detuctly aie register keeps of tee Insinuchions dunig Aneuaersy Bocoti ony + The wicroprocendor 2 Has q in sequence: Foo tts , Eb MMienfTOCRSST Coutent of Ke [rregrorn counter — Stack Pointer ¢ 5 ‘ y ch tk Thats: maker ig o we- bik register Bs en emery oor 2 ja @ the a sequence of memsry decotien & e& SPOOR 9 RP See ° 9900 , wb called the Stack qq ee yeoerrrvrrz 77779— Thstuckeu Register Cte): * The instructou veqister Nolde the opdratriou code Copcede ) of tie current wnateuckon © ari Rime dic [logical operation Retched Brow tae, merreg tte Ingeraction aud & precprous huring The insiruction ie eu execution, The decoder tases decades ik: ARtor thet the decoded qaskruckn Next Stage for executions passed ko the is vebcslle ~~ : > Ea = — Messy Address Register Cmar ) ¢ 5 cagrater holds, te oadnere GoP Sagi) Uns maewtry Gna? F , tha neh peroyrow jnsteuck on: - Then mak reeds He address” Bas with HS Real Beek e BRE (ot A wit! be executed + adaresgas oF ruction’ Which - = vb s “Tempero Register CTR) : j Bue TO Seyetes.,. ‘ 024 agker Volda aorta 03 which ¢8 associated dud anthmertic Ree atest poy.) Se ASCMOPIOCEREGY ge tL pe Gaye : v) inckuder Mve Qup- Pop, On ALU operat en Bu cautt in the pperpose registers » Fenown. a4 & Plage " ely, Corry Flag 6X), fac), Zexd! Pleg SAD» eet)’. Zen0(2) Plays to teatoe et s Ulhed FE ure Operation! 7 Ga nice operation is ON dha. inGarevation atered in ome operation an element or More beg ¢ ie rape’ Soe chee D Resistor Treusfer Micno-Operabions ¢ Trowsfer ‘oun Crom ovg %*2 eker bo Cmnother ae Informed ke tees Pana Dre on decte atored ny om wuiacber /mumenc operation DB Logical Mier - Operations & NO Aeon aterest i cegisters 1 Porfcrm at Wy) SluPk Mere -Operatiog ! om dota etsred in Kegisters operetiour on data couse clas gon |) Subtract on, Trerebent , seh Moro operabety ore De PPP Pee PPPPPPPOPP ED PPR ORB DAESSatie Representation Description » on a1 + Ro The. contents of @1 plus : Qa ome trolua Rowted’ & 2S oo 953.6 ay - @2 The conkenttasee Qy mong fromstarred © Q2, are * DOUVVOdPUVVUUOBUUULLLLELE |& ernaay ADDER &- Tye ade digttal crete thet pefarms, gi Ow binomry numbers prrovi ded wit +) Wmany, Nader the ovithuetic Su © Pa © Binary Rider Te ‘cowatractnd ul couwected- oo goriey, With the output, ned Proms ore Pull-adder cornected t0 Bean somal Og of tie nent Pull-adder- Patt- adder cirewits corry & fy vi hig ee n > x E = > ‘ \e | ft B 2 D x 2 Bory, Adder - Subtracter & ean oe deve eos i Uy oh addend bits B Ao uy Fa So So RALeeee rrr rrrrrererreeeee eee eeei RHIFT MICRO OPERATIONS Matta. oe te ob + SWE wero operabout are these utore operntion tot are used Por tle Seria! trowsfer Of infamake, Caity. + "Thare pore, whee sued ain, He copestiou Py y bobs’ ‘ ) t ’ Aicklnekic p Logical wierd Sperebieut , m \ we” There! tere! setuen (ctf of ett Mater parathion & \ Rent SQWOE 2G ene Ss ‘- ) 1) Logical Satin Oercakidy sS . Qigak oe o . nad) &. > Ache. SWPP 3 u) Arithmetic Shit Cen ie ‘ a ef & BW) Civcutar ehh eaGecthr Sree ~~ Ls cet > aD — Logical Sw ht 2 — wu TE odraafor, trough Hu eedot input we nae we Saqraloot. (Xs) Poo Aa ologieat lePt and symbe : 4 Fight aS ERS - na ¥ Poe oe. Yoiltolo Nb pimsei nstes FGWRE FS > Circuter Coht Cshr VOAVIONO og fot!1010 ase Wa use — s li ae ee Teh ist te] ee WL e, | ose {hh }iteh Tels site bed tely ® DE oe Input Output & Tuterapt £ - Cele e So taput - Oukput § Se een Sexo), rmadal.no, oped, pu 1 seater wit Mu externod emvirounenk - BRE gid data atored iq wemny runt Come device + he tracked to Me wer dow) cat + pote Umber ey Tetewspt ¢— Bon sulhich -mneduer Uke may inktapt the normed FT ofeur, whey bmw Needed toy PRPPPP PPI PPP PPP PPP EP PrCe PNA PP EPeeee