Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE

Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Understanding the Nature of
Research

Learning Competency:
Discuss the nature and characteristics of research

Prepared by:

VISHIA A. GANTALA GOVERNMENT PROPE

Teacher III NOT FOR SALE
Sarrat National High School
Research 1 - Grade 9
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Overview of Research
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall

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Development Team of the Module

Writers: Vishia A. Gantala
Editor: Erwin Jun V. Daguio
Reviewers:
Illustrators:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Joann A. Corpuz
Joye D. Madalipay
Arnel S. Bandiola
Jenetrix T. Tumaneng
Jerry G. Tabrilla

Schools Division of Ilocos Norte

Office Address: Brgy. 7B, Giron Street, Laoag City,
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 9

Research 1
Quarter I – Module 1:
Understanding the Nature
of Research
For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Research 1 Module on Understanding the Nature of

Research.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed
by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the
K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided
and independent learning activities at their own pace and time.
Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st
century skills while taking into consideration their needs and
circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this
box in the body of the module:

Note to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you
in guiding the learners

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to

use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks
included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Research 1 Module on Understanding the Nature of

Research.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need This will give you an idea of the skills or

to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to check

What I Know
what you already know about the lesson to take. If
 you get all the answers correct (100%), you may
decide to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the

current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to

What’s New
you in various ways such as a story, a song, a
poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of the

What is it
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent practice

What’s More
to solidify your understanding and skills of the
topic. You may check the answers to the exercises
using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I have This includes questions or blank

Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what
you learned from the lesson.

What I Can This section provides an activity which will help you
Do transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

Assessment
mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional In this portion, another activity will be given to you

Activities to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

This is a list of all sources used in developing this
References module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in
mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies.
You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was specifically developed and designed to

provide you fun and meaningful learning experience, with your own
time and pace.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

1. Lesson 1 –Basic Concepts in Research
2. Lesson 2 – Overview of the Research Process
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Define research.
2. Explain the importance of research.
3. Differentiate the goals and purposes of research.
4. Explain the characteristics of research.
5. Enumerate the steps in the research process
 What I Know

Direction: Read the following questions and write the letter that best
represents your answer. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is an investigation of finding solutions to scientific and social

problems through objective and systematic analysis.
A. experiment B. research C. statistics D. scientific
method

2. All of the following are aims/ purpose of research, EXCEPT;

A. discovering new knowledge.
B. finding answers to existing questions.
C. applying new knowledge to new situations.
D. generate funds for the investigators themselves.

3. This research is used to find solutions to everyday problems,

cure illness, and develop innovative technologies, rather than to
acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake.
A. Applied B. Basic C. Qualitative D.
Quantitative

4. “What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of? This

question leads to what type of research?
A. Applied B. Basic C. Qualitative D.
Quantitative

5. It is a type of research which works on the existence or absence of a

phenomenon. It also tries to find answers to problems that are not
clear.
A. Descriptive B. Exploratory C. Explanatory D.
Longitudinal

6. Which of the following is NOT good topic for applied research?

A. Origin of Species
 B. Treatment for cancer
C. Best fertilizer for eggplants
D. Improve agricultural crop production

7. It is a type of research which involves mixing of quantitative and

qualitative methods or paradigm characteristics.
A. Exploratory B. Mixed C. Qualitative D.
Quantitative

8. If a research is based on valid procedures and principles, it is

said to be ________________.
A. critical B. empirical C. logical D.
methodical

9. Percy is always careful in conducting his study at the right time and
at the right place wisely, efficiently, and economically. What
characteristic of a researcher does Percy have?
A. prudence C. healthy criticism
B. intellectual curiosity D. intellectual creativity

10. Which of the following is/are the value/s of research to man?

i. Research improves the quality of life.
ii. Research reduces the burden of work.
iii. Research improves teacher’s competence.
iv. Research has deep-seated psychological aspects.

A. i, ii, iii, iv C. i, ii, iii

B. i, ii, iv D. i and ii only
Lesso
n Basic Concepts in

1 Research

Hello there!
Welcome! Have
you heard
about
research? If
yes, that’s
great! If not,
don’t worry
because we will
be talking
about it today.
What are you
waiting for?
What’s In Let’s go!

Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a

separate sheet of paper.
1. What is meant by scientific research?
2. What are the characteristics of a good research?
3. How do you conduct research?
 What’s New

Direction: X-TERMINATOR- Eliminate all the unnecessary letter X to

reveal the hidden words in the table. Write your answer in a separate
sheet of paper.

E R E S E A R C H I
V X C X N X X Y X N
I P I X A X L P X V
T E E X L X O O X E
A R N X Y X G T X S
T I T X S X I H X T
I M I X E X C E X I
T E F X X X A S X G
N N I X X X L I X A
A T C X X X X S X T
U X E X P L O R X E
Q X A P P L I E D X

Gg

Are you
familiar
with those
 What is It

Definition of Research

According to Rajasekar et. al. (2006), research is a logical and

systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic. It is
an investigation of finding solutions to scientific and social problems
through objective and systematic analysis. It is a search for knowledge,
that is, a discovery of hidden truths. Here knowledge means information
about matters. The information might be collected from different sources
like experience, human beings, books, journals, nature, etc. A research
can lead to new contributions to the existing knowledge. Only through
research is it possible to make progress in a field. Research is done with
the help of study, experiment, observation, analysis, comparison and
reasoning. Research is in fact ubiquitous. More precisely, research seeks
predictions of events and explanations, relationships and theories for
them.

When you say that you are undertaking a research study to find
answers to a question, you are implying that the process, 1) is being
undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies (research
approaches); 2) uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been
tested for their validity and reliability; and
is designed to be unbiased and objective.
Philosophies mean approaches e.g. qualitative, quantitative and the
academic discipline in which you have been trained.

Validity means that correct procedures have been applied to find

answers to a question.
 Reliability refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that
provides repeatability and accuracy.

Unbiased and objective means that you have taken each step in an
unbiased manner and drawn each conclusion to the best of your ability
and without introducing your own vested interest. (Bias is a deliberate
attempt to either conceal or highlight something).

Adherence to the three criteria mentioned above enables the process

to be called ‘research’. However, the degree to which these criteria are
expected to be fulfilled varies from discipline to discipline and so the
meaning of ‘research’ differs from one academic discipline to another. The
difference between research and non-research activity is, in the way one
finds answers: the process must meet certain requirements to be called
research. One can identify these requirements by examining some
definitions of research.

The word research is composed of two syllables, re and search. re

is a prefix meaning again, anew or over again search is a verb meaning to
examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe. Together they
form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and
investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or
principles.

Research is a structured enquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific

methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is
generally applicable. Scientific methods consist of systematic observation,
classification and interpretation of data.

Importance of Research

Researchers must not simply set results and recommend actions.

The importance of research should be measured on the extent to which they
are being actually carried out (Almeida et. al, 2016).

1. It may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or

theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control
events 1993).
2. It is done to improve educational practices.
3. To learn something or to gather evidence.

Goals of Research

1. Generating new knowledge or information

The knowledge or information that researches obtain in various

disciplines contributes to the growth of science. The great amount of
 information we have today is a product of research conducted all
these years.

2. Finding an application for the new knowledge

Applications of knowledge also constitute new information.

3. Verifying existing knowledge.

Researches are conducted using more advanced detection and

measuring devices to verify previous facts or findings.
4. Developing the investigator

Independent study for young, budding scientists provides an

opportunity for creativity and for making original contributions to
scientific knowledge. It involves reviewing concepts, learning more
laboratory techniques, mastering a particular area of discipline, and
appreciating what it means to be a scientist. The long hours spending
in doing research, the failures and frustrations encountered, and
eventual success provide opportunities for growth.

Use of Research

To define the types of research, different forms and different types

are considered. However, the most important division for research is to
classify it into two main classes:
1. Fundamental or basic research

It is conducted solely to come up with new knowledge or to

have a fuller understanding of a particular subject for its own sake.

Basic (aka fundamental or pure) research is driven by a

scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific question. The main
motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not to create or invent
something. There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries
that result from basic research.

For example, basic science investigations probe for answers to

questions such as:
• How did the universe begin?
• What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
• How do slime molds reproduce?
• What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?

2. Applied research
 It is done to find an application of the knowledge whether
new or old.

Applied research refers to scientific study and research that

seeks to solve practical problems. Applied research is used to find
solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative
technologies, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's
sake.

For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:

• Improve agricultural crop production
• Treat or cure a specific disease
• Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of
transportation
Types of Applied Research

a. Action Research. It is a disciplined process of inquiry

conducted by and for those taking the action. The primary
reason for engaging in action research is to assist the
“action” in improving and/ or refining his or her actions.

b. Impact Assessment Research. This is to estimate the

consequence of a planned change. Example: To determine
changes in housing if a major/new highway is built.

c. Evaluation Research. The process of establishing value

judgement based on evidence about the achievement of
the goals at proper time. Evaluation research measures the
effectiveness of a program, policy or way of doing
something.

Classification of Research

According to design and methodology, a research can be qualitative or

quantitative in nature.
1. Quantitative research. It is a type of empirical
investigation. This means that the research focuses on
verifiable observation.

Characteristics:

 It is numerical, non-descriptive, applies statistics or

mathematics and uses numbers.
 It is an iterative process whereby evidence is evaluated.
 The results are often presented in tables and graphs.
 It is conclusive.
 It investigates the what, where and when of decision
making.

Types of Quantitative Research

 a. Survey Research uses interviews, questionnaires, and
sampling to get a sense of behavior with intense
precision. It allows researcher to judge behavior and
then present the findings in an accurate way.

b. Correlational Research is done to establish what the

effect of one on the other might be and how that affects
the relationship. It is important to predict future
conditions and events.

c. Causal-Comparative Research is used to uncover a

cause and effect relationship. It look for statistical
relationship between the two variables it tries to
identify, specify, how the different groups are affected
by same circumstance.

d. Experimental Research is guided specifically by

hypothesis.

2. Qualitative Research. It deals with understanding human

behavior in a natural setting. It is naturalistic in nature
because it studies human behavior and the reasons that
govern it (Almeida et. al., 2016).

Characteristics:

 It is non-numerical, descriptive, applies reasoning and uses

words.
 Its aim is to get the meaning, feeling and describe the
situation.
 Qualitative data cannot be graphed.
 It is exploratory.
 It investigates the why and how of decision making.

Types of Qualitative Research

a. Phenomenology. The purpose is to describe
experiences as they are lived.

b. Ethnography. The purpose is to describe a culture’s

characteristics.

c. Historical. The purpose is to describe and examine

events of the past to understand the present and
anticipate potential further effects.

d. Case Study- It is used to describe-in-depth experience

of one person, family, group, community or institution.
 3. Mixed Methods Research. It involves the mixing of
quantitative and qualitative methods or paradigm
characteristics. Nature of data is mixture of variables, words
and images.

Major Purposes for Conducting Mixed Methods

a. Triangulation-seeking convergencies and

corroboration of results from different methods and
designs studying the same phenomenon.

b. Complementarity-seeking collaboration,
enhancement, illustration and clarification of the results
from one method with results from the other method.

c. Initiation-discovering paradoxes and contradictions

that lead to a re-framing of the research question.

d. Development-using the findings from one method to

help inform the other method.

e. Expansion-seeking to expand the breadth and range o

research by using different methods for different inquiry
components.

Purpose of Research

The purpose of research is stated clearly and explicitly in a format

appropriate for the style of investigation. The purpose of research
indicates the focus and direction of the research (Denscombe, 2002).
The purpose of research may be organized into three groups based
on what the researcher is trying to accomplish, explain a new topic,
describe a social phenomena, or explain why something occurs.

Exploratory Research

Exploratory research works on the existence or absence of a

phenomenon. It also tries to find answers to problems that are not clear.
Exploratory research can be conducted in many fields and can, therefore,
be considered the most flexible and extensive research method.

Descriptive Research

In this type of research, the researcher studies the current state of

the subject and describes and interprets the existing conditions and
relationships. In other words, descriptive research examines a
phenomenon by expressing a more complete definition and contrasting it
with other phenomena. The main purpose of this type of research is to
give an objective, realistic description of the characteristics of a situation
or a topic.

Explanatory research

This type of research seeks to find cause and effect relationships

among the various variables. Explanatory research is the study and
transfer of complex ideas and information. Analyzing and synthesizing
information from various sources to produce text is the most important
purpose of the explanatory method to increase the reader’s understanding
of the subject and the research problem.

Time Dimension in Research

Treatment of time is another dimension in research. Some studies

give us a snapshot of a single, fixed time point and allow us to analyze in
detail.
Two brand types:

1. Longitudinal Research. The longitudinal study refers to a set

of observational studies in which the case group is studied over
time.

2.Cross-sectional Research. A cross-sectional study is a type of

observational study in which the variables, in terms of prevalence or
relevance, are studied only at a given time and in a given
community.

Characteristics of Research
Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting
information to answer questions. But to qualify as research, the process
must have characteristics ( Kumar, 2009).
1. Empirical – research is based on direct experience or observation
by the researcher.
2. Logical – research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical – research starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical – research utilizes proven analytical procedures in
gathering data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and
case study.
5. Critical – research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical – research is conducted in a methodical manner without
bias using systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability – research design and procedures are repeated to
enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
 8. Controlled-exploring causality in relation to two variables, the study
is set-up in a way that minimizes the effects of other factors
affecting the relationship.
9. Rigorous- the procedures to find the answer to questions are
relevant, appropriate, and justified

Qualities of a Good Researcher

Research-oriented
Efficient
?
? Scientific
Effective
Active
Resourceful
? ?
Creative
Honest

Figure 1. Qualities of a good researcher Economical

https://images.app.goo.gl/Pxs5AXQQXhgGH2Pf6 Religious

Do you have what it takes to be a good researcher?

Characteristics of the Researcher

A. Intellectual Curiosity – researcher undertakes deep thinking and
inquiry of the things, problems, and situations around him.
B. Prudence – researcher is careful to conduct his study at the right
time and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and economically.
C. Healthy Criticism – the researcher is always doubtful as to the
truthfulness of the results.
D. Intellectual Honesty – researcher is honest to collect or gather
the data or facts in order to arrive at honest results.
E. Intellectual creativity – a resourceful investigator always creates
new researches. He enjoys inventing unique, novel and original
researches, and considers research as his hobby. (creative
researcher is innovative)

Values of Research to Man

1. Research Improves quality of life – It has led man to search for
ways for improving processes and means which man love and find
interesting.
 2. Research improves instruction – Modern teacher introduces
innovations and integrates the 3Rs (rational thinking, right conduct,
and research) in all subject areas in his teaching.
3. Research improves students’ achievement – The students’
achievement could be improved if the modern teacher keeps
himself updated on issues and trends about the modern methods
and strategies in teaching.
4. Research improves teachers’ competence – research oriented
teacher always conduct research to improve his competence and
produce graduates who respond to the socioeconomic development
of the country and can compete with other graduates of the world.
5. Research satisfies man’s needs – modern facilities that satisfy
man’s needs are all products of research.
6. Research reduces the burden of work.
7. Research has deep-seated psychological aspects – It
challenges man to get rid of the danger of stagnation. It is an open
door to a better tomorrow and it guides him in his efforts to obtain
good results which contribute to his satisfaction and self-fulfillment.
8. Research improves the exportation of food products – Some
international research agencies provide financial support for the
researches in the Philippines.
9. Research responds to the economic recovery and austerity
measures of the country – Research outputs are converted to
income generating projects to train students to earn while they
learn.
10. Research trains graduates to become responsive to the
economic development of the country and compete globally.

What’s More

Activity 1: Read the following and answer the questions below. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. How do you characterize a good research?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________
2. What quality do you have to make you a good researcher?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________

3. How is basic research different to applied research?

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
 ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________

Activity 2. Reflection.
Why is research important to humankind?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________

What I have learned

Directions: Below is an exit ticket. After engaging in the nature and

characteristics of scientific research, complete the table below. Use a
separate answer sheet.

RESEARCH
3 things I like about 2 things I want to 1 thing I want to
the topic share to my friends explore more

1. 1. 1.

2. 2.

3.
 What I can do

Directions: Write an essay using the following guide questions.

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Amidst the global health crisis, in what way can research help in
improving one’s health?

Assessment

Direction: Read the following questions and write the letter that best
represents your answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is/are the aim/s of research?

i. Discovering new knowledge.
ii. Applying new knowledge to new situations.
iii. Finding answers to existing questions.
iv. Generate funds for the investigators themselves.

A. i, ii, iii, iv C. i, ii, iii

B. i, ii, iv D. i and ii only
2. It is a type of research by which the main motivation is to
expand man’s knowledge, not to create or invent.
A. Applied B. Basic C. Qualitative D.
Quantitative

3. “What is the genetic code of termites?”. This question leads to

what type of research?
A. Applied B. Basic C. Qualitative D.
Quantitative

4. It is a type of research that is numerical, non-descriptive, applies

statistics or mathematics and uses numbers.
A. Applied B. Basic C. Qualitative D.
Quantitative

5. Basic Research: Origin of Species; _________________: Cancer

treatment
A. Applied B. Basic C. Qualitative D.
Quantitative

6. Which of the following is NOT a quality of a good researcher?

A. active B. bias C. efficient D. religious

7. It is a type of research conducted by people involved in socio-

educational situations whose purpose is to improve the reasoning,
justice of their social practices, and to increase their understanding of
the situation.
A. action B. descriptive C. explanatory D.
exploratory

8. If a research exhibits careful and precise judgment, it is said to

be ________________.
a. critical B. empirical C. logical D.
methodical

9. Annabeth undertakes deep thinking and inquiry of the things,

problems, and situations around him. What characteristic of a
researcher does Annabeth have?
A. Prudence C. Healthy criticism
B. Intellectual curiosity D. Intellectual creativity

10. Which of the following is/are the value/s of research to man?

i. Research improves the exportation of food products
ii. Research increases the burden of work
iii. Research satisfies man’s needs
 iv. Research has deep-seated psychological aspects

A. i, ii, iii, iv C. i, iii, iv

B. i, ii, iv D. i and iii only

What I Know

Direction: Read the following questions and write the letter that
best represents your answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which word describes the research process?
i. cyclic ii. scientific iii. discrete iv.
organized

A. i, ii B. i, ii, iii C. i, ii, iv D. ii, iii, iv

2. Which of the following should NOT be a characteristic of a research

problem?

A. should have a novel idea

B. should be over-researched
C. should consider research ethics
D. should be finished within allotted time

3. In hypothesis testing, accept the alternative hypothesis when

__________________.

A. the null hypothesis is rejected

B. the null hypothesis is accepted
C. the cause- effect hypothesis rejected
 D. the cause-effect hypothesis is accepted

4. It denotes any procedure done on the experimental unit.

A. subject C. research design
B. treatment D. experimentation

5. It helps in formulating creative procedures for solving research

problems.
A. review of literature C. research Design
B. methodology D. experimentation
6. It is a very necessary element in a research design wherein the
experiment is repeated for several times to find an estimate of
variations among observations on the group of subjects treated alike.
A. randomization C. replication
B. local control D. experimentation
7. In any kind of research, researchers must have to analyze the data
collected. How do we analyze data?
A. use graphs, diagrams and tables
B. use materials from books and the internet
C. use statistical tools
D. do experimentation

8. It is the simplest experimental design, in terms of data analysis and

convenience where the subjects are randomly assigned to treatments.
A. CRD C. RCBD
B. replication D. randomization

9. It is the implementation of the research work plan or design.

A. methodology C. experimentation
B. conclusion D. data analysis and
interpretation

10. It is a part of the research process that summarizes the significant

results of the experiment.
A. hypothesis C. research problem
B. conclusion D. data analysis and
interpretation
 Lesso
n
The Research Process
2
Welcome
back to
your
second
lesson. I
hope you
are doing
well. For
today, we
What is It will try to
find out
how a
research is
The research process is a cyclic being
process. Opportunities for more
inventions and discoveries arise fromconducted.
the cyclic nature of research. In
essence, it perpetuates the dynamic nature of science and ensures its
continuous growth.
The steps in the research process are the same as those in the
scientific method. The scientific method is a sequence of problem-solving
skills that scientists use to answer questions or problems. Some of the
skills include identifying a problem, formulating a hypothesis, doing library
research, observing, performing experiments, analyzing data, drawing
conclusions, and communicating results. Start
The Scientific Method Identifying a problem

Formulating a hypothesis

Performing experiments and/or making observations

Analysing data

Is the hypothesis supported by

NO observations and experiments? NO
The experiment The experiment
is faulty. YES is NOT faulty.
Drawing conclusions

Communicating results
Figure2. The scientific method
The Research Process

8 1
Identification
Formulation of
of a research
conclusion
problem
7 2
Analysis and Formulation
interpretation of a
of processed hypothesis
The
data
Research
Process
6
Data collection,
organization, & 3
processing Review of
literature and
studies
5
Actual
4
Preparation of a
experimentation
research design
 Figure 3. The cyclic process of research
A research process is a mean to answer questions that cannot be
answered otherwise. The researcher needs to follow a step-by-step plan to
execute the research. These steps are also called as research model (see
Figure 4)

Source: Hackling, 1996

Figure 4. Model of the science research process

Step 1: Problem Identification

Research Problem
The research problem keeps a researcher focused throughout
the entire research process. It is the basis of all subsequent
research activities a researcher is going to undertake. Moreover, it
guides a researcher to the hypothesis, work plan, interpretation of
findings, and to the conclusion.

Checklist of Guidelines in Selecting a Research Topic

 CRITERIA YES / NO

1. Is the problem interesting?

2. Will the research contribute to the solution of socio-
economically important problems?
3. Will the research generate new information?
4. Is the research novel?
5. Do I have the skills or knowledge necessary to conduct the
research or can I learn them within the time I have?
6. Is the research feasible in terms of:
a. time required to finish the research?
b. expense involved in conducting the research?
c. availability of materials for experimentation?
d. accessibility of materials for experimentation?
e. risks and hazards involved in conducting the experiment?
7. Is the research reproducible?

Points to Consider
 The statement of the problem must be clear.
 It must be organized and specific.
 It must define the scope and set the limits of the problem to help
determine the feasibility of doing the actual investigation.

Example Problem:
“Effects of Varying Temperatures and Concentrations on the Index
of Refraction of Sugar Solution”
The main objective of the study is to find the effects of temperature
and concentration on the index of refraction of sugar solution. Specifically,
this study seeks to find the effects of (a) varying temperatures on the
index of refraction of sugar solution, and (b) varying concentrations on the
index of refraction of the sugar solution.
The statement of the problem (above) is clear, organized, concise,
and specific. Its scopes and limits are defined. It also provides the basis for
the formulation of a hypothesis.

Step 2: Formulation of a Hypothesis

Hypothesis
 Hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research.
If you want to test a relationship between two or more things, you need to
write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection.
A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will
find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet
been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several
hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.
A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing
theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can
support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as
experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).
Forms of Hypotheses

b. Null Hypothesis
 It indicates the value of the population parameter to be
tested.
 It is the hypothesis of “no difference” and is formulated
for the sole purpose of being rejected
 It is denoted by H0.

c. Alternative Hypothesis
 It is the operational statement of the researcher’s
research hypothesis.
 It is taken to be true or accepted if the null hypothesis
is rejected.
 It is denoted by Ha.

d. Cause and Effect Hypothesis

Example:

In the research problem identified earlier:

“The Effects of Varying Temperatures and Concentrations on
the Index Refraction of Sugar Solution”

Null Hypothesis:
Varying temperatures have no significant effect on the index
refraction of a sugar solution.

Alternative Hypothesis:
Varying temperatures have a significant effect on the index
refraction of a sugar solution.

Cause and Effect Hypothesis:

If temperature is varied, then the index of refraction of a sugar
solution is affected.

Step 3: Review of Literature

Review of Literature
 Review of Literature helps in formulating creative procedures for
solving research problems. It is a preliminary survey through reading
various publications, books, journals, and surfing the internet. It ensures
non-duplication of other peoples’ studies.
Step 4: Preparation of a Research Design
Research Design
A Research Design is the work plan that indicates how resources are
utilized to answer a problem. It is a complete sequence of steps or
procedures that need to be followed when obtaining the needed data
during an investigation. It serves as a guide during the actual
experimentation which minimizes the cost of experimentation and
maximizing the gathered information relevant to the problem. It validates
the statistical test because it takes into consideration all the
assumptions that went through the process of deriving the various
statistics. It is embodied in a research proposal which is a written plan
about what the researcher proposes to do in his investigation.
Planning a Research Design
The researcher identifies the subject of the study, the variables, the
controls, the experimental and control groups, the instruments and
devices to be used in the experiment, and the statistical tools needed for
the analysis of the data collected.
The SUBJECT or EXPERIMENTAL UNIT of the study is the main
material used in an experiment. It can be a person, an animal, a plot in a
field, a plant, a leaf, or a model of a device. This may be subjected to
treatments depending upon the objectives of the study. A TREATMENT
denotes any procedure done on the experimental unit.
Principles of a Research Design
1. Replication – is a very necessary element in a research design
wherein the experiment is repeated for several times to find an
estimate of variations among observations on the group of subjects
treated alike. It allows a researcher to assess the significance of the
observed differences and will make statistical test of significance
possible.
2. Randomization – refers to the assignment of the experimental
subjects to the treatments by chance. It is done to create equivalent
groups prior to the experiment. It tends to average out differences
among groups and reduces possible bias in comparative
experiments. It assures a valid or unbiased estimate of population
parameters and the validity of the statistical test of significance.
3. Local Control – is done when balancing, grouping, and blocking of
experimental units are employed in the adopted design.
Experimental units are allocated to a block in such a manner that
the units within the block are relatively homogenous. Experimental
units may be blocked according to certain characteristics such as
height, age, weight, gender, grade level, pH level, etc.
 4. Control of Extraneous Variables – outside or extraneous variables
may affect the experimental subjects, so control of these variables
is necessary.

Types of Research Design

1. Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
A completely randomized design is probably the
simplest experimental design, in terms of data analysis and
convenience. With this design, subjects are randomly assigned to
treatments. It relies on randomization to control for the effects of
extraneous variables.

Treatment The experimenter randomly

assigned subjects to one of two
Placebo Vaccine
treatment conditions.
500 500

2. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

With a randomized complete block design, the experimenter divides
subjects into subgroups called blocks, such that the variability within
blocks is less than the variability between blocks. Then, subjects within
each block are randomly assigned to treatment conditions.
Compared to a completely randomized design, this design reduces
variability within treatment conditions and potential confounding,
producing a better estimate of treatment effects.

Treatment Subjects are assigned to blocks, based on

Gende gender. Then, within each block, subjects are
r Vaccin
Placebo randomly assigned to treatments (either
e
a placebo or a cold vaccine). For this design, 250
Male 250 250 men get the placebo, 250 men get the vaccine,
250 women get the placebo, and 250 women get
Femal the vaccine.
250 250
e

Step 5: Actual Experimentation

Actual Experimentation is an implementation of the research work plan or
design.
Experiment is an activity that generates observations or data which,
upon processing and analysis, result to the solution of the research
problem or generate further studies.
 During the actual experimentation, the observation or data
collected can be processed and analyzed to attain the objectives of the
research.

Step 6: Data Analysis & Interpretation

Data gathered are organized into tables and graphs before they are
analyzed using statistical methods.
Scale of Relations being Appropriate Examples of statistics
Measureme defined statistical that can be used
nt test to be
used
Nominal Equivalence Nonparametri Mode, Frequency Chi-
c Test Square Test
Ordinal Equivalence, greater Nonparametri Median, Spearman Rank,
than, less than c Test Friedmann’s Test, Kendall’s
Tau Percentile
Interval Equivalence, greater Nonparametri Mean, Standard Deviation,
than, less than, c and z-test, t-test, ANOVA,
known ratio of any parametric Pearson’s r
two intervals Tests
Ratio Equivalence, greater Nonparametri Mean, Standard Deviation,
than, less than, c and Coefficient of Variation,
known ratio of any parametric Pearson’s r, z-test, t-test,
two ratios Tests ANOVA
Appropriate Statistics for the Different Scales of Measurement
Step 7: Formulation of a Conclusion
Conclusion summarizes the significant results of the experiment.
Research must come to an end and thus, a conclusion must be stated for
each research.
The conclusion does not only end the research but also suggests
future questions left unanswered in the course of the investigation.
These unresolved questions lead to new researches. Knowing the
objectives and the conclusion, the reader can evaluate the merit of the
completed research.

What’s More

Activity 1: Let’s Try It

Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Why do we consider the research process a cyclic process?

2. Enumerate at least five criteria in selecting a research topic

3. Why is it important to search for review of literatures in conducting

research studies?

4. How is research design helpful in conducting research studies?

5. What method is used in analyzing gathered data in research?

What I have learned

Directions: Below is an exit ticket. After engaging the research
process, complete the table below. Use a separate answer sheet.

RESEARCH PROCESS
3 things I like about 2 things I want to 1 thing I want to
the topic share to my friends explore more

1. 1. 1.

2. 2.

3.

What I can do

Directions: Write an essay using the following guide question.

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
With the pandemic that we are facing today, make a step by step
procedure on how to fight COVID 19.
 Assessment

Direction: Read the following questions and write the letter that best
represents your answer. Write yur answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. All of the following are descriptions of a research process EXCEPT;
A. cyclic B. scientific C. discrete D.
organized

2. Which of the following should NOT be a characteristic of a research

problem?
A. should be interesting
B. should generate new knowledge
C. should consider research ethics
D. should be limited to reproductions

3. In hypothesis testing, when the null hypothesis is rejected, it means

that__________________.
A. the cause-effect hypothesis is accepted
B. the cause- effect hypothesis rejected
C. the alternative hypothesis is rejected
D. the alternative hypothesis is accepted
4-5. Refer to the research problem below.
“What is the effect of sunlight to the growth of eggplants?”

A. Sunlight has a significant effect to the growth of eggplants.

B. Sunlight has no significant effect to the growth of eggplants.
C. Both A and B.

4. Which of the following is the null hypothesis of the research problem ?

5. Which of the following is the alternative hypothesis of the research
problem?

6. It is the main material used in an experiment.

A. subject C. research design
B. treatment D. experimentation

7. It is a complete sequence of steps or procedures that need to be

followed when obtaining the needed data during an investigation
A. review of literature C. research design
B. methodology D. experimentation
8. It is a very necessary element in a research design which refers to the
assignment of the experimental subjects to the treatments by chance.
A. randomization C. replication
B. local control D. experimentation

9. In any kind of research, researchers must have to analyze the data

collected. How do we analyze data?
A. use statistical tools
B.do experimentation
C. use graphs, diagrams and tables
D. use materials from books and the internet

10.Which of the following is NOT a scale of measurement in analyzing

data?
A. nominal C. binomial
B. interval D. ordinal

Additional Activities

Direction. With all honesty, answer the question. Write your answer on
separate sheet.

How can you help the government through research in dealing with
the current health crisis we are facing today?
Reminder!!

"Research is what I'm doing when I don't know what I'm doing." -
Wernher von Braun
Research needs a lot of works, so be patient and dedicated.

Congratula
tions for a
job well
done. Your
module
ends here.
Keep safe!

Answer Key
Lesson 1 Lesson 1 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 2
What I Know What’s New Assessment What I Know Assessment
1. B Research 1. C 1. C 1. C
2. D Quantitative 2. B 2. B 2. D
3. A Investigation 3. B 3. A 3. D
4. B Experiment 4. D 4. B 4. B
5. B Scientific 5. A 5. A 5. A
6. A Analyze 6. B 6. C 6. A
7. B Logical 7. A 7. C 7. C
8. C Explore 8. A 8. A 8. A
9. A Applied 9. B 9. C 9. A
10.A Hypothesis 10.C 10. B 10.C

References:
Almeida, Adelaida B., et. al. (2016).Research Fundamentals. Quezon City:
Adriana
Publishing Co., Inc.

Descombe, M.(2002). Ground rules for good research. Philadelphia, USA:

Open University Press.

Hackling, M.W & Fairbrother, R.W. (1996). Helping students to do open

investigation in science. Australian Science Teachers Journal. 42 (4),
26-33.

Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd.

INTERNET

What is Research – Definition, Methods, Types & Examples. Retrieved from

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/

What is Research? - Definition, Purpose & Typical Researchers. Retrieved from

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-research-definition-purpose-
typical-researchers.html

Unit One: Introduction to Research. Retrieved from

https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-demos/000_P506_RM_3736-Demo/module/pd
fs/p506_unit_01.pdf

Kumar, Ranjit. (2011) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY a step-by-step guide for

beginners. Retrieved from
http://www.sociology.kpi.ua/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ranjit_Kumar-
Research_Methodology_A_Step-by-Step_G.pdf
Types of scientific research. Retrieved from https://innspub.net/types-of-
scientific-research/

Overview of the research process. Retrieved from

http://samples.jbpub.com/9781449627843/Chapter1.pdf

The Research Process. Retrieved from

https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/26093_2.pdf

The Research Process. Retrieved from

http://sportpsy.camel.ntupes.edu.tw/ezcatfiles/t012/img/img/171/theresear
chprocesses.pdf