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Lesson 9 Sampling Procedures and Sample

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20 views28 pages

Lesson 9 Sampling Procedures and Sample

research

Uploaded by

Nelriel Jay Ulep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH II:

LESSON IX: SAMPLING PROCEDURES AND


SAMPLE

Midge Seiman F. Maines


Subject Teacher
WHAT IS A SAMPLE?
QUESTION: If you want to know the taste
of a certain dish, what do you do?
a) Eat the entire dish
b) Taste a little in a spoon
Any normal thinking human being will choose B.
And it is not wrong to assume that from that
little “part”, the whole is represented. This is
what a SAMPLE is and why it is needed.
DEFINING THE TERMS

POPULATION
This is the totality of all the objects,
elements, persons, and characteristics
under consideration. It consists all of the
possible observable elements.
DEFINING THE TERMS

SAMPLE
This is the portion taken from the
population and is subject to study. It is
the representative subset of the
population.
DEFINING THE TERMS

ELEMENT
This refers to each individual unit of the
study which the definition, identification,
and representation of values are
specified by means of a set of attributes.
DEFINING THE TERMS

MARGIN OF ERROR
This refers to the percentage that accounts
for the difference between actual and
projected results in a random survey
sample. In short, this is the possibility of
“error” in your results that don’t apply to the
population. The opposite of this is called the
confidence level (e.g. 95% CL means 5% MoE)
SAMPLE

WHY DO I NEED TO SAMPLE?


As previously discussed, and as
common sense dictates, a researcher
cannot always use the entire population
in a certain study as this may consume
their time, money, and effort; in short, it
is not practical and efficient.
HOW TO DO SAMPLING?
To do sampling, remember these 2 easy
steps:
Determine the
appropriate sample
size for population
Use appropriate
sampling technique
THE SAMPLE SIZE
In general, as to how many elements
must be included in the sample size
depends on the nature of the research.
The appropriate sample size should not be
too large that money and resources are
wasted, and not too small that the results
of the study become unreliable.
NOTE: A large sample size in necessary in QUANTITATIVE research in order to establish the
reliability of results and avoid each element’s bias to heavily affect the results.
THE SAMPLE SIZE
Old method: Back then, the Slovin’s (or
Sloven’s) formula was used to determine
the sample size wherein:

N = Population Size
n= N n = sample size
1+ Ne2 e = Margin of Error
PRACTICE!
COMPUTE THE SAMPLE SIZE
You wish to determine the sample of SHS
students in Alibadabad NHS with the following
population per grade: Grade 11=250, Grade
12=350.

Compute for the sample sizes with 1%, 2.5%,


3.5%, and 5% margin of error.
ANSWER: 1%=565, 2.5%=432, 3.5%=340, 5%=234
THE SAMPLE SIZE
New Method: We only need to refer to this
table for our sample sizes, thanks to Krejcie &
Morgan in their 1970 article “Determining
Sample Size for Research Activities.”

https://tinyurl.com/SampleSizeTable
Or scan this QR code to download! →
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
There are generally 2 methods in taking
samples: probability sampling and non-
probability sampling.

• Probability (Random) sampling is BEST


for Quantitative Research
• Non-probability (Non-random) sampling
is BEST for Qualitative Research
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
In probability sampling, each element of the
population has an equal chance of being
selected as respondents of the study
(equiprobability), and that the chances of an
element being selected does not affect, in any
way, the chances of others being selected as
respondent (independence).

Remember these two defining characteristics!


RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

1. Fishbowl Sampling
This is done by writing in a piece of paper all
the elements of the population and placing
the papers in a box or fishbowl. The sample is
chosen by randomly picking a paper inside
the fishbowl. This is also called “draw-lots” or
lottery sampling.
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

2. Table of Random Numbers


Instead of names, numbers are assigned to
each element of a population, then all those
who represent the number generated by a
computer or calculator will constitute the
sample. Pressing the Ran# key in a scientific
calculator will randomly generate a string of
numbers.
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

3. Systematic Sampling
In this method, samples are drawn from
every n-th element of the series representing
a population.
For example, you need 25 respondents in a population
of 200 people. Divide the population by the intended
no. of respondents, as in 200/25=8. You take every 8th
person as respondent (or 8, 16, 24…etc.)
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
4. Cluster Sampling
In this method, the sample is taken per entire
group instead of individuals. Any intact group
is a cluster (i.e. age group, gender group,
grade group, section group, etc.).

This type of sampling is also called Area Sampling


since this is frequently used on geographical basis.
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

5.1 Stratified Random Sampling


Simple stratified sampling gets equal number
of respondents from each subgroup of the
population. This is appropriate when the
number of elements per group are more or
less the same.
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
5.1. Stratified Random Sampling
Categories No. of Elements Sample Size (n)
First Year 125 56
Second Year 130 56
Third Year 116 56
Fourth Year 139 56
Total N = 510 n = 224

Using Slovin’s, we were able to obtain a total of 224


respondents from a population of 510 at 5% margin
of error. Then simply divide the number of sample to
the number of subgroup as in 224/4=56.
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

5.2. Proportional SRS


This type of SRS considers the ratio of the
number of elements in the subgroup to the
total number of population. This is appropriate
when the number in each subgroup are not
proportionally equal.
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
5.2. Proportional SRS
Formula: Categories No. of Elements Proportion (%) Sample Size (n)
nx = Σn(Nx / ΣN) Grade 7 241 24.6% 70
n1 = 284 (241/980) Grade 8 135 13.8% 39

n1 = 284 (.246) Grade 9 356 36.3% 103


Grade 10 248 25.3% 72
n1 = 69.68 or 70
Total ΣN = 980 100% Σn = 284

Using Slovin’s we got 284 respondents from a


population of 980 at 5% MoE. First get the proportion of
the subgroup by dividing the total population to it.
Then multiply the total sample required to the quotient.
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Note:
Stratified Random Sampling only identifies the
appropriate number of samples per subgroup.
It does not tell you how to get them once the
number is identified. In individually identifying
the elements, you should use any of the other
sampling methods.
RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
6. Multi-stage Sampling
This is a combination of any or all of the
random sampling techniques given here. This
is useful in conducting nationwide surveys or
research which involves a very large
population.
TRY IT!
INDICATE THE SAMPLING METHOD
1. Alex’s target population for his study are
the employees of hotels in Mindanao.
Since there are too many employees in
these establishments, he randomly
selected ten hotels. And then he
considered all employees in those hotels
as participants in his study.
TRY IT!
INDICATE THE SAMPLING METHOD
2. Dianne wants to know if the new
learning modalities in the first semester
affects the academic performance of
senior high students. He took all the lists of
all students in her school and selected
every 6th name to be part of her study.
TRY IT!
INDICATE THE SAMPLING METHOD
3. Faye wants to survey all the parents in
Cagayan de Oro who opt to enroll their
elementary children to an online class. All
in all there are 26,000 parents. Faye took
samples by computing the proportion of
each grade level and taking that same
proportion from the total sample.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH II:
LESSON X: RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS:
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Midge Seiman F. Maines


Subject Teacher

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