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What is a computer Program?
Oo A computer program is a sequence of
instructions written using a Computer
programming Language to perform a
specified task by the computer.
O These programs makethecomputer
understand the user’s requirements, the
function to be performed and the output to be
given to theuser.Uses of Computer Programs
Today computer programs are being usedin almost every field, household,
agriculture, medical, entertainment, defense, communication, etc.
a MS Word, MS Excel, Adobe Photoshop, Internet Explorer, | Chrome,
etc., are examples of computer programs.
@ Computer programs are being used to develop graphics and special effects in
moviemaking.
a Computer programs are being used to perform Ultrasounds, XRays,
and other medical examinations.
Computer programs are being used in our mobile phones for SMS,Chat, and voice
communication.Why we need Programming
Languages? ®
Tn general you communicate with humans by
using natural languages such as Sinhala, Tamil,
English and so forth.
If you want to communicate with a machine lie
a Computer, you cannot use such languages.
Language known as programming languages
can be used to instruct computers.Different types of programming
languages
a Machine level language
a Assembly level language
a High level languageMachine Level Language
Q Machine level languageis the only language understood
by computers.
Q Programentirely consists of binary numbers (0’sand
I’s).
Q Machine language instruction hastwo parts.
—Eg. 0000101 00001000
L Ly
—
Operation code: ‘Operand :
ADD 8
Suchasaddition That identify the
or subtraction data to be
Q Computer program vwaitten lising any language should be
translated to machine language before execute.Assembly Level Language
Q Symbolic operation codes replaced binary operation codes.
—Eg. ADDA: RepresentAddition
a Assemblers convert assembly programs to machine code.
a Easierto write.oocad
High Level Language
Instructions closer to everydayEnglish.
It is easy to understand and write the program.
Eg. BASICCOBOLFORIRAN,C Java, Visual Basic, etc.
Following is a simple program written in C
programming language.
/* Hello World program */
#includecstdio.h>
main()
print#("Hello World");Home work
a Find out advantages and disadvantages of
different types of programming languages.
td cy ey
hen
Machine Level Language
Assembly Level Language
High Level LanguageLanguage Processors / Translators
Computers can understand only one language.
It is known as machine language.
However humans are not familiar with the
machine language.
So you have to specify your idea using a high
level programming language first.
Then translate it into machinelanguage.Language Processors / Translators
Q In order to convert the High level Language to
Machine Level language, Language Processors are
used.
Q Language processors are two types.
- Compilers
- InterpretersCompiler
Q Compiler translates the entire program code from
the language it is written in, into machine level
language.
Q This process of conversion from text formatted
program to binary format file is called program
compilation.
a If you are going to write your program in any
such language, which needs compilation like C,
CH, Java and Pascal, etc., then you will need to
install their compilers before you start
programmingComputer Program File
Computer Binary File
Program
ExecutionInterpreter
a An interpreter translates program code to
machine level language on line by line basis.
Program
ExecutionDifference between an interpreter
and compiler
eres
‘Transiate program one statement at a
time.
It takes less amount of time to analyze!
the source code but the overall
‘execution time is slower.
No intermediate object code (Binary
File) is generated
ores
Scans the entire program and
translate it as a whole into machine
code.
It takes large amount of time to
analyze the source code but overall
execution time is comparatively
faster.
Generates intermediate object code
(Binary file)
Continues translating the program
Until the first error is met, in which
caseit stops. Hence debugging is easy.
It generates the error messageonly
after scanning whole program.
Programming language like Python,
Ruby, PHPuse this
Programming language like C,C+
use Compilers.Processing a High-Level Language
Program
Source program created with an editor
Source code translated into machine language by compiler
a Results in a .obj file (object code)
Linker combines common library routines with object
code
Q Resultsin a.exe file (executable code)
Loader brings executable code into memory and it is run
Step 4 Step 2 Step 3 step step 5Integrated Development Environment
(IDE)
An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software
application that provides a comprehensive environment for
developers to write, test, and debug code.
It integrates various tools required for software development into a
single interface, streamlining the development processExample IDEs
Pee ets
Cand C++
Python
a
Code::Blocks, Dev-C++,
Qdeveloper,
MonoDevelop
NetBeans, Bluel, Eclipse,
Greenfoot, Jdeveloper,
Xcode, Visual J++
Aptana,NetBeans.Kdevelop,
PhpStorm
‘Erie, Wing IDE, Light Table,
Kdevelop, Ninja-IDE
Delphi IDE, LazarusComponents of a programming
language
a English has a predefined grammar, which needs to
be followed to write English statements in a
correct way.
Q Likewise, most of the Human Languages (Tami,
Hindi, English, etc.) are made of several elements
like verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs,
propositions, and conjunctions, etc.
a Similar to that Computer Pro ing
Languagesare also made of basicthree elements.Components of a programming
language
Q Vocabulary
G Acollection of terms valid for the language.
U2 It consists of preserved words provided by the
language and user definedterms.
a Syntax
U Definesthe rules and guidelines for
constructing sentences or instructions.
a Semantics
The meaning of the language instructionsSteps to Develop a Program
Q Developing a program involves steps similar to any
problem solving task.
Q There are five main ingredients in the programming
process.
«sDefining the problem
«Planning the solution
«Coding the problem
«Testing the program
«Documenting the programDefining the Problem
Q Defining the problem consists of identifying what
is known and what is wanted to obtain.
a Eventually, the programmer produces a written
agreement that, among other things, specifies the
kind of input, processing and output required.Planning the solution
a This is the stage where you decide how your
program will work to meet the decisions you
made during defining the problem.
a In this phase you simply write down the steps in
the correct order, that you are required to
perform, to solvethe problem.
a When all these steps are put together you have
what is called anAlgorithm.What is an Algorithm?
a Analgorithm is a complete step-by-step procedure
for solving aproblem or accomplishing a task.
a Algorithms canbe represent by using
2 Flowcharts.
2 Pseudo Codes.What is an Algorithm?
Thefollowing isanalgorithm for makinga cupof tea.
1. Fillthe kettle with water.
2. Boil the water in thekettle.
3. Putthe teabag in acup.
4. Poursome of the boiled water into the cup.
5. Addmilk to the cup.
. Add sugarto the cup.
Stir the tea.Exercise
Write algorithms for following problems.
© Find some of two numbers
© Find area of tringles and display it
© Findthe largest from giventwo numbers and display the largestnumber.