OSI Model

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model conceptually illustrates seven abstraction
layers of communication framework that devices use for interoperability over the network.
In the 1980s, the model was a globally accepted standard framework for network
communication.
The model defines a set of rules and regulations required to render interoperability
between different software and devices.

It was introduced by the Internet Organisation of Standards in 1984 when computer

networking was only becoming a new concept. Even though the internet these days is based
on a simpler networking model, TCP/IP. The OSI 7-layer model is still used to visualize the
basic essential

Physical Layer: The Physical layer is the first layer of the OSI Model. The physical layer works
for the sending of individual bits from one node to another node. This layer is actually
responsible for the connection between two devices. Whatever data comes to this layer is
converted in binary format, i.e. 0’s and 1’s. After converting it, send data to the Data-link
layer.

Data Link Layer: The Data Link layer is the second layer above the model’s Physical layer.
The data link layer has the responsibility of moving frames from one node to the other
node. This layer makes sure that data received or transferred should be error-free. It also
ensures security by attaching some bits at the starting and end of the frame.

Network Layer: The Network layer is the third layer of this model. The network layer has a
duty to deliver the individual packets from the source node to the destination node. It
actually sends data from one network to another. It makes use of different routing
algorithms to send data. The network layer carries an IP address at the header.
Transport Layer: The Transport layer is the fourth layer of this Model. The transport layer
has the responsibility to deliver the message from one process to another. It takes data
from the network layer and transmits data to the application layer. In this layer, the main
thing is acknowledgement. Acknowledgement is the process of data transmission over the
network successfully. This layer resides on the operating system of the device. It works with
the system calls.

Session Layer: The session layer is the fifth layer. As the name suggests, this layer manages
sessions between end-user application processes.

Presentation Layer: The presentation layer is the sixth layer. This layer is also called a
Translation layer. This layer is used to present data to the application.

Application Layer: The Application layer is the last and seventh layer of the OSI Model. This
layer is the abstraction layer. Which handles sharing protocols over the computer network
with OSI and TCP/IP

Advantages of OSI Model

 The most vital role that the OSI model plays is to lay the foundation of basic network
architecture, provide visualization and better understanding.
 It helps network operators to understand the hardware and software required to build
a network on their own.
 It comprehends and manages the process performed by the components across a
network.
 Allows ease in troubleshooting issues by pinpointing the layer that has been causing
problems. Helps administrators to resolve them accordingly without interfering with
the rest of the layers in the stack.

Conclusion
Open System Interconnection OSI model is a reference model that provides a convenient
representation of data transmitted across a network. It splits the network communication
tasks into seven manageable bits performed on each abstract layer. Each layer has a unique
responsibility entirely independent of the other layers of the model. Where some of the
layers handle application-related functionalities, the rest of them cope with data
transportation responsibilities. Hence, it distributes jobs into quick and convenient layers
and is considered the architectural model of computer networks.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite:

The TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
host-to-network layer is equivalent to the combination of the physical and data link layers.
The internet layer is equivalent to the network layer, and the application layer is roughly
doing the job of the session, presentation, and application layers with the transport layer in
TCP/IP taking care of part of the duties of the session layer.

TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, each of which provides a

specific functionality; however, the modules are not necessarily interdependent. Whereas
the OSI model specifies which functions belong to each of its layers, the layers of the TCP/IP
protocol suite contain relatively independent protocols that can be mixed and matched
depending on the needs of the system. The term hierarchical means that each upper-level
protocol is supported by one or more lower-level protocols.

At the transport layer, TCP/IP defines three protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),
User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). At the
network layer, the main protocol defined by TCP/IP is the Internetworking Protocol (IP);
there are also some other protocols that support data movement in this layer.
1. Host-to-Network Layer:

The TCP/IP reference model does not really say much about what happens here, except to
point out that the host has to connect to the network using some protocol so it can send IP
packets to it. This protocol is not defined and varies from host to host and network to
network.

2. Internet Layer:

Its job is to permit hosts to inject packets into any network and have they travel
independently to the destination (potentially on a different network). They may even arrive
in a different order than they were sent, in which case it is the job of higher layers to
rearrange them, if in-order delivery is desired.

The internet layer defines an official packet format and protocol called IP (Internet
Protocol). The job of the internet layer is to deliver IP packets where they are supposed to
go. Packet routing is clearly the major issue here, as is avoiding congestion.
3. The Transport Layer:

The layer above the internet layer in the TCP/IP model is now usually called the transport
layer. It is designed to allow peer entities on the source and destination hosts to carry on a
conversation, just as in the OSI transport layer. Two end-to-end transport protocols have
been defined here. The first one, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), is a reliable
connection-oriented protocol that allows a byte stream originating on one machine to be
delivered without error on any other machine in the internet. It fragments the incoming
byte stream into discrete messages and passes each one on to the internet layer. At the
destination, the receiving TCP process reassembles the received messages into the output
stream.
TCP also handles flow control to make sure a fast sender cannot swamp a slow receiver with
more messages than it can handle.

The second protocol in this layer, UDP (User Datagram Protocol), is an unreliable,
connectionless protocol for applications that do not want TCP's sequencing or flow control
and wish to provide their own. It is also widely used for one-shot, client-server-type request-
reply queries and applications in which prompt delivery is more important than accurate
delivery, such as transmitting speech or video.
4. The Application Layer:

The TCP/IP model does not have session or presentation layers. On top of the transport
layer is the application layer. It contains all the higher-level protocols. The early ones
included virtual terminal (TELNET), file transfer (FTP), and electronic mail (SMTP). The virtual
terminal protocol allows a user on one machine to log onto a distant machine and work
there. The file transfer protocol provides a way to move data efficiently from one machine
to another. Electronic mail was originally just a kind of file transfer, but later a specialized
protocol (SMTP) was developed for it. Many other protocols have been added to these over
the years: The Domain Name System (DNS) for mapping host names onto their network
addresses, NNTP, the protocol for moving USENET news articles around, and HTTP, the
protocol for fetching pages on the World Wide Web, and many others.
Comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP Reference Models: