What is computer?

Computer is an electronic device that can accept

the data from input devices, processed the data,
convert into use full information and display on
the Output device.
Or
Computer is an electronic device which accept
data and instruction from user or input device
process the data according to given instruction
and give result or information to user on the
output devices.
Or
Computer is an electronic device which accepts data
process the data and produce the result.

Computer word is taken from Latin language compute which means to calculate some things

Elements of Computer System

Hardware
Are those parts of computer that is seeable and teachable is called Hardware.
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  Keyboard
 Mouse
 USB
 Joy stick
 Scanner
 Camera
Software
Are those parts of computer that is seeable but not teachable is called software.
Word
Excel
Photoshop
Paint and so on

Place
When a user want to use a computer so must assign a better place for that

User
A person who used computer is called user.
Like: ALI ----AHMAD----KHALID
Procedure
Means methods of learning

Input Device or Input Unite

Input devices are those devices through which the data or instructions are transfer into a
computer are called input devices.

Or
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Input units are those units through which computer get
data and instruction from user is called input unit or
device.
Or
Input devices are those units through which we give data to the computer is called input unit or
device.
Like

1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. USB
4. Joy stick
5. Light Pen
6. Camera
7. Scanner

Keyboard
It is an input device which is used to transfer information to the computer.
The keyboard keys are dived into several parts.

Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter,

number, punctuation, and symbol keys found on a traditional
typewriter.
Control keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with other
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keys to perform certain actions. The most frequently used control keys
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are Ctrl, Alt, the Windows logo key, and Esc.

Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific
tasks. They are labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The
functionality of these keys differs from program to program.
Navigation keys. These keys are used for moving around in
documents or webpages and editing text. They include the
arrow keys, home, end, page up, page down, delete, and insert.
Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering
numbers quickly. The keys are grouped together in a block like
a conventional calculator or adding machine.
The following illustration shows how these keys are arranged on a typical keyboard. Your
keyboard layout might be different.

Mouse
Mouse is also an input device by this device a user can give instruction to the computer.
Mouse has three main buttons
Left button or left click
Right button or right click
Scroll button or wheel
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 USB  (universal serial bus) Flash
It is also called pen drive or keychain drive.
It is also an input device by which we can transfer information from one computer to another
computer flash or USB looks in deferent shapes.

Joy stick
It is an input device which is used for video game.
It has one handle which is used to control the game in all direction.
Suppose to move the car in game use the handle in right, left, up and down

Light pen
It is an input device that provide an opportunity to input to the computer by writing and scathing
on the screen of a monitor.

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Scanner
It is an input device that transfer s images and text to the computer.

Camera
A Camera is in input device used to transfers images to the computer with the
help of cable.

What is output Devices?

Output devices are those devices by which computer can give or show the result to user.
Or
Output devices are those by which computer transfer the result of processed data as useful
information

The main types of Out Put Device

 Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker
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 Projector
Printer

Speaker
Projector
Projector is the Output Device.

What is Data?
The row form of information is called data.
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Or
The unorganized form of information is called data.
Or
Anything before processing is called data.

Types of data
There are several types of data.
1. Numeric data
 All numbers aare known as numeric data.
2. Alphabetic data
 All alphabetic are known as alphabetic data.
3. Special symbolic data.
 All symbols are known as symbolic data.

Textual data
The combination of alphabetic and numeric and symbolic data is called textual data
ABCD 1234 !@#$% 

Textual data

Graphical Data:
Graphical data consists of still images.

Audio:
Audio data consists of voice and sounds.

Video:
Video data consists of movies and sounds.

State of data
Data has two states
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1. Physical data
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a. Those types of data that is teachable is called physical data.

2. Logical data.
 a. Those types of data that is seeable but not teachable is called logical data.

Information
 The processed form of data is called information.
 The organized and meaningful form of data from which we can make decision is called
information.
 When data is processed meaning fully according to our instruction its become
information.
So data is the form which we give to computer, like input and information is the output of the
computer

Classification Of Computer According To Their Speed And

Power

1. Supper Computer
2. Mainframe Computer
3. Mini Computer
4. Micro Computer

Super computer
These are the largest, fastest and most expensive computers.
Super computer can handle over 10,000 users.
Supper computer introduce in 1970s.
It is the biggest in size and most expensive in price than other computers.
It has very large storage capacity.
It is more advanced computer.
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 Super computers are used for solving the complex application such as global weather,
creating graphic images, engineering design and testing and other problems where it is
necessary to process huge quantity of data quickly.
Cost: Several Million Dollars
Speed: 60 billion instructions per second.

Mainframe Computer
Mainframe computer was introduced in 1975
A mainframe computer is usually slower less powerful and less expensive than supper
computer.
Mainframe computer can handle over hundreds of users. Mainframe computer usually
require a specialized environment including air condition.
It is used in government agencies, insurance companies etc…
Cost: Several Hundred thousand dollars
Speed: 250 million instructions per second
Very large in size
More powerful less than supper computer.
Multiple processor
It can store a large amount of data.
Qualified operator is required to use this computer.
Use in large organization
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Mini Computer

The Mini computer is the smaller system has become more common than large
mainframe computer.
Minicomputer physically smaller and less expensive than mainframe computer.
Newer mini computers are even faster and more powerful than some of the older
mainframe computers.
It was introduced in 1960s.
Small in size than mainframe computer.
Less expensive than mainframe computer.
Two or more than two processors.
Multi user (2 to 1000)
Telecommunication facilities that allow smaller computers to communicate with each
other.
Cost: 25000 dollars to over 150,000 dollars.
Speed: 150 million instructions per second.

Micro Computer
Microcomputers are the most common and the smallest type of computers. They are
primarily designed for single user, but can be interconnected among themselves to form a
local area network (LAN).
It was introduced in 1970s.

PC
Personal Computer
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There are two types of micro computers

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Desktop
 Laptop
Very small in size than minicomputer.
Less expensive than minicomputer.
At a time single user can use it.
Very less amount of data can be store than mainframe and mini computers.
Less powerful than minicomputer.
It is used at home, Office and educational institutions.
It is also called personal computer (PC)
Data is provided from the keyboard.

The capacity of memory storage measure in bit or byte.

Bit is the smallest unit of memory through which we measure the memory. Any binary number
is called bit that is 1 and 0. It is denoted by small .The group of 8 bits is called one byte. It is
denoted by capital B. it is used to store single character.
8 bit = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 KB = Kilobyte
1024 KB = 1 MB = Megabyte
1024 MB = 1 GB = Gagabyte
10 24GB = 1 TB = Terabyte
1024 TB = 1 PB = Petabyte
1024 PB = 1 EB = Exabyte
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1024 EB = 1 ZB = Zettabyte
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1024 ZB = 1 YB = Yottabyte
 Classification of Software

There are two types of Software

System software Application software

Software system software has two types Application software has two types

Package software Custom software

Operating system Language software

System Software
System software is used to full fill the requirements of system is called system
software.
Or
Any program that control the software and hardware parts of computer is called system
software.
a. Operating system.
a. The software that control the computer from deferent problems is called
OPRATING software.
an operating system essential for computer because it acts as an interpreter
between hardware , software and user.
b. Language software
a. Those software through which we create further software is called language
software. Like
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i. VB.NET
ii. C#
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iii. C++
 iv. ORACLE and so on
B. Application Software
Is used to full fill the requirements of user or is used to perform specific task for
user is called application software.
a. Package Software.
a. those software which are not developed for particular user or
organization but every one or every organization can use it
i. office programs
ii. Photoshop
iii. Flash
iv. Coral draw and so on
b. Custom Software
a. This type of software are developed by order of particular user or
organization.

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According to processor
1. Analog computer
2. Digital computer
3. Hybrid computer
Analog computer
It is that which received the instruction and data in analog format and produce the output in
analog form like
Weather
A long ago phones

Digital computer
Is that which received the instructions in digital form and produce the output in digital format
Like computer work
When we give instruction to computer it shows in its format
Hybrid computer
Is the combination of analog and digital means received the instructions in analog format and
produce the output in digital format.
Like
Pump station

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