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1. What is JavaScript?
o Answer: JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language that is primarily
used for building dynamic web pages and adding interactivity to websites.
2. Explain the difference between undefined and null.
o Answer: undefined is a variable that has been declared but has not been assigned a
value, whereas null is an assignment value representing the absence of an object value.
3. What is the purpose of the typeof operator?
o Answer: The typeof operator is used to determine the data type of a variable or
expression.
4. What is the DOM (Document Object Model)?
o Answer: The DOM is a programming interface for web documents. It represents the
structure of a document as a tree of objects, where each object corresponds to a part of the
document, such as elements and attributes.
5. What is the difference between == and === in JavaScript?
o Answer: == is the equality operator, which performs type coercion, while === is the strict
equality operator, which requires both value and type to be the same for equality.
6. Explain the concept of closures in JavaScript.
o Answer: Closures allow functions to access variables from their outer scope, even after
the outer function has finished executing.
7. What is an IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression)?
o Answer: An IIFE is a function that is defined and executed immediately after its creation.
8. What is the event delegation in JavaScript?
o Answer: Event delegation is a technique where a single event listener is attached to a
common ancestor rather than to individual elements. This is particularly useful for dynamically
created elements.
9. How does hoisting work in JavaScript?
o Answer: Hoisting is a JavaScript behavior where variable and function declarations are
moved to the top of their containing scope during compilation.
10. What is the difference between let, const, and var in variable declaration?
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o Answer: let and const are block-scoped, while var is function-scoped. Variables declared
with let can be reassigned, const variables cannot be reassigned, and var has no such
restriction.
11. What is the purpose of the this keyword in JavaScript?
o Answer: The this keyword refers to the current context or object in which the code is
executing.
12. What is a promise in JavaScript?
o Answer: A promise is an object representing the eventual completion or failure of an
asynchronous operation, and its resulting value.
13. Explain the concept of callback functions.
o Answer: Callback functions are functions passed as arguments to another function to be
executed later, often used in asynchronous operations.
14. What is the difference between slice() and splice()?
o Answer: slice() is used to extract a portion of an array without modifying the original
array, while splice() is used to add or remove elements from an array.
15. What is the purpose of the bind() method in JavaScript?
o Answer: The bind() method is used to create a new function with a specified this value
and initial arguments.
16. What is the use of the map() function in JavaScript?
o Answer: The map() function is used to create a new array by applying a provided
function to each element of an existing array.
17. How does the async/await feature work in JavaScript?
o Answer: async/await is a syntax for working with asynchronous code. The async keyword
is used to define asynchronous functions, and await is used to wait for a promise to resolve.
18. What is the purpose of the localStorage and sessionStorage objects?
o Answer: localStorage and sessionStorage are web storage objects used to store key-value
pairs locally on the client's browser. The data stored in localStorage persists even after the
browser is closed, while data in sessionStorage is only available for the duration of the page
session.
19. Explain the concept of prototypal inheritance in JavaScript.
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o Answer: Prototypal inheritance is a mechanism where objects can inherit properties and
methods from other objects through a prototype chain.
20. How does the event.preventDefault() method work?
o Answer: event.preventDefault() is used to prevent the default behavior of an event, such
as preventing a form from being submitted or a link from being followed.
21. What is the purpose of the Object.keys() method?
o Answer: Object.keys() is used to return an array of a given object's own enumerable
property names.
22. Explain the concept of AJAX in JavaScript.
o Answer: AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a technique used to make
asynchronous requests to a server from the client without reloading the entire page.
23. What is the purpose of the fetch() function in JavaScript?
o Answer: The fetch() function is used to make network requests and returns a Promise
that resolves to the Response to that request.
24. What is the difference between arrow functions and regular functions?
o Answer: Arrow functions do not have their own this and arguments, and they cannot be
used as constructors. They also have a shorter syntax.
25. What is the role of the NaN value in JavaScript?
o Answer: NaN stands for "Not-a-Number" and is a special value representing an
unrepresentable value as a number. It is returned when a mathematical operation cannot
produce a meaningful result.
26. How does the JSON.stringify() method work?
o Answer: JSON.stringify() is used to convert a JavaScript object into a JSON string.
27. What is the purpose of the addEventListener() method?
o Answer: addEventListener() is used to attach an event handler function to an HTML
element.
28. Explain the concept of the Same-Origin Policy in the context of JavaScript.
o Answer: The Same-Origin Policy is a security measure that restricts web pages from
making requests to a domain that is different from the one that served the web page.
29. What is a callback hell? How can it be avoided?
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o Answer: Callback hell (or the Pyramid of Doom) is a situation where multiple nested
callbacks make the code hard to read and maintain. It can be avoided by using techniques like
modularization, Promises, or async/await.
30. What is the purpose of the Array.isArray() method?
o Answer: Array.isArray() is used to check whether an object is an array.
31. Explain the concept of the Event Loop in JavaScript.
o Answer: The Event Loop is the process that handles the execution of code, including
events and asynchronous operations, in a non-blocking manner.
32. What is the purpose of the arguments object in JavaScript?
o Answer: The arguments object is an array-like object available in functions that contains
the values of the arguments passed to the function.
33. What is a callback function in the context of asynchronous programming?
o Answer: A callback function is a function passed as an argument to another function to
be executed later, often used in asynchronous operations to handle the results of those
operations.
34. Explain the concept of memoization in JavaScript.
o Answer: Memoization is an optimization technique where the results of expensive
function calls are cached so that the same results can be returned for the same inputs without
re-computation.
35. What is the purpose of the try...catch statement in JavaScript?
o Answer: try...catch is used to handle exceptions (errors) in JavaScript. Code in the try
block is executed, and if an error occurs, it is caught and handled in the catch block.
36. What is the purpose of the use strict directive in JavaScript?
o Answer: "use strict"; is a directive that enables strict mode, which catches common
coding errors and prevents the use of certain error-prone features.
37. How does the Array.reduce() method work?
o Answer: Array.reduce() is used to reduce an array to a single value by applying a function
to each element of the array, accumulating the result.
38. What is the purpose of the Promise.all() method?
o Answer: Promise.all() is used to wait for all promises in an iterable to be fulfilled and
returns a single promise that resolves to an array of the fulfilled values.
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39. Explain the concept of WebSockets in JavaScript.

o Answer: WebSockets provide a full-duplex communication channel over a single, long-
lived connection, allowing for real-time data transfer between the client and server.
40. What is the difference between the == operator and the === operator in JavaScript?
o Answer: == performs type coercion, converting operands to the same type before
making the comparison, while === strictly compares both value and type.
41. How does the Object.create() method work?
o Answer: Object.create() is used to create a new object with the specified prototype
object and properties.
42. Explain the concept of CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) in JavaScript.
o Answer: CORS is a security feature implemented by web browsers that controls which
web pages can make requests to a different domain than the one that served the web page.
43. What is the purpose of the arguments object in JavaScript?
o Answer: The arguments object is an array-like object available in functions that contains
the values of the arguments passed to the function.
44. How does event bubbling differ from event capturing in JavaScript?
o Answer: Event bubbling is the process where an event starts from the target element
and bubbles up to the root of the DOM, while event capturing is the opposite, starting from the
root and trickling down to the target element.
45. What is the purpose of the Symbol data type in JavaScript?
o Answer: Symbol is a primitive data type introduced in ECMAScript 6, used to create
unique identifiers.
46. How does the localStorage differ from sessionStorage?
o Answer: Both localStorage and sessionStorage are web storage objects, but localStorage
persists even after the browser is closed, while data in sessionStorage is only available for the
duration of the page session.
47. Explain the concept of currying in JavaScript.
o Answer: Currying is a technique where a function with multiple arguments is
transformed into a sequence of functions, each taking a single argument.
48. What is the purpose of the Array.filter() method?
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o Answer: Array.filter() is used to create a new array with all elements that pass a test
implemented by the provided function.
49. How does the setTimeout() function work in JavaScript?
o Answer: setTimeout() is used to execute a function or evaluate an expression after a
specified delay, measured in milliseconds.
50. What is the role of the export and import keywords in JavaScript?
o Answer: export is used to export variables, functions, or classes from a module, and
import is used to import them into another module.
51. What is the purpose of the Symbol.iterator method in JavaScript?
o Answer: The Symbol.iterator method is used to define a custom iterator for an object,
enabling it to be iterated through for...of loops.
52. Explain the concept of the event delegation in JavaScript.
o Answer: Event delegation is a technique where a single event listener is attached to a
common ancestor rather than to individual elements. This is particularly useful for dynamically
created elements.
53. How does the localStorage differ from sessionStorage?
o Answer: Both localStorage and sessionStorage are web storage objects, but localStorage
persists even after the browser is closed, while data in sessionStorage is only available for the
duration of the page session.
54. What is the purpose of the try...catch statement in JavaScript?
o Answer: try...catch is used to handle exceptions (errors) in JavaScript. Code in the try
block is executed, and if an error occurs, it is caught and handled in the catch block.
55. Explain the concept of memoization in JavaScript.
o Answer: Memoization is an optimization technique where the results of expensive
function calls are cached so that the same results can be returned for the same inputs without
re-computation.
56. What is the purpose of the use strict directive in JavaScript?
o Answer: "use strict"; is a directive that enables strict mode, which catches common
coding errors and prevents the use of certain error-prone features.
57. How does the Array.reduce() method work?
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o Answer: Array.reduce() is used to reduce an array to a single value by applying a function

to each element of the array, accumulating the result.
58. What is the purpose of the Promise.all() method?
o Answer: Promise.all() is used to wait for all promises in an iterable to be fulfilled and
returns a single promise that resolves to an array of the fulfilled values.
59. Explain the concept of WebSockets in JavaScript.
o Answer: WebSockets provide a full-duplex communication channel over a single, long-
lived connection, allowing for real-time data transfer between the client and server.
60. What is the difference between the == operator and the === operator in JavaScript?
o Answer: == performs type coercion, converting operands to the same type before
making the comparison, while === strictly compares both value and type.
61. How does the Object.create() method work?
o Answer: Object.create() is used to create a new object with the specified prototype
object and properties.
62. Explain the concept of CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) in JavaScript.
o Answer: CORS is a security feature implemented by web browsers that controls which
web pages can make requests to a different domain than the one that served the web page.
63. What is the purpose of the arguments object in JavaScript?
o Answer: The arguments object is an array-like object available in functions that contains
the values of the arguments passed to the function.
64. How does event bubbling differ from event capturing in JavaScript?
o Answer: Event bubbling is the process where an event starts from the target element
and bubbles up to the root of the DOM, while event capturing is the opposite, starting from the
root and trickling down to the target element.
65. What is the purpose of the Symbol data type in JavaScript?
o Answer: Symbol is a primitive data type introduced in ECMAScript 6, used to create
unique identifiers.
66. What is the role of the export and import keywords in JavaScript?
o Answer: export is used to export variables, functions, or classes from a module, and
import is used to import them into another module.
67. Explain the concept of currying in JavaScript.
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o Answer: Currying is a technique where a function with multiple arguments is

transformed into a sequence of functions, each taking a single argument.
68. What is the purpose of the Array.filter() method?
o Answer: Array.filter() is used to create a new array with all elements that pass a test
implemented by the provided function.
69. How does the setTimeout() function work in JavaScript?
o Answer: setTimeout() is used to execute a function or evaluate an expression after a
specified delay, measured in milliseconds.
70. What is the role of the this keyword in arrow functions?
o Answer: Arrow functions do not have their own this context; they inherit this from the
enclosing scope.
71. Explain the concept of the prototype chain in JavaScript.
o Answer: The prototype chain is a mechanism for inheritance in JavaScript, where objects
can inherit properties and methods from other objects through a chain of prototypes.
72. What is the purpose of the Math object in JavaScript?
o Answer: The Math object provides mathematical functions and constants in JavaScript.
73. How can you check if a variable is an array in JavaScript?
o Answer: You can use the Array.isArray() method to check if a variable is an array.
74. Explain the concept of the "event loop" in the context of JavaScript.
o Answer: The event loop is the mechanism that handles the execution of code, including
events and asynchronous operations, in a non-blocking manner.
75. What is a closure in JavaScript?
o Answer: A closure is a function that has access to variables from its outer (enclosing)
scope, even after the outer function has finished executing.
76. What is the purpose of the Array.forEach() method?
o Answer: Array.forEach() is used to iterate over the elements of an array and execute a
provided function for each element.
77. Explain the concept of the document object in the DOM.
o Answer: The document object represents the HTML document and provides methods
and properties for interacting with the content of the document.
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78. How can you prevent the default behavior of an HTML form submission in JavaScript?
o Answer: You can use the event.preventDefault() method within the form submission
event handler to prevent the default form submission behavior.
79. What is the purpose of the Object.freeze() method in JavaScript?
o Answer: Object.freeze() is used to freeze an object, making it immutable by preventing
the addition, modification, or deletion of properties.
80. Explain the concept of two-way data binding in JavaScript frameworks.
o Answer: Two-way data binding is a mechanism where changes to the model (data) are
automatically reflected in the view, and vice versa, without explicit programming by the
developer. This is commonly used in modern JavaScript frameworks like Angular and Vue.js.
81. What is the purpose of the bind() method in JavaScript?
o Answer: The bind() method is used to create a new function with a specified this value
and initial arguments.
82. Explain the concept of event propagation in JavaScript.
o Answer: Event propagation involves the capturing and bubbling phases during the
dispatch of an event in the DOM. Capturing occurs from the root to the target, and bubbling
occurs from the target back to the root.
83. What is the difference between let and const in JavaScript?
o Answer: Both let and const are used to declare variables, but const declares a constant
whose value cannot be changed after initialization, while let allows reassignment.
84. How does the async/await feature simplify asynchronous code in JavaScript?
o Answer: async/await is a syntactic sugar for working with promises. It allows writing
asynchronous code in a more synchronous-like style, making it easier to read and maintain.
85. What is the purpose of the Array.slice() method?
o Answer: The Array.slice() method is used to extract a portion of an array without
modifying the original array.
86. Explain the difference between localStorage and sessionStorage in terms of data
persistence.
o Answer: localStorage persists data even after the browser is closed, while data stored in
sessionStorage is only available for the duration of the page session.
87. What is the significance of the defer attribute in a script tag?
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o Answer: The defer attribute in a script tag is used to indicate that the script should be
executed after the HTML document has been completely parsed.
88. How can you check if a variable is defined in JavaScript?
o Answer: You can use the typeof operator or a simple conditional statement like if (typeof
variable !== 'undefined') to check if a variable is defined.
89. What is the purpose of the Array.unshift() method?
o Answer: Array.unshift() is used to add one or more elements to the beginning of an array
and returns the new length of the array.
90. Explain the concept of hoisting in JavaScript.
o Answer: Hoisting is a JavaScript behavior where variable and function declarations are
moved to the top of their containing scope during compilation.
91. What is the role of the Map object in JavaScript?
o Answer: The Map object is used to store key-value pairs and provides methods for
working with these pairs. Keys can be of any data type.
92. How does the Object.assign() method work in JavaScript?
o Answer: Object.assign() is used to copy the values of all enumerable own properties
from one or more source objects to a target object.
93. Explain the purpose of the Promise.race() method.
o Answer: Promise.race() is used to wait for the first promise in an iterable to be resolved
or rejected, and it returns a new promise.
94. What is the significance of the void operator in JavaScript?
o Answer: The void operator is used to evaluate an expression and return undefined. It is
often used in the href attribute of a link to prevent the page from navigating.
95. What is the purpose of the Array.map() method?
o Answer: Array.map() is used to create a new array by applying a provided function to
each element of an existing array.
96. Explain the concept of the Single Responsibility Principle in the context of JavaScript.
o Answer: The Single Responsibility Principle states that a function or class should have
only one reason to change, meaning it should have only one responsibility or job.
97. How can you convert a string to a number in JavaScript?
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o Answer: You can use the parseInt() or parseFloat() functions to convert a string to an
integer or a floating-point number, respectively.
98. What is a closure, and how is it useful in JavaScript?
o Answer: A closure is a function that has access to variables from its outer (enclosing)
scope, even after the outer function has finished executing. Closures are useful for creating
private variables and maintaining state in functional programming.
99. How does the Array.find() method work?
o Answer: Array.find() is used to return the first element in an array that satisfies a
provided testing function. If no element is found, undefined is returned.
100. What is the purpose of the encodeURIComponent() function in JavaScript?
o Answer: encodeURIComponent() is used to encode a URI component by replacing
special characters with their corresponding percent-encoded representations.