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Time-Limited Existential Therapy
Time-Limited Existential Therapy
Second Edition
Alison Strasser
With Freddie Strasser
This second edition first published 2022
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition History
John Wiley & Sons Ltd (1e, 1997)
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The right of Alison Strasser to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance
with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Strasser, Alison, author. | Strasser, Freddie, author.
Title: Time-limited existential therapy : the wheel of existence / Alison
Strasser with Freddie Strasser
Other titles: Existential time-limited therapy.
Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, 2022. |
Revision of: Existential time-limited therapy / Freddie Strasser and
Alison Strasser. 1997. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021043976 (print) | LCCN 2021043977 (ebook) | ISBN
9781118713716 (paperback) | ISBN 9781118713686 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781118713709 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Existential psychotherapy. | Brief psychotherapy.
Classification: LCC RC489.E93 S77 2022(print) | LCC RC489.E93(ebook) |
DDC 616.89/147–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021043976
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021043977
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © Dody Strasser, RBA
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Freddie Strasser (1924–2008)
This book is dedicated to my dad, Freddie Strasser, whose wisdom, innovation, and
vision, whose passion for the time-limited modular approach, and whose appetite
for wheels of every description laid the foundational ideas upon which this book
is based.
Thank you for remaining steadfastly by my side as this second edition took shape
and for your unswerving belief.
Your Hungarian charm and infectious smile will continue to ripple in all those
who have been touched by your irrepressible spirit.
vii
Contents
Foreword ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xvii
About the Author xviii
Part I 1
Part II 39
7 Establishing Safety 73
8 Discovering Anxiety 81
References 162
Index 168
ix
Foreword
All therapy, de facto, is time limited and has a beginning and an end. In this it is
very much like human existence. The more we allow ourselves to be aware of the
limits of life, the defter we get at using the space and time available to us. It is like
this with therapy too: the more we approach it with awareness of its limits and
boundaries, the sharper becomes its lens, allowing us to throw a clear light on a
person’s difficulties whilst illuminating their possibilities. Time, here too, is of the
essence, as it leads us naturally from our memory-laden past, through our present
predicaments, towards a future purpose and destination. Throughout the pages of
this book our journey in time points the way towards progress, meaning, and
understanding.
When Freddie Strasser and his daughter Alison Strasser co-authored their book
on time-limited therapy at the end of the 1990s, they had both relatively recently
completed their existential training (with me), but had already shown themselves
to be prime contributors to the existential approach. In that earlier book I recog-
nised many of the ingredients I had introduced them to, though they had been
mixed and prepared in a new way, providing a fresh and original take on existen-
tial therapy that foregrounded the important theme of the time-limited nature of
our profession.
In this new volume, Alison Strasser has remixed the themes, elegantly updating
her vision of time-limited work, displaying her maturity of thought and her pro-
fessionalism. Here we find a broader spectrum, a more coherent narrative, and a
much more sure-footed account of time-limited existential therapy. This is now a
clear and carefully worked out guide demonstrating to existential therapists how
they can concretely apply these ideas to their everyday practice with their clients.
This is a book by a seasoned and talented therapist, who has not only seen hun-
dreds of clients over the intervening decades, but who has created a thriving exis-
tential training institute of her own, in Sydney, Australia, and who has taught and
supervised many hundreds of trainees over the years.
x Foreword
The experience jumps off the page and is continuously in evidence through the
intertwining of theoretical concepts and practical application. There are many
vignettes, whose storylines are engaging whilst highlighting the points that mat-
ter. There are great summaries of relevant philosophical ideas and of salient
practitioners’ work. There are also plenty of original contributions, culminating
in a brand-new ‘wheel of existence’, which will speak to existential therapists
worldwide.
Alison Strasser has boldly taken up the challenge of revising and reviving a
highly successful book, which she wrote together with her late father. Having had
the immense pleasure of knowing and working with Freddie Strasser myself, I
have no doubt that he would have smiled proudly upon this feat of daughterly
pluck and accomplishment. The book will give his own reputation a new lease of
life, thus cheating time and death itself in the nicest possible way. Many new read-
ers will now benefit from their joint ideas, and previous readers will note how
these ideas have thrived and blossomed, through Alison’s work, over the years.
The book is a true testimony to the ripening of life with the passing of time. It will
be appreciated on many continents.
Preface
The only man who behaved sensibly was my tailor: he took my measure anew
every time he saw me, while all the rest went on with their old measurements
and expected them to fit me.
George Bernard Shaw, Man and Superman (1905)
The first edition of this book, Existential Time Limited Therapy: The Wheel of
Existence (Strasser & Strasser, 1997), co-authored by my father, Freddie Strasser,
and me, paved a pathway to describing how existential therapy offers an effective
approach to brief therapy where ‘it was the certainty of the ending that was identi-
fied as the most influential distinguishing factor’ (Lamont, 2012, p. 172). We pro-
posed that time itself is the ‘tool’ that facilitates awareness and the potential
for change.
One of the original aims of the first edition was to convey existential philosophy
as a vehicle for common sense. Neither my father nor I saw ourselves as experts in
existential philosophy; however, we were both stimulated by how the integration
of existential and phenomenological philosophies added alternative perspectives
and ways of understanding people that related to their concrete living in the world
rather than being limited to a psychological perspective. As is probably true for
most existential practitioners, we saw ourselves as existential-oriented therapists,
signifying that we are informed by numerous ideas and approaches that build on
our own personal experiences.
In the first edition, we presented the modular approach where the client was
offered 12 sessions with the first 10 sessions as consecutive and the final 2 sessions
spread a month apart. A subsequent module of 12 sessions could be discussed and
implemented depending on the client’s particular circumstances. Indeed, the dis-
cussion itself about continuing or not is one of the hidden gems of this approach
in that some clients are adamant about wishing to continue or not. Such responses
tend to relate to, and reveal, clients’ attitudes towards themselves and to relation-
ships in general.
xii Preface
we negotiate a series of sessions before the final closure. This manner of ending
brings out many of the advantages of the time-limited modular approach and the
benefits for some clients of working over a longer time period. Later, I discovered
that this was similar to Otto Rank’s (1929) concept of time-limited therapy that I
shall return to in Chapter 3. As so cogently described by a supervisee who closed
her practice using this ‘time-aware and time-limited’ approach, ‘working with the
ending was like a dream come true; my clients took up their own baton and truly
worked in earnest’.
Yalom (2008) writes about explicitly alluding to death in every session; I pro-
pose that our relationship to time is an expansive way of calling attention to end-
ings that might include our relationship to our physical death but is inclusive of
all the other beginnings and endings that occur in life. Every session has a start
and finish, every day has its morning and night, every job has an induction and
termination, and all relationships begin and end. By calling attention to this real-
ity, it allows for the possibility of working with all the intrinsic anxieties, para-
doxes, and vulnerabilities highlighted in the modular approach explored in the
first edition.
The proposal to bring time-limited awareness to all therapy is about recognising
that contextual working situations are diverse, that our circumstances differ, and
that, as therapists, we have personal preferences. My work as a supervisor has
privileged me with insights into the gamut of the many and varied circumstances,
contexts and experiences of my supervisees: therapists and supervisors in private
practice; practitioners that work in agencies with a fixed number of client sessions
varying from 6 weeks to 6 months; those that permit additional sessions; those
that require clients to be referred elsewhere after the maximum sessions are com-
plete. These insights have highlighted how we all need to find our own path, our
own voice as therapists. Working with the idea of time and its limitations has its
own flexibility and can be used and worked with as seen fit and appropriate by
each individual.
In some obvious, some subtle ways, this second edition was in its conception –
both during and as soon as the first edition was put to bed – reflecting the notion
that speaks directly to one of the existential ideas that time is in constant flow
with no beginning or ending. This might appear to be in direct opposition to time-
limited therapy which honours the idea that time is limited, thus highlighting
another existential ‘given’ that life is peppered with paradoxes. This second edi-
tion is an opportunity to extend the original ideas around time in therapy to
include a broader spectrum of practitioners and clients. There are many advan-
tages to shorter-term therapy and there are other benefits to working in a more
long-term way. The requirements of the client, the orientation of the therapist or
the specific agency rules are all taken into account when contracting with the cli-
ent. In all of these circumstances, understanding and working with time as an
xvi Preface
explicit theme can alter the flavour of the therapy. Case studies and client vignettes
will be used throughout the book to illustrate and to breathe life into what is often
turgid or difficult language to understand. This edition includes new case studies
and vignettes as well as those from the original book, namely, ‘Lynn’, one of the
studies written by my father which was pivotal in the development of the time-
limited modular approach. In this second edition, all of the other case studies are
composites and representative of being human.
Much has changed since our writing of the first edition, including my under-
standing and working definition of time-limited therapy. My own practice as a
therapist, supervisor, coach, and trainer continues to inform my understanding
and interpretation of existential philosophy. I am indebted to my clients, supervi-
sees, and colleagues for the questions they ask and their inherent courage to ques-
tion not only themselves but me in any of these roles and positions.
The second edition is written to be inclusive of many of the ideas that were
important to my father. I decided to use the pronoun ‘I’ rather than define which
ideas and client stories were his and which were mine. This decision was part of
my personal process of finding my voice and recognising my father’s influence.
Finally, as my father had, and still has, enormous influence on who I have
become and on the way I think and experience life, this second edition honours
both his contribution to the world of existential practice as a therapist, coach, and
mediator and the immense impact he had on defining the modular time-limited
approach. His framework still works and continues to be enormously useful.
Note
i A term used by Jean Paul Sartre (1958) to describe a form of self-deception and
avoidance of one’s freedom.
xvii
Acknowledgements
Illustrator: C. C. Senf
Language: English
I rose quickly and moved toward him, but his eyes implored me not
to interfere. "The clock has stopped," he murmured. "The forces that
control it approve of my experiment. Time stopped, and I swallowed
the drug. I pray God that I shall not lose my way."
He closed his eyes and leaned back on the sofa. All of the blood had
left his face and he was breathing heavily. It was clear that the drug
was acting with extraordinary rapidity.
"It is beginning to get dark," he murmured. "Write that. It is
beginning to get dark and the familiar objects in the room are fading
out. I can discern them vaguely through my eyelids but they are
fading swiftly."
I shook my pen to make the ink come and wrote rapidly in shorthand
as he continued to dictate.
"I am leaving the room. The walls are vanishing and I can no longer
see any of the familiar objects. Your face, though, is still visible to
me. I hope that you are writing. I think that I am about to make a
great leap—a leap through space. Or perhaps it is through time that I
shall make the leap. I can not tell. Everything is dark, indistinct."
He sat for a while silent, with his head sunk upon his breast. Then
suddenly he stiffened and his eyelids fluttered open. "God in heaven!"
he cried. "I see!"
He was straining forward in his chair, staring at the opposite wall. But
I knew that he was looking beyond the wall and that the objects in
the room no longer existed for him. "Chalmers," I cried, "Chalmers,
shall I wake you?"
"Do not!" he shrieked. "I see everything. All of the billions of lives
that preceded me on this planet are before me at this moment. I see
men of all ages, all races, all colors. They are fighting, killing,
building, dancing, singing. They are sitting about rude fires on lonely
gray deserts, and flying through the air in monoplanes. They are
riding the seas in bark canoes and enormous steamships; they are
painting bison and mammoths on the walls of dismal caves and
covering huge canvases with queer futuristic designs. I watch the
migrations from Atlantis. I watch the migrations from Lemuria. I see
the elder races—a strange horde of black dwarfs overwhelming Asia
and the Neandertalers with lowered heads and bent knees ranging
obscenely across Europe. I watch the Achæans streaming into the
Greek islands, and the crude beginnings of Hellenic culture. I am in
Athens and Pericles is young. I am standing on the soil of Italy. I
assist in the rape of the Sabines; I march with the Imperial Legions. I
tremble with awe and wonder as the enormous standards go by and
the ground shakes with the tread of the victorious hastati. A
thousand naked slaves grovel before me as I pass in a litter of gold
and ivory drawn by night-black oxen from Thebes, and the flower-
girls scream 'Ave Cæsar' as I nod and smile. I am myself a slave on a
Moorish galley. I watch the erection of a great cathedral. Stone by
stone it rises, and through months and years I stand and watch each
stone as it falls into place. I am burned on a cross head downward in
the thyme-scented gardens of Nero, and I watch with amusement
and scorn the torturers at work in the chambers of the Inquisition.
"I walk in the holiest sanctuaries; I enter the temples of Venus. I
kneel in adoration before the Magna Mater, and I throw coins on the
bare knees of the sacred courtezans who sit with veiled faces in the
groves of Babylon. I creep into an Elizabethan theater and with the
stinking rabble about me I applaud The Merchant of Venice. I walk
with Dante through the narrow streets of Florence. I meet the young
Beatrice and the hem of her garment brushes my sandals as I stare
enraptured. I am a priest of Isis, and my magic astounds the nations.
Simon Magus kneels before me, imploring my assistance, and
Pharaoh trembles when I approach. In India I talk with the Masters
and run screaming from their presence, for their revelations are as
salt on wounds that bleed.
"I perceive everything simultaneously. I perceive everything from all
sides; I am a part of all the teeming billions about me. I exist in all
men and all men exist in me. I perceive the whole of human history
in a single instant, the past and the present.
"By simply straining I can see farther and farther back. Now I am
going back through strange curves and angles. Angles and curves
multiply about me. I perceive great segments of time through curves.
There is curved time, and angular time. The beings that exist in
angular time can not enter curved time. It is very strange.
"I am going back and back. Man has disappeared from the earth.
Gigantic reptiles crouch beneath enormous palms and swim through
the loathly black waters of dismal lakes. Now the reptiles have
disappeared. No animals remain upon the land, but beneath the
waters, plainly visible to me, dark forms move slowly over the rotting
vegetation.
"The forms are becoming simpler and simpler. Now they are single
cells. All about me there are angles—strange angles that have no
counterparts on the earth. I am desperately afraid.
"There is an abyss of being which man has never fathomed."
I stared. Chalmers had risen to his feet and he was gesticulating
helplessly with his arms. "I am passing through unearthly angles; I
am approaching—oh, the burning horror of it!"
"Chalmers!" I cried. "Do you wish me to interfere?"
He brought his right hand quickly before his face, as though to shut
out a vision unspeakable. "Not yet!" he cried; "I will go on. I will see
—what—lies—beyond——"
A cold sweat streamed from his forehead and his shoulders jerked
spasmodically. "Beyond life there are"—his face grew ashen with
terror—"things that I can not distinguish. They move slowly through
angles. They have no bodies, and they move slowly through
outrageous angles."
It was then that I became aware of the odor in the room. It was a
pungent, indescribable odor, so nauseous that I could scarcely endure
it. I stepped quickly to the window and threw it open. When I
returned to Chalmers and looked into his eyes I nearly fainted.
"I think they have scented me!" he shrieked. "They are slowly turning
toward me."
He was trembling horribly. For a moment he clawed at the air with his
hands. Then his legs gave way beneath him and he fell forward on
his face, slobbering and moaning.
I watched him in silence as he dragged himself across the floor. He
was no longer a man. His teeth were bared and saliva dripped from
the corners of his mouth.
"Chalmers," I cried. "Chalmers, stop it! Stop it, do you hear?"
As if in reply to my appeal he commenced to utter hoarse convulsive
sounds which resembled nothing so much as the barking of a dog,
and began a sort of hideous writhing in a circle about the room. I
bent and seized him by the shoulders. Violently, desperately, I shook
him. He turned his head and snapped at my wrist. I was sick with
horror, but I dared not release him for fear that he would destroy
himself in a paroxysm of rage.
"Chalmers," I muttered, "you must stop that. There is nothing in this
room that can harm you. Do you understand?"
I continued to shake and admonish him, and gradually the madness
died out of his face. Shivering convulsively, he crumpled into a
grotesque heap on the Chinese rug.
I carried him to the sofa and deposited him upon it. His features were
twisted in pain, and I knew that he was still struggling dumbly to
escape from abominable memories.
"Whisky," he muttered. "You'll find a flask in the cabinet by the
window—upper left-hand drawer."
When I handed him the flask his fingers tightened about it until the
knuckles showed blue. "They nearly got me," he gasped. He drained
the stimulant in immoderate gulps, and gradually the color crept back
into his face.
"That drug was the very devil!" I murmured.
"It wasn't the drug," he moaned.
His eyes no longer glared insanely, but he still wore the look of a lost
soul.
"They scented me in time," he moaned. "I went too far."
"What were they like?" I said, to humor him.
He leaned forward and gripped my arm. He was shivering horribly.
"No word in our language can describe them!" He spoke in a hoarse
whisper. "They are symbolized vaguely in the myth of the Fall, and in
an obscene form which is occasionally found engraven on ancient
tablets. The Greeks had a name for them, which veiled their essential
foulness. The tree, the snake and the apple—these are the vague
symbols of a most awful mystery."
His voice had risen to a scream. "Frank, Frank, a terrible and
unspeakable deed was done in the beginning. Before time, the deed,
and from the deed——"
He had risen and was hysterically pacing the room. "The seeds of the
deed move through angles in dim recesses of time. They are hungry
and athirst!"
"Chalmers," I pleaded to quiet him. "We are living in the third decade
of the Twentieth Century."
"They are lean and athirst!" he shrieked. "The Hounds of Tindalos!"
"Chalmers, shall I phone for a physician?"
"A physician can not help me now. They are horrors of the soul, and
yet"—he hid his face in his hands and groaned—"they are real, Frank.
I saw them for a ghastly moment. For a moment I stood on the other
side. I stood on the pale gray shores beyond time and space. In an
awful light that was not light, in a silence that shrieked, I saw them.
"All the evil in the universe was concentrated in their lean, hungry
bodies. Or had they bodies? I saw them only for a moment; I can not
be certain. But I heard them breathe. Indescribably for a moment I
felt their breath upon my face. They turned toward me and I fled
screaming. In a single moment I fled screaming through time. I fled
down quintillions of years.
"But they scented me. Men awake in them cosmic hungers. We have
escaped, momentarily, from the foulness that rings them round. They
thirst for that in us which is clean, which emerged from the deed
without stain. There is a part of us which did not partake in the deed,
and that they hate. But do not imagine that they are literally,
prosaically evil. They are beyond good and evil as we know it. They
are that which in the beginning fell away from cleanliness. Through
the deed they became bodies of death, receptacles of all foulness.
But they are not evil in our sense because in the spheres through
which they move there is no thought, no morals, no right or wrong as
we understand it. There is merely the pure and the foul. The foul
expresses itself through angles; the pure through curves. Man, the
pure part of him, is descended from a curve. Do not laugh. I mean
that literally."
I rose and searched for my hat. "I'm dreadfully sorry for you,
Chalmers," I said, as I walked toward the door. "But I don't intend to
stay and listen to such gibberish. I'll send my physician to see you.
He's an elderly, kindly chap and he won't be offended if you tell him
to go to the devil. But I hope you'll respect his advice. A week's rest
in a good sanitarium should benefit you immeasurably."
I heard him laughing as I descended the stairs, but his laughter was
so utterly mirthless that it moved me to tears.
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