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 CONTENTS IN DETAIL

TITLE PAGE

COPYRIGHT

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

FOREWORD

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1: FOUNDATIONS
Talking About Memory
Memory Terminology
Variables in Depth
Memory Regions
Ownership
Borrowing and Lifetimes
Shared References
Mutable References
Interior Mutability
Lifetimes
Summary
CHAPTER 2: TYPES
Types in Memory
Alignment
Layout
Complex Types
Dynamically Sized Types and Wide Pointers
Traits and Trait Bounds
Compilation and Dispatch
Generic Traits
Coherence and the Orphan Rule
Trait Bounds
Marker Traits
Existential Types
Summary

CHAPTER 3: DESIGNING INTERFACES

Unsurprising
Naming Practices
Common Traits for Types
Ergonomic Trait Implementations
Wrapper Types
Flexible
Generic Arguments
Object Safety
Borrowed vs. Owned
Fallible and Blocking Destructors
Obvious
Documentation
Type System Guidance
 Constrained
Type Modifications
Trait Implementations
Hidden Contracts
Summary

CHAPTER 4: ERROR HANDLING

Representing Errors
Enumeration
Opaque Errors
Special Error Cases
Propagating Errors
Summary

CHAPTER 5: PROJECT STRUCTURE

Features
Defining and Including Features
Using Features in Your Crate
Workspaces
Project Configuration
Crate Metadata
Build Configuration
Conditional Compilation
Versioning
Minimum Supported Rust Version
Minimal Dependency Versions
Changelogs
Unreleased Versions
Summary
CHAPTER 6: TESTING
Rust Testing Mechanisms
The Test Harness
#[cfg(test)]
Doctests
Additional Testing Tools
Linting
Test Generation
Test Augmentation
Performance Testing
Summary

CHAPTER 7: MACROS
Declarative Macros
When to Use Them
How They Work
How to Write Declarative Macros
Procedural Macros
Types of Procedural Macros
The Cost of Procedural Macros
So You Think You Want a Macro
How Do They Work?
Summary

CHAPTER 8: ASYNCHRONOUS PROGRAMMING

What’s the Deal with Asynchrony?
Synchronous Interfaces
Multithreading
Asynchronous Interfaces
 Standardized Polling
Ergonomic Futures
async/await
Pin and Unpin
Going to Sleep
Waking Up
Fulfilling the Poll Contract
Waking Is a Misnomer
Tasks and Subexecutors
Tying It All Together with spawn
Summary

CHAPTER 9: UNSAFE CODE

The unsafe Keyword
Great Power
Juggling Raw Pointers
Calling Unsafe Functions
Implementing Unsafe Traits
Great Responsibility
What Can Go Wrong?
Validity
Panics
Casting
The Drop Check
Coping with Fear
Manage Unsafe Boundaries
Read and Write Documentation
Check Your Work
Summary
CHAPTER 10: CONCURRENCY (AND PARALLELISM)
The Trouble with Concurrency
Correctness
Performance
Concurrency Models
Shared Memory
Worker Pools
Actors
Asynchrony and Parallelism
Lower-Level Concurrency
Memory Operations
Atomic Types
Memory Ordering
Compare and Exchange
The Fetch Methods
Sane Concurrency
Start Simple
Write Stress Tests
Use Concurrency Testing Tools
Summary

CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN FUNCTION INTERFACES

Crossing Boundaries with extern
Symbols
Calling Conventions
Types Across Language Boundaries
Type Matching
Allocations
Callbacks
 Safety
bindgen and Build Scripts
Summary

CHAPTER 12: RUST WITHOUT THE STANDARD LIBRARY

Opting Out of the Standard Library
Dynamic Memory Allocation
The Rust Runtime
The Panic Handler
Program Initialization
The Out-of-Memory Handler
Low-Level Memory Accesses
Misuse-Resistant Hardware Abstraction
Cross-Compilation
Summary

CHAPTER 13: THE RUST ECOSYSTEM

What’s Out There?
Tools
Libraries
Rust Tooling
The Standard Library
Patterns in the Wild
Index Pointers
Drop Guards
Extension Traits
Crate Preludes
Staying Up to Date
What Next?
 Learn by Watching
Learn by Doing
Learn by Reading
Learn by Teaching
Summary

INDEX
RUST FOR RUSTACEANS

Idiomatic Programming for

Experienced Developers

by Jon Gjengset
RUST FOR RUSTACEANS. Copyright © 2022 by Jon Gjengset.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.
First printing
25 24 23 22 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ISBN-13: 978-1-7185-0185-0 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-1-7185-0186-7 (ebook)
Publisher: William Pollock
Managing Editor: Jill Franklin
Production Manager and Editor: Rachel Monaghan
Developmental Editor: Liz Chadwick
Cover Illustrator: James L. Barry
Interior Design: Octopod Studios
Technical Reviewer: David Tolnay
Copyeditor: Rachel Head
Compositor: Maureen Forys, Happenstance Type-O-Rama
Proofreader: Sadie Barry
For information on book distributors or translations, please contact No Starch
Press, Inc. directly:
No Starch Press, Inc.
245 8th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103
phone: 1.415.863.9900; [email protected]
www.nostarch.com
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021944983
No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of No
Starch Press, Inc. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be
the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than use a trademark symbol
with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are using the names only in an
editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of
infringement of the trademark.
The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without warranty.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the
author nor No Starch Press, Inc. shall have any liability to any person or entity
with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or
indirectly by the information contained in it.
About the Author
Jon Gjengset has worked in the Rust ecosystem since the early days
of Rust 1.0, and built a high-performance relational database from
scratch in Rust over the course of his PhD at MIT. He’s been a
frequent contributor to the Rust toolchain and ecosystem, including
the asynchronous runtime Tokio, and maintains several popular
Rust crates, such as hdrhistogram and inferno. Jon has been teaching
Rust since 2018, when he started live-streaming intermediate-level
Rust programming sessions. Since then, he’s made videos that cover
advanced topics like async and await, pinning, variance, atomics,
dynamic dispatch, and more, which have been received
enthusiastically by the Rust community.

About the Technical Reviewer

David Tolnay is a prolific, well-known, and respected contributor in
the Rust ecosystem who maintains some of the most widely used
Rust libraries, including syn, serde, and anyhow. He is also a member of
the Rust library team.
 FOREWORD

Dear reader,
In the course of your experience with Rust so far, it’s likely that
you have noticed a knowledge gap between what your existing
learning resources have prepared you for versus what you see from
the folks making the top tier of widely used Rust libraries and
applications.
Libraries that do very well are commonly powered by a co-
occurrence of taste and dedication on the authors’ part: feeling what
to build, and building the thing (it’s that simple). This book teaches
neither of those things.
However, it’s been my experience that taste emerges from a deep
comfort with the fundamental pieces. It’s here I feel this book will be
helpful to you. I don’t consider it a coincidence that pretty much all
of the “household name” open source Rust library developers
understand everything in this book—even when it’s not the case that
they use every single thing from the book in every single library.
In this book you will find a level of nuance and tradeoffs and
opinions that does not arise from introductory material. Structs are
structs, and we have no need to have an opinion about structs. But
infinitely flexible macro APIs (Chapter 7), the judicious application
of unsafe code (Chapter 9), effective testing that speeds you up rather
than slowing you down (Chapter 6)—someone who’s digested The
Rust Programming Language (a.k.a. The Book, https://doc.rust-
lang.org/book/) but not much beyond that is generally going to have
a hard time manifesting what they know into high-quality or
innovative projects, but this book takes you to the starting point to
begin building your personal taste in highly polished Rust
development. You will take what you read here and get it wrong a
bunch of times, and get it right a couple, and get better.
I encourage you to seize upon that starting point consciously. I
want you to be free to think that we got something wrong in this
book; that the best current guidance in here is missing something,
and that you can accomplish something over the next couple years
that is better than what anybody else has envisioned. That’s how
Rust and its ecosystem have gotten to this point.
David Tolnay
 PREFACE

One of the goals listed on the Rust 2018 roadmap was to develop
teaching resources to better serve intermediate Rustaceans—those
who aren’t beginners but also aren’t compiler experts looking to
design a new iteration of the borrow checker. That call inspired me to
start live-streaming coding sessions where I implemented real
systems in Rust in real time—not toy projects or long-winded
introductions to basic concepts, but libraries and tools I would
actually use for my research. My thinking was that Rust newcomers
needed to see an experienced Rust programmer go through the
whole development process, including design, debugging, and
iteration, in order to understand how to think in Rust. While a
beginner could attempt the same things themselves, it’d likely be far
slower and frustrating since they would also be learning the language
along the way.
Many developers said that my videos provided a good way to learn
to use Rust “for real,” which was very exciting. However, over the
years, it also became clear that the videos weren’t for everyone, or for
every situation. Some developers prefer to be more in control over
their own learning and would rather have a teaching resource they
can consume at their own pace. Others just need to understand a
particular topic better, or find out how a specific feature works or is
best used, and for those situations, a six-hour coding video isn’t that
helpful. I wanted to make sure that intermediate resources were
available for those people and situations as well, which is what
ultimately made me decide to write this book. My aim was to distill
all that time spent teaching intermediate Rust by example into solid
textual explanations of the most important intermediate topics.
I realized early on that the book would complement the videos, not
replace them. I remain convinced that the best way to quickly gain
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Hector shall not possess you. It is enough for him, yea, and too much, that
he hath the arms of Achilles."

Then did the horses move from their place, and obey their charioteers as
before. Nor could Hector take them, though he desired them very much.
And all the while the battle raged about the dead Patroclus. And at last Ajax
said to Menelaus (now these two had borne themselves more bravely in the
fight than all others):—

"See if thou canst find Antilochus, Nestor's son, that he may carry the
tidings to Achilles, how that Patroclus is dead."

An-til'-o-chus.

So Menelaus went and found Antilochus on the left of the battle, and
said to him: "I have ill news for thee. Thou seest that the men of Troy have
the victory to-day. And also Patroclus lies dead. Run, therefore, to Achilles,
and tell him, if haply he may save the body; but as for the arms, Hector has
them already."

Sore dismayed was Antilochus to hear such tidings, and his eyes were
filled with tears, and his voice was choked. Yet did he give heed to the
words of Menelaus, and ran to tell Achilles of what had chanced. But
Menelaus went back to Ajax, where he had left him by Patroclus, and said:
—

"Antilochus, indeed, bears the tidings to Achilles. Yet I doubt whether

he will come, for all his wrath against Hector, seeing that he has no armour
to cover him. Let us think, then, how we may best carry Patroclus away
from the men of Troy."

Then said Ajax, "Do thou and Meriones run forward and raise the body
in your arms, and I and Ajax the Less will keep off, meanwhile, the men of
Troy."
 Me-ri'-o-nes.

So Menelaus and Meriones ran forward and lifted up the body, And the
Trojans ran forward with a great shout when they saw them, as dogs run
barking before the hunters when they chase a wild boar; but when the beast
turns to bay, then they flee this way and that. So did the men of Troy flee
when Ajax the Greater and Ajax the Less turned to give battle. But still the
Greeks gave way, and still the Trojans came on, and ever in the front were
Hector, the son of Priam, and Æneas, the son of Anchises. But in the
meantime Antilochus came near to Achilles, who, indeed, seeing that the
Greeks fled and the men of Troy pursued, was already sore afraid. And he
said, weeping as he spake:—

An-chi'-ses.

"I bring ill news,—Patroclus lies low. The Greeks fight for his body, but
Hector has his arms."

Then Achilles took of the dust of the plain in his hand, and poured it on
his head, and lay at his length upon the ground, and tare his hair. And all the
women wailed. And Antilochus sat weeping; but ever he held the hands of
Achilles, lest he should slay himself in his great grief.

Then came his mother, hearing his cry, from where she sat in the depths
of the sea, and laid her hand on him and said:—

"Why weepest thou, my son? Hide not the matter from me, but tell me."

And Achilles answered: "All that Zeus promised thee for me he hath
fulfilled. But what profit have I, for my friend Patroclus is dead, and Hector
has the arms which I gave him to wear. And as for me, I care not to live,
except I can avenge me upon him."

Then said Thetis: "Nay, my son, speak not thus. For when Hector dieth,
thy doom also is near."

And Achilles spake in great wrath: "Would that I might die this hour,
seeing that I could not help my friend, but am a burden on the earth—I, who
am better in battle than all the Greeks besides. Cursed be the wrath that sets
men to strive the one with the other, even as it set me to strive with King
Agamemnon! But let the past be past. And as for my fate—let it come when
it may, so that I first avenge myself on Hector. Therefore, seek not to keep
me back from the battle."

Then Thetis said: "Be it so; only thou canst not go without thy arms,
which Hector hath. But to-morrow will I go to Hephæstus, that he may
furnish thee anew."

But while they talked the men of Troy pressed the Greeks more and
more, and the two heroes, Ajax the Greater and Ajax the Less, could no
longer keep Hector back, but that he should lay hold of the body of
Patroclus. And indeed he would have taken it, but that Zeus sent Iris to
Achilles, who said:—

"Rouse thee, son of Peleus, or Patroclus will be a prey for the dogs of
Troy!"

But Achilles said: "How shall I go?—for arms have I none, nor know I
whose I might wear."

Then answered Iris, "Go only to the trench and show thyself; so shall
the men of Troy tremble and cease from the battle, and the Greeks shall
have breathing-space."

Then went he to the trench; with the battle he mingled not, heeding his
mother's commands, but he shouted aloud, and his voice was as the sound
of a trumpet. And when the men of Troy heard, they were stricken with fear,
and the horses backed with the chariots, and the drivers were astonished
when they saw the flaming fire above his head which Athene had kindled.
Thrice across the trench the great Achilles shouted, and thrice the men of
Troy fell back. And that hour there perished twelve chiefs of fame,
wounded by their own spears or trampled by their own steeds, so great was
the terror among the men of Troy.

Right gladly did the Greeks take Patroclus out of the press. Then they
laid him on a bier, and carried him to the tent, Achilles walking with many
tears by his side.

CHAPTER XVII

THE MAKING OF THE ARMS

And Achilles stood among his Myrmidons and said:—

"Vain was the promise that I made to Menœtius that I would bring back
his son with his portion of the spoils of Troy. For he lies dead, nor shall I
return to the house of Peleus, my father, for I, too, must die in this land. But
thee, O Patroclus, I will not bury till I bring hither the head and the arms of
Hector, and twelve men of Troy to slay at thy funeral pile."

Men-œ'-ti-us.

So they washed the body of Patroclus and anointed it, putting ointment
nine years old into the wounds, and laid it on a bed, and covered it with a
linen cloth from the head to the feet, and laid a white robe over it. All night
the Myrmidons mourned for Patroclus dead.
 But Thetis went to the house of Hephæstus. She found him busy at his
work, making twenty cauldrons with three feet, that were to stand about the
house of the gods. Golden wheels had they beneath, that they might go of
their own motion into the chambers of the gods, and of their own motion
return. But Grace, the wife of Hephæstus, espied Thetis, and caught her by
the hands, and led her in, and set her on a silver-studded chair, and put a
chair beneath her feet. Then she called to her husband, saying:—

"Come quick. Thetis would have somewhat of thee."

And he said: "Verily, she was my saviour in the day of trouble; for my
mother cast me out because I was lame, but Thetis and her sister received
me in the sea. Nine years I dwelt with them, and hammered many a trinket
in a hollow cave. Verily, I would pay the price of my life for Thetis."

Then he put away his tools, and washed himself, and took a staff in his
hand, and came into the house, and sat upon a chair, and said: "Speak all thy
mind. I will do thy pleasure, if it can be done."

Then did Thetis tell him of her son Achilles, and of the wrong that had
been done to him, and of his wrath, and of how Patroclus was dead, and that
the arms that he had had were lost.

"Make me now," she said, "for him a shield and a helmet, and greaves,
and a corselet."

greaves, armour for the legs.

And Hephæstus answered: "Be of good cheer. Would that I could keep
from him the doom of death as easily as I can make him such arms that a
man will wonder when he looks upon them."

Then he went to his smithy, and turned the bellows to the fire, and bade
them work. Also he put bronze and tin and gold and silver into the fire, to
melt them, and set the anvil, and took the hammer in one hand, and the
tongs in the other.

First he made a shield, great and strong, and fastened thereto a belt of
silver. On it he wrought the earth, and the sky, and the sea, and the sun, and
the moon, and all the stars. He wrought also two cities. In the one there was
peace, and about the other there was war. For in the first they led a bride to
her home with music and dancing, and the women stood in the doors to see
the show, but about the other city there sat an army besieging it, and the
men of the city stood upon the wall defending it. These had also set an
ambush by a river where the herds were wont to drink. And when the herds
came down, they rose up and took them and slew the herdsmen. But the
army of the besiegers heard the cry, and came swiftly on horses, and fought
by the bank of the river. Also he wrought one field where many men drove
the plough, and another where reapers reaped the corn, and boys gathered it
in their arms to bind into sheaves, while the lord stood glad at heart,
beholding them. Also he wrought a vineyard, wherein was a path, and
youths and maidens bearing baskets of grapes, and in the midst a boy
played on a harp of gold and sang a pleasant song. Also he made a herd of
oxen going from the stables to the pastures, and herdsmen and dogs, and in
the front two lions had caught a mighty bull and were devouring it, while
the dogs stood far off and barked. Also he made a sheepfold; also a
marvellous dance of men and maidens, and these had coronets of gold, and
those daggers of gold hanging from belts of silver. And round about the
shield he wrought the great river of ocean.

Besides the shield, he also made corselet brighter than fire, and a great
helmet with a ridge of gold for the crest, and greaves of tin. And when he
had finished all the armour, he set them before the mother of Achilles. Like
to a hawk did she leap from Olympus, carrying them to her son. And when
she came to the ships, she found him lying on the earth with his arms about
the body of Patroclus, weeping aloud, and his men stood about lamenting.

The goddess stood in the midst, and clasped her son by the hand, and
spake: "Come, now, let us leave the dead man; for he hath been slain
according to the ordering of the gods. And do thou receive from Hephæstus
this armour, exceeding beautiful, such as man never yet wore upon his
shoulders."

So she spake, and cast the armour before Achilles. Loud did it rattle as it
fell, and the Myrmidons feared to look upon the sight. But Achilles took the
splendid armour into his hand, and was glad, and spake, saying: "Mother,
the gods have given me arms, such as it is fitting should be made in heaven,
and I vow I will arm me for the fight. Yet much I fear that decay will mar
the body of Patroclus, now that the life hath gone from out of it."

But Thetis made answer: "Let not this trouble thee; I will keep decay
from his flesh, yea, though he should lie here till the year come round again.
Go, then, and call the people to the assembly, and put away thy wrath
against King Agamemnon, and arm thyself for the battle."

So she spake, putting trust and valour into his soul; and into the nostrils
of the dead man she poured ambrosia and ruddy nectar, that his flesh might
be sweet.

CHAPTER XVIII

THE ENDING OF THE STRIFE

Achilles went along the shore of the sea, shouting aloud to the warriors.
And at his call they came; and also Diomed and Ulysses came to the
assembly, leaning on spears, for their wounds were fresh, and King
Agamemnon.

Then Achilles stood up, and spake: "It was ill done, son of Atreus, that
we strove for a woman! Would that Artemis had slain her with an arrow on
the day when I took her captive! Many a Greek who hath now bitten the
ground had then lived, and the Trojans had not reaped such profit from our
wrath. But come, let the past be past. Here I make an end of my anger. And
now make haste, and send the Greeks to battle. Let us see whether the men
of Troy will camp beside the ships."

Then said Agamemnon, speaking from his place: "Listen, ye Greeks.

Oft have ye blamed me for this quarrel. Yet it was not I that was in fault;
rather it was Zeus and Fate, and the Fury that walketh in darkness. But to
thee, Achilles, I make full amends, for here I offer thee the gifts which
Ulysses promised thee yesterday. Stay for a time, while my people bring
them from my ships."

To him Achilles made answer: "Give thy gifts, O King, if it be thy will,
or keep them to thyself. But let us turn without delay to the battle."

Then spake the wise Ulysses: "Achilles, urge not the Greeks to enter
fasting into the battle: for verily the strife will not be short. A man that hath
not eaten cannot fight till set of sun, for his limbs grow heavy unawares,
and he is hindered by hunger and thirst. Bid, therefore, the people disperse,
and make ready their food. Meanwhile, let King Agamemnon send for the
gifts and deliver them to thee in full assembly. And afterwards let him
furnish a feast."

Then said the King: "Thou speakest well, Ulysses. Do them thyself
fetch the gifts, and let the herald fetch us a boar, that we may do sacrifice to
Zeus and to the Sun."

But Achilles said: "Now the dead whom Hector slew lieth low, and ye
bid me think of food. Let the Greeks enter fasting into battle, and make
them a great supper when the sun goes down. As for me, neither food nor
drink shall pass my lips."

To him Ulysses made reply: "Thou art the stronger, son of Peleus, yet I
may be the wiser, for I am older than thou, and of more experience. Ask not
the Greeks to fast because of the dead. Verily they fall every day. Rather let
us bury him that dieth, and bewail him for a day, and harden our hearts to
forget: and then let us who are left eat and drink, that we may fight with
better heart."
 Then did Ulysses go to the tent of the King; and they brought thence the
gifts, the treasure, and twelve horses, and seven women, skilled workers
with the needle, and the fair Briseis the eighth.

These the Myrmidons took to the tent of Achilles. But when Briseis saw
Patroclus, she beat her breast and her fair face and neck, and wailed aloud,
for he had been gentle and good, she said. And all the women wailed with
her, thinking each of her own sorrows.

Then the chiefs would have Achilles feast with them; but he hearkened
not, for he would neither eat nor drink till he had had vengeance for the
dead. And he spake, saying: "Often, Patroclus, hast thou ordered the feast
when we were hastening to the war. And now thou liest slain, and for grief
for thee I cannot eat nor drink. For greater sorrow could not have come to
me. Often did I think that I only should perish here, but that thou shouldst
return and show my son all that was mine, goods and servants and palace."

And as he wept, the old men wept with him, thinking each of what he
had left at home.

But Zeus said to Athene: "Carest thou not for Achilles that is so dear to
thee? See, the other Greeks are gone to their meal, but he sits fasting."

Then Athene leapt down from heaven, and shed into the breast of
Achilles nectar and ambrosia, that his knees should not fail from hunger.

Meanwhile the Greeks poured out to battle, and in the midst Achilles
armed himself. He put the lordly greaves about his legs, and fitted the
corselet on his breast. From his shoulders he hung the sword, and he took
the great shield that Hephæstus had made, and it blazed as it were the
heaven. Also he put the helmet on his head, and the plumes waved all
around. Then he made trial of the arms, and they fitted him well, and bare
him up like wings. Last he drew from its case his father's spear, which none
might wield but Achilles' self. Then he spake to his horses: "Take heed,
Bayard and Piebald, that ye save your driver to-day, nor leave him dead on
the field, as ye left Patroclus."
 Then Hera gave to the horse Bayard a voice, so that he spake: "Surely
we will save thee, great Achilles; yet for all that, doom is near to thee, nor
are we the cause, but the gods and mastering Fate. Nor was it of us that
Patroclus died, but Apollo slew him and gave the glory to Hector. So shalt
thou, too, die by the hands of a god and of a mortal man."

And Achilles said: "What need to tell me of my doom? Right well I

know it. Yet will I not cease till I have made the Trojans weary of battle."

CHAPTER XIX

THE BATTLE AT THE RIVER

Thus did Achilles go again into the battle, eager above all things to meet
with Hector and to slay him.

But Apollo stood by Æneas, and spake to him, "Æneas, where are now
thy boastings that thou wouldst meet Achilles face to face?"

Then Æneas answered: "Nay, I have stood up against him in the day
when he took the town of Lyrnessus. But I fled before him, and only my
nimble feet saved me from falling by his spear. Surely a god is ever with
him, making his spear to fly aright."

Lyr-nes'-sus.

Him Apollo answered again: "Thou, too, art the son of a goddess, and
thy mother is greater than his, for she is but a daughter of the Sea. Drive
straight at him with thy spear, and let not his threats dismay thee."
 Then Æneas cast his spear, and it struck the shield of Achilles with so
dreadful a sound that the hero feared lest it should pierce it through,
knowing not that the gifts of the gods are not easy for mortal man to
vanquish. Two folds, indeed, it pierced, that were of bronze, but in the gold
it was stayed, and there were yet two of tin within. Then Achilles cast his
spear. Through the shield of Æneas it passed, and though it wounded him
not, yet was he sore dismayed, so near it came. Then Achilles drew his
sword, and rushed on Æneas, and Æneas caught up a great stone to cast at
him. But it was not the will of the gods that Æneas should perish, seeing
that he and his sons after him should rule over the men of Troy in the ages
to come. Therefore Poseidon lifted him up, and bore him over the ranks of
men to the left of the battle, but first he drew the spear out of the shield, and
laid it at the feet of Achilles. Much the hero marvelled to see it, crying:
"This is a great wonder that I behold with mine eyes. For I see my spear
before me, but the man whom I sought to slay I see not. Of a truth Æneas
spake truth, saying that he was dear to the immortal gods."

Then he rushed into the battle, slaying as he went. And Hector would
have met him, but Apollo stood by him, and said, "Fight not with Achilles,
lest he slay thee." Therefore he went back among the men of Troy. Many
did Achilles slay, and among them Polydorus, son of Priam, who, because
he was the youngest and very dear, his father suffered not to go to the battle.
Yet he went, in his folly, and being very swift of foot, he trusted in his
speed, running through the foremost of the fighters. But as he ran, Achilles
smote him, and wounded him to the death. When Hector saw it, he could
not bear any more to stand apart. Therefore he rushed at Achilles, and
Achilles rejoiced to see him, saying, "This is the man who slew my
comrade." And to Hector he cried, "Come hither, and taste of death."

Pol-y-do'-rus.

And Hector made answer: "Son of Peleus, seek not to make me afraid
with words. For though I be weaker than thou, yet victory lieth on the knees
of the gods, and I, too, bear a spear."
 Then he cast his spear; but Athene turned it aside with her breath, and
laid it again at his feet. And when Achilles leapt upon Hector with a shout,
Apollo snatched him away. Three times did Achilles leap upon him, and
three times he struck only the mist. But the fourth time he cried with a
terrible voice, "Dog, thou hast escaped from death, Apollo helping thee; but
I shall meet thee again, and make an end of thee."

Then Achilles turned to the others, and slew multitudes of them, so that
they fled, some across the plain, and some to the river, the eddying
Xanthus. And these leapt into the water as locusts leap into a river when a
fire which men light drives them from the fields. And all the river was full
of horses and men. Then Achilles leapt into the stream, leaving his spear on
the bank, resting on the tamarisk trees. Only his sword had he, and with this
he slew many; and they were as fishes which fly from some great dolphin in
the sea. And when Achilles was weary of slaying, he took twelve alive,
whom he would slay on the tomb of Patroclus.

Then there met him Asteropæus, who was the grandson of a river-god
Axius. And Achilles wondered to see him, and said, "Who art thou, that
standest against me?"

As-ter-o-pæ'-us. Ax'-i-us.

And he said, "I am the grandson of the river-god Axius, fairest of all the
streams on the earth."

And as he spake he cast two spears, one with each hand, for he could
use either alike; and the one struck the shield, nor pierced it through, for the
gold stayed it, and the other grazed the right hand so that the blood spurted
forth. Then did Achilles cast his spear, but missed his aim, and the great
spear stood fast in the bank. And thrice Asteropæus strove to draw it forth.
Thrice he strove in vain, and the fourth time he strove to break the spear.
But as he strove Achilles smote him so that he died. Yet had he some glory,
for he had wounded the great Achilles.
 CHAPTER XX

THE BATTLE OF THE GODS

When the River saw that Asteropæus was dead, he took upon him the
shape of a man, and spake to Achilles, saying: "Truly, Achilles, thou
excellest all other men in might and deeds of blood, for the gods themselves
protect thee. It may be that Zeus hath given thee to slay all the sons of Troy;
nevertheless, depart from me and work thy will upon the plain; for my
stream is choked with the multitude of corpses, nor can I pass to the sea. Do
thou, therefore, cease from troubling me."

To him Achilles made answer: "This shall be as thou wilt, O Scamander.

But the Trojans I will not cease from slaying till I have driven them into
their city and have made trial of Hector, whether I shall vanquish him or he
shall vanquish me."

And as he spake he sped on, pursuing the Trojans. Then the River cried
to Apollo: "Little thou doest the will of thy father, thou of the Silver Bow,
who bade thee stand by the men of Troy and help them till darkness should
cover the land." And he rushed on with a great wave, stirring together all his
streams. The dead bodies he threw upon the shore, roaring as a bull roareth;
and them that lived he hid in the depth of his eddies. And all about Achilles
rose up the flood, beating full upon his shield, so that he could not stand fast
upon his feet. Then Achilles laid hold of a lime tree, fair and tall, that grew
upon the bank; but the tree brake therefrom with all its roots, and tare down
the bank, and lay across the River, staying its flow, for it had many
branches. Thereupon Achilles leapt out of the water and sped across the
plain, being sore afraid. But the River ceased not from pursuing him, that he
might stay him from slaughter and save the sons of Troy. So far as a man
may throw a spear, so far did Achilles leap. And still as he fled the River
pursued after him with a great roar.
 And when Achilles would have stood against the River, seeking to know
whether indeed all the gods were against him, then the great wave smote
upon his shoulders; and when he leapt into the air, it bowed his knees
beneath him and devoured the ground from under his feet. Then Achilles
looked up to heaven and groaned, crying out: "O Zeus, will none of the
gods pity me, and save me from the River? I care not what else may befall
me. Truly my mother hath deceived me, saying that I should perish under
the walls of Troy by the arrows of Apollo. Surely it had been better that
Hector should slay me, for he is the bravest of the men of Troy, but now I
shall perish miserably in the River, as some herdboy perisheth whom a
torrent sweepeth away in a storm."

So he spake; but Poseidon and Athene stood by him, having taken upon
them the shape of men, and took him by the hand and strengthened him
with comforting words, for Poseidon spake, saying: "Son of Peletis, tremble
not, neither be afraid. It is not thy fate to be mastered by the River. He shall
soon cease from troubling thee. And do thou heed what we say. Stay not thy
hands from the battle, till thou shalt have driven all the sons of Troy that
escape thee within the walls of the city. And when thou shalt have slain
Hector, go back to the ships; for this day is the day of thy glory."

Then the two departed from him. Now all the plain was covered with
water, wherein floated much fair armour and many dead bodies. But
Achilles went on even against the stream, nor could the River hold him
back; for Athene put great might into his heart. Yet did not Scamander
cease, from his wrath, but lifted his waves yet higher, and cried aloud to
Simois: "Dear brother, let us two stay the fury of this man, or else of a
surety he will destroy the city of Priam. Come now, fill all thy streams and
rouse thy torrents against him, and lift up against him a mighty wave with
tree-trunks and stones, that we may stay this wild man from his fighting.
Neither his might, nor his beauty, nor his fair form shall profit him, for they
shall be covered with much mud; and over him will I heap sand beyond all
counting. Neither shall the Greeks be able to gather his bones together, with
such a heap will I hide them."

Si'-mo-is.
 Then he rushed again upon Achilles, swelling high with foam and blood
and dead bodies of men. Very dark was the wave as it rose, and was like to
have overwhelmed the man, so that Hera greatly feared for him, lest the
River should sweep him away. And she cried to Hephæstus, her son, saying:
"Rouse thee, Haltfoot, my son! Come, help us, and bring much fire with
thee; and I will call the west wind and the south wind from the sea, with
such a storm as shall consume the sons of Troy, both them and their arms.
And do thou burn the trees that are by the banks of Xanthus, yea, and the
River himself. And let him not turn thee from thy purpose by fury or by
craft; but burn till I shall bid thee cease."

Then Hephæstus lit a great fire. First it burned the dead bodies that lay
upon the plain, and it dried all the plain, as the north wind in the autumn
time dries a field, to the joy of him that tills it. After this it laid hold of the
River. The lime tree and the willows and the tamarisks it burned; also the
plants that grew in the streams. And the eels and the fishes were sore
distressed, twisting hither and thither in the water, being troubled by the
breath of Hephæstus. So the might of the River was subdued, and he cried
aloud: "O Hephæstus, no one of the gods can match himself with thee.
Cease now from consuming me; and Achilles may drive the men of Troy
from the city if he will. What have I to do with the strife and sorrow of
men?"

And Queen Hera heard him, and called to Hephæstus, saying: "Cease,
my son; it doth not beseem thee to work such damage to a god for the sake
of a mortal man."

So Hephæstus quenched his fire, and the River flowed as he flowed

before.

But among the other gods there arose a dreadful strife, for they were
divided, the one part against the other. With a great crash they came
together, and the broad earth resounded, and the heavens rang as with the
voice of a trumpet; and Zeus heard it as he sat on Olympus, and was glad in
heart to see the gods join in battle.
 First of all, Ares, the shield-piercer, rushed against Athene, holding his
spear in his hand, and cried: "Why dost thou make the gods to strive in
battle, thou that art bold as a fly and shameless as a dog? Dost thou not
remember how thou didst set Diomed, the son of Tydeus, upon me to
wound me, and how thou didst take his spear in thy hand, so that all might
see it, and drive it through my thigh? Now will I repay thee for all that thou
hast done."

And he smote on the shield—the mighty shield that not even the
thunder of Zeus can break. But Athene took up in her hand a great stone
that lay upon the plain. Black it was and rough, and very great, that men of
old had set for a boundary of the field. With this she smote Ares on the
neck, that his knees failed beneath him. He lay along the ground, a hundred
feet and more, and Athene laughed when she saw him, and cried: "Fool!
hast thou not yet learned how much stronger I am than thou, that thou
matchest thy might against me? Lie there and suffer the curses of thy
mother; for she is wroth because thou hast betrayed the Greeks and helpest
the men of Troy."

But Aphrodite took him by the hand, and would have led him away;
deep did he groan, and scarce could he gather his spirit together. And when
Hera saw it, she cried to Athene, saying: "See now, how Aphrodite would
lead Ares out of the battle! Pursue her now, and hinder her."

So Athene pursued after her, and smote her on the breast with her heavy
hand; and her knees failed beneath her. So these two lay upon the earth, and
Athene cried over them: "Now would that all who help the sons of Troy
were as brave and strong as these two. Long since had we ceased from war
and destroyed the fair city of Troy."

CHAPTER XXI
 THE SLAYING OF HECTOR

While these things were doing, Achilles ceased not to pursue and slay
the men of Troy, and Priam stood on a tower of the wall and saw the people.
Sore troubled was he, and he hastened down to the gates and said to the
keepers, "Keep the gates open, that the people may enter in, for they fly
before Achilles." So the keepers held the gates open, and the people
hastened in, wearied with toil and thirst, and covered with dust, and
Achilles followed close upon them. And that hour would the Greeks have
taken the city of Troy, but that Apollo saved it. For he put courage into the
heart of Agenor, standing also by him, that he should not be slain. And
Agenor thought within himself:—

A-ge'-nor.

"Shall I flee with these others? Nay, for Achilles will take me and slay
me, and I shall die as a coward dies. Or shall I flee across the plain to Ida,
and hide me in the thickets, and come back at nightfall to the city? Yet
should he see me he will overtake me and smite me, so swift of foot is lie
and strong. But what if I stand to meet him before the gates? He, too, is a
mortal man, and his flesh may be pierced by the spear."

Wherefore he stood till Achilles should come near. And when he came
he cast his spear, striking the leg below the knee, but the greave turned off
the spear, so strong was it. And when Achilles would have slain him, lo!
Apollo lifted him up and set him within the city. And that the men of Troy
might have time to enter, he took upon him Agenor's shape. And the false
Agenor fled, and Achilles pursued. But meanwhile the men of Troy flocked
into the city, nor did they stay to ask who was safe and who was dead, in
such haste and fear did they flee. Only Hector remained outside the walls,
standing in front of the great Scæan gates. But all the while Achilles was
fiercely pursuing the false Agenor, till at last Apollo turned and spake to
him:—
 "Why dost thou pursue me, swift-footed Achilles? Hast thou not yet
found out that I am a god, and that all thy fury is in vain? And now all the
sons of Troy are safe in their city, and thou art here, far out of the way,
seeking to slay me, who cannot die."

In great wrath Achilles answered him: "Thou hast done me wrong in so

drawing me away from the wall, great archer, most mischief-loving of all
the gods that are. Had it not been for this, many a Trojan more had bitten
the ground. Thou hast robbed me of great glory, and saved thy favourites. O
that I had the power to take vengeance on thee! Thou wouldst have paid
dearly for thy cheat!"

Then he turned and rushed towards the city, swift as a race-horse whirls
a chariot across the plain. Old Priam spied him from the walls, with his
glittering armour, bright as that brightest of the stars—men call it Orion's
dog—which shines at vintage-time. And the old man groaned aloud when
he saw him, and stretching out his hands, cried to his son Hector, who stood
before the gates, eager to do battle with this dread warrior:—

O-ri'-on.

"Wait not for this man, dear son, wait not for him, lest thou die beneath
his hand, for indeed he is stronger than thou. Come within the walls, dear
child; come to save the sons and daughters of Troy; come in pity for me, thy
father, for whom, in my old age, an evil fate is in store, to see sons slain
with the sword, and daughters carried into captivity, and babes dashed upon
the ground."

And his mother besought him also, but in vain. He was still minded to
abide the coming of Achilles. Just as in the mountains a great snake at its
hole abides the coming of a man; fierce glare its eyes, and it coils its tail
about its hole: so Hector waited for Achilles.
 And Achilles came near, brandishing over his right shoulder his great
spear, and the flash of his arms was as the flame of fire, or as the rising sun.
And Hector trembled when he saw him, nor dared to abide his coming. Fast
he fled from the gates, and fast Achilles pursued him, as a hawk, fastest of
all the birds of the air, pursues a dove upon the mountains. Past the watch-
tower they ran, past the wind-blown fig tree, along the wagon-road which
went about the walls, and they came to the fair-flowing fountain where
from two springs rises the stream of eddying Scamander.

Past these springs they ran, one fleeing, the other pursuing; brave was
he that fled, braver he that pursued; it was no sheep for sacrifice or shield of
ox-hide for which they ran, but for the life of Hector, the tamer of horses.
Thrice they ran round the city, and all the gods looked on.

And Zeus said: "This is a piteous sight that I behold. My heart is

grieved for Hector—Hector, who has ever worshipped me with sacrifice;
and now the great Achilles is pursuing him round the city of Priam. Come,
ye gods, let us take counsel together. Shall we save him from death, or let
him fall beneath the hand of Achilles?"

Then Athene said: "What is this that thou sayest, great sire?—to rescue
a man whom fate has appointed to die? Do it, if it be thy will; but we, the
other gods, approve it not."

Zeus answered her: "My heart is loath; yet I would do thee pleasure. Be
it as thou wilt."

Then Athene came down in haste from the top of Olympus, and still
Hector fled and Achilles pursued, just as a dog pursues a fawn upon the
hills. And ever Hector made for the gates, or to get shelter beneath the
towers, so that those that stood upon them might defend him with their
spears; and ever Achilles would get before him, and drive him towards the
plain. So they ran, one making for the city, and the other driving him to the
plain.

Now Achilles had beckoned to the Greeks that no man should throw his
spear at Hector, lest, perchance, he should be robbed of his glory. And when
the two came in their running for the fourth time to the springs of
Scamander, Zeus held out the great balance of doom, and in one scale he
put the fate of Achilles, and in the other the fate of Hector; and lo! the scale
of Hector sank down to the realms of death, and Apollo left him.

Then Athene lighted down from the air close to Achilles and said: "This,
great Achilles, is our day of glory, for we shall slay Hector, mighty warrior
though he be. For it is his doom to die, and not Apollo's self shall save him.
But stand thou still and take breath, and I will give this man heart to meet
thee in battle."

So Achilles stood leaning upon his spear. And Athene took the shape of
Deiphobus, and came near to Hector and said:—

De-iph'-o-bus.

"Achilles presses thee hard, my brother, pursuing thee thus round the
city of Priam. Come, let us make a stand and encounter him."

Then Hector answered him, "Deiphobus, I always loved thee best of all
my brothers; but now I love thee yet more, for thou alone, while all others
remained within, hast ventured forth to stand by my side."

But the false Deiphobus said: "Much did father and mother and all my
comrades beseech me to remain. But my heart was sore troubled for thee,
and I could not stay. But let us stand and fight this man, and see whether he
shall carry our spoil to the ships, or we shall slay him here."

Then the two chiefs came near to each other, and Hector with the
waving plume spake first, and said: "Thrice, great Achilles, hast thou
pursued me round the walls of Troy, and I dared not stand up against thee;
but now I fear thee no more. Only let us make this covenant between us: if
Zeus give me the victory, I will do no dishonour to thy body; thy arms and
armour will I take, and give back thy body to the Greeks; and do thou
promise to do likewise."
 But Achilles scowled at him and said: "Hector, talk not of covenants to
me. Men and lions make no oaths between each other, neither is there any
agreement between wolves and sheep. So there shall be no covenant
between me and thee. One of us two shall fall; and now is the time for thee
to show thyself a warrior, for of a truth Athene will slay thee by my spear,
and thou shalt pay the penalty for all my comrades whom thou hast slain."

Then he threw the mighty spear, but Hector saw it coming and avoided
it, crouching on the ground, so that the mighty spear flew above his head
and fixed itself in the earth. But Athene snatched it from the ground and
gave it back to Achilles, Hector not perceiving.

Then Hector spake to Achilles: "Thou hast missed thy aim, great
Achilles. Now look out for my spear. Would that it might bury itself in so
thy flesh! The battle would be easier for the men of Troy were thou only out
of the way."

And as he spake he threw his long-shafted spear. True aim he took, for
the spear struck the very middle of Achilles' shield. It struck, but pierced it
not, but bounded far away, for the shield was not of mortal make. And
Hector stood dismayed, for he had not another spear, and when he called to
Deiphobus that he should give him another, lo! Deiphobus was gone. Then
Hector knew that his end was come, and he said to himself: "Now have the
gods called me to my doom. I thought that Deiphobus was near; but he is
within the walls, and the help which he promised me was but a cheat with
which Athene cheated me. Zeus and Apollo are with me no more; but if I
must die, let me at least die in such a deed as men of after time may hear
of."

So he spake, and drew the mighty sword that hung by his side: then as
an eagle rushes through the clouds to pounce on a lamb, he rushed on the
great Achilles. But he dealt never a blow; for Achilles charged to meet him,
his shield before his breast, his helmet bent forward as he ran, with the long
plumes streaming behind, and the gleam of his spear-point was as the gleam
of the evening star, which is the fairest of all the stars in heaven. One
moment he thought where he should drive it home, for the armour which
Hector had won from Patroclus guarded him well; but one spot there was,
where by the collar-bone the neck joins the shoulder (and nowhere is the
stroke of sword or spear more deadly). There he drave in the spear, and the
point stood out behind the neck, and Hector fell in the dust.

Then Achilles cried aloud: "Hector, thou thoughtest in the day when
thou didst spoil Patroclus of his arms that thou wouldst be safe from
vengeance. And lo! thou art fallen before me, and now the dogs and
vultures shall devour thee, but to him all the Greeks shall give due burial."

But Hector, growing faint, spake to him: "Nay, great Achilles, by thy
life, and by thy knees, and by thy parents dear, I pray thee, let not the dogs
of the Greeks devour me. Take rather the ransom, gold and bronze, that my
father and mother shall pay thee, and let the sons and daughters of Troy
give me burial rites."

But Achilles scowled at him, and cried: "Dog, seek not to entreat me! I
could mince that flesh of thine and devour it raw, such grief hast thou
wrought me. Surely the dogs shall devour thee, nor shall any man hinder.
No ransom, though it were ten times told, should buy thee back; no, not
though Priam should offer thy weight in gold."

Then Hector, who was now at the point to die, spake to him: "I know
thee well, what manner of man thou art, that the heart in thy breast is iron
only. Only beware lest some vengeance from the gods come upon thee in
the day when Paris and Apollo shall slay thee, for all thy valour, by the
Scæan gates."

So speaking, he died. But Achilles said, "Die, hound; but my fate I meet
when Zeus and the other gods decree."

Then he drew his spear out of the corpse, and stripped off the arms; and
all the Greeks came about the dead man, marvelling at his stature and
beauty, and no man came but wounded the dead corpse. And one would say
to another, "Surely this Hector is less dreadful now than in the day when he
would burn our ships with fire."

Then Achilles devised a ruthless thing in his heart. He pierced the ankle-
bones of Hector, and so bound the body with thongs of ox-hide to the
chariot, letting the head drag behind, the head that once was so fair, and
now was so disfigured in the dust. So he dragged Hector to the ships. And
Priam saw him from the walls, and scarce could his sons keep him back, but
that he should go forth and beg the body of his dear son from him who had
slain him. And Hecuba, his mother, also bewailed him, but Andromache
knew not as yet of what had befallen. For she sat in her dwelling, weaving a
great purple mantle broidered with flowers. And she bade her maidens
make ready a bath for Hector, when he should come back from the battle,
nor knew that he should never need it more. But the voice of wailing from
the town came to her, and she rose up hastily in great fear, and dropped the
shuttle from her hand, and called to her maidens:—

"Come with me, ye maidens, that I may see what has befallen, for I
heard the voice of Queen Hecuba, and I fear me much that some evil has
come to the children of Priam. For it may be that Achilles has run between
Hector and the city, and is pursuing him to the plain, for never will Hector
abide with the army, but will fight in the front, so bold is he."

Then she hasted through the city like as she were mad. And when she
came to the wall, she stood and looked; and lo! the horses of Achilles were
dragging Hector to the ships. Then did darkness come on her, and she fell
back fainting.
 CHAPTER XXII

THE BURNING OF PATROCLUS

While the Trojans mourned for Hector in the city, the Greeks went back
to the camp. All the others were scattered, each to his own ship, but Achilles
spake to the Myrmidons, saying, "Loose not your horses from the yoke, but
let us do honour to Patroclus, driving our chariots round the dead, and
making lamentation the while."

Then the Myrmidons did as he had bidden them; thrice round the dead
they drave their chariots, and made lamentation; and Achilles led the
mourning. Also he laid the body of Hector in the dust beside the dead. After
that he made a funeral feast for his people. He himself was brought by the
chiefs, much against his will, to King Agamemnon, who had made a great
feast for the leaders of the Greeks. But when the heralds heated water in a
caldron, and would have had him wash off the blood, he refused, saying;
"Nay; water shall not come nigh me till I have laid Patroclus on the fire, and
heaped a mound over him. Now let us eat our meal, though it be in sorrow;
to-morrow we will pay due honour to the dead."

So they ate and drank; and when they had had enough, the others lay
down to sleep, each in his own tent, but Achilles lay groaning heavily
amidst the Myrmidons in an open place by the sea.

The next day they made a great pile of wood, and laid the dead man
thereon. Nine dogs had the Prince, and Achilles slew two of them on the
pile, and four horses he slew, and also the twelve youths of Troy whom he
had taken at the river. Then he set fire to the pile, saying: "Hear, Patroclus;
twelve of the sons of Troy doth the fire devour with thee; but Hector will I
give to the dogs."

And when the burning was well-nigh ended, Achilles spake, saying:
"Quench ye the fire that yet remains with wine, and gather the bones of
Patroclus together where they lie apart in the midst of the pile, and put them
in an urn of gold against the day of my death. And make over them a tomb
not over large; but when I am dead also, then shall ye that are left make it
higher, as is meet."

And when all these things were ended, Achilles, willing to do all honour
to the dead man, would have games, wherein the chiefs should contend one
with the other. So, having called the people together, he brought forth out of
his ships many things that should be for prizes,—caldrons, kettles of
bronze, and horses and mules, and fair women-slaves, and iron.

First, he would have a contest of chariots and horses, for which he set
forth prizes: for the first, a woman-slave, skilled in all the works of the
loom, and with her a kettle of bronze; and for the second, a mare of six
years old; and for the third, a kettle of bronze, fair and new; and for the
fourth, two talents of gold; and for the fifth, a double cup. Then he stood up
in the midst, and spake: "Ye men of Greece, behold these prizes, which I
have set in the midst for a race of chariots. Now know ye that if we were
doing honour to another than Patroclus, I myself should carry the first prize
to my tent, for there are not in the camp horses such as mine; and, indeed,
they are not of mortal breed, but Poseidon gave them to Peleus, my father.
But from this race I stand apart, and they also; for he that drave them is
dead, whom they loved; therefore they stand grieving sore, and their manes
droop to the ground." Then stood up five chiefs; first of all, Eumelus, and
next to him Diomed, having horses of Troy, which he took from Æneas; and
third, Menelaus, driving his horse Whitefoot, and a mare, Flash-of-Fire.
Fourth came Antilochus, son of Nestor, and after him Meriones.

Eu-me'-lus.

After this they drew lots for their places. And the first lot fell to
Antilochus, and after him came Eumelus, and Menelaus, and Meriones, and
Diomed, in this order. Then Achilles marked the course, making old Phœnix
the judge. After this the race began, and the men lifted their whips and
smote their horses, and shouted also. And the dust rose up beneath the
horses' breasts, and their manes were blown by the wind, and the chariots
were seen now low upon the earth and now high in the air. But when they
were come near to the end of the course at the turning-point, it might be
seen which steeds were the better. For the horses of Eumelus were
foremost, and next to these the horses of King Diomed, very close, so that
they seemed about to step upon the chariot that was before them, and the
back and broad shoulders of Eumelus were hot with their breath. And
Diomed would now have passed him, or been equal in the race, but Apollo
grudged him the victory,—for the god loved him not,—and struck the whip
out of his hand. Very wroth was Diomed, and his eyes were filled with
tears, that his horses should thus lack control. But Athene saw the thing and
had pity on him, and gave him back the whip, and put strength into his
horses. Also she went near to Eumelus, and brake the yoke of his chariot, so
that the pole smote upon the ground, and the man himself was thrown
down, having his elbows and mouth and nostrils sorely bruised, and a
wound on his forehead over the eyebrows. Then did Diomed take the first
place with his chariot, and next to him came Menelaus. But Antilochus
cried to his horses, saying: "Now speed ye as best ye can. I bid you not
strive with the horses of King Diomed, for Athene giveth them swiftness
and strength; but the horses of Menelaus ye can overtake. It were a shame
to you that Flame-of-Fire, being a mare, should surpass you."

And the horses feared the fury of the Prince, and leapt forward. Now
Antilochus had spied a narrow place in the way, where it had been broken
by the floods in the winter; and as Menelaus drove his chariot thereby,
Antilochus, turning a little out of the way, sought to pass at the same time.
Now there was not space sufficient for two chariots, and Menelaus feared,
and cried: "Why drivest thou so madly, Antilochus? Stay awhile, and thou
canst pass me if thou wilt, where the way is broader; but now thou wilt hurt
thy chariot and mine." But Antilochus drave the more furiously, making as
though he heard not. And for the space of a quoit's throw the chariots were
abreast, but then Menelaus held back, fearing lest they should clash
together. But he cried to Antilochus: "Was there ever man so evil-minded as
thou? Yet shalt thou not win this prize unless thou shalt forswear thyself
that thou hast dealt fairly." And to his horses cried: "Speed ye! Stand not
still; ye shall overtake them, for they will grow weary before you."
 In the meantime the Greeks sat waiting till the chariots should come
back.

Then came in Diomed first of all, and leapt from the chariot; and next to
him Antilochus, having surpassed Menelaus by craft and not by speed; nor,
indeed, was Menelaus far behind, being as near to him as a chariot is near to
the horse which draweth it, so swift was the mare Flame-of-Fire, for at the
first he had been a whole quoit's throw behind. But Meriones was
vanquished by the flight of a spear, for his horses were the slowest, and he
himself less skilled to drive. Last of all came Eumelus, drawing his chariot,
and driving his horses before him. And Achilles pitied him and said: "The
most skilful cometh last. Surely he shall have the second prize."

And the Greeks gave consent; but Antilochus cried aloud: "Wilt thou
take away this prize from me because his chariot was broken? Had he
prayed to the gods, this had not happened. But if thou pitiest him, give him
somewhat of thine own. As for this prize, no man taketh it from me but by
arms."

And Achilles laughed and said: "'Tis well said, Antilochus. I will give
him of mine own, even a breastplate which Asteropæus wore."

Then stood up Menelaus, in great wrath, and said: "What is this that
thou hast done, Antilochus? For thou hast shamed me and my horses,
putting thine own in front, which are, of a truth, much worse than they.
Judge, therefore, between us, ye chiefs of the Greeks. And thou, Antilochus,
stand before thy chariot and thy horses, as the custom is, holding in one
hand thy whip, and laying the other hand on thine horses, and swear by
Poseidon that thou didst not hinder my chariot by fraud."

To him Antilochus made reply: "Bear with me, Menelaus, for I am

younger than thou, and thou knowest how young men go astray, for their
judgment is hasty and their wit small. And as for the mare, I give it thee,
and aught else that thou desirest, rather than that I should be at strife with
thee or sin against the gods."

And the soul of Menelaus was glad, as the corn is glad when the dew
falleth upon it; and he said: "This is well said, son of Nestor. And now—for
thy father and thy brother have borne much for my sake—I give thee this
mare."

And he himself took the kettle of bronze, and the fourth prize Meriones
had; but the double cup Achilles gave to old Nestor, saying: "Take this to be
a memorial of the burial of Patroclus, whom thou wilt not see any more. For
I know that old age hinders thee, that thou canst not contend in wrestling or
boxing with the rest."

After this Achilles set forth two prizes for boxers: for the conqueror a
mule, and for him that should be vanquished a cup with two mouths. Then
stood up Epeius and spake: "Who desireth to take this cup? for the mule no
man but I shall have. In battle I am weak—for what man can do all things?
—but whosoever shall stand against me to-day, verily, I will tear his flesh
and break his bones, so that his friends had best be at hand to carry him
away."

E-pei'-us.

Then there rose up against him Euryalus. King Diomed stood by him,
wishing much that he might prevail, and brought him his girdle that he
might gird himself, and gave him the great gloves of bull's hide. Then the
two stood together in the midst. Many blows did they deal to each other, so
that the noise was dreadful to hear, and the sweat ran down from them. But
after awhile Epeius sprang forward and smote Euryalus on the jaw, even
through his guard, and Euryalus could not stand against him; but even as a
fish is dashed by the north wind against the shore, so was he dashed to the
earth. But Epeius raised him up, and his companions led him away, sorely
wounded and amazed.

Eu-ry'-a-lus.
 After this Achilles would have a match of wrestling, saying that the
conqueror should have a great kettle of bronze, of twelve oxen's worth, and
the vanquished a woman-slave, skilful at the loom, worth four oxen. Then
stood up Ajax the Greater and Ulysses, and took hold of one another with
their hands, and strove together for the mastery. But after a while, when
neither could prevail, and the people were weary with looking, Ajax spake,
saying: "Come, Ulysses; thou shalt lift me from the ground if thou canst,
and I thee. So shall we finish this matter." Then Ajax laid hold of Ulysses to
lift him; and this he had done, but Ulysses used craft, as was his wont, and
put forth his leg and smote Ajax on the sinew behind the knee, so that he
fell, and Ulysses also above him. Then Ulysses would have lifted Ajax from
the ground; a little space he moved him, but lifted him not, and his knee
yielded beneath him, and they fell to the ground, both of them. But when
they would have striven the third time, Achilles hindered them, saying:
"Hold! it is enough. Ye are conquerors both, and your prizes shall be equal."

Next to this was a trial of racers on foot, in which three contended, Ajax
the Less, and Ulysses, and Antilochus. In a short space Ajax the Less was
foremost, with Ulysses close upon him, close as is the shuttle to the breast
of a woman who stands at the loom and weaves. Hard behind him he ran,
treading in his steps before the dust could rise from them. And when they
were now drawing to the end of the course Ulysses prayed to Athene that
she should help him, and Athene heard him, and made his knees and feet
right nimble, and even at the very end she caused that Ajax slipped in the
filth where certain oxen had been slain, so that his mouth and nostrils were
filled with it. So Ulysses gained the mixing-bowl; but Ajax stood and spat
the filth from his mouth, and laid his hand on the head of the ox, and cried,
"Surely the goddess caused my feet to slip, for she ever standeth by
Ulysses, and helpeth him as a mother helpeth a child."

So he spake, and all men laughed to hear him; and last of all came
Antilochus, taking the third prize. And he said: "Ye know well, my friends,
that the immortal gods ever help the aged. As for Ajax, he is but a little
older than I, but Ulysses is of another generation. Yet is his verily a green
old age; hardly may any of the Greeks strive with him, but only Achilles
himself."
 So the Games of Patroclus were ended; and the people were scattered to
the ships, and sat down to eat and drink; and afterwards they slept. But
Achilles slept not, for he remembered his dear Patroclus, and all that the
two had done and endured together, journeying over sea and land, and
standing against the enemy in the day of battle.

CHAPTER XXIII

THE RANSOMING OF HECTOR

When the burial of Patroclus was ended, the gods held council about
Hector, for Achilles did despite to the body of Hector, dragging it about the
tomb of his friend, but the gods had pity on the dead man, because in his
life he had ever honoured them.

Then did Zeus send for Thetis, and when she was come to Olympus, he
said: "Get thee to the camp, and bid thy son give up Hector for ransom, for I
am wroth with him because he doth despite to the dead."

So Thetis went to Achilles, and found him weeping softly for his dead
friend, for the strength of his sorrow was now spent, and she said to him: "It
is the will of the gods that thou give up the body of Hector, and take in
exchange the ransom of gold and precious things which his father will give
thee for him."

And her son answered, "Be it so, if the gods will have it."

Then Zeus sent Iris, who was his messenger, to King Priam, where he
sat with his face wrapped in his mantle, and his sons weeping about him,
and his daughters wailing through the chambers of his palace.

Then Iris spake: "Be of good cheer, Priam, Zeus has sent me to thee.
Go, taking with thee such gifts as may best please the heart of Achilles, and