UNIT-III

INTRODUCTION OF IOT
CONTENTS:
Introduction & Characteristics:
 Physical design protocols
 Logical design enabling technologies,
 IoT Levels
 Domain Specific IoTs,
 IoT vs M2M,
 IoT systems management,
 IoT Design Methodology: Specifications Integration and Application Development.

INTRODUCTION OF IOT:
IoT comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to internet. By 2020 there will be a total
of 50 billion devices /things connected to internet. IoT is not limited to just connecting things to the internet but also
allow things to communicate and exchange data.

Definition:
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ―things‖ have identities,
physical attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly
integrated into information n/w, often communicate data associated with users and their
environments.
(or)
Multiple electronic devices which are equipped with a unique IP address and communicated with over
internet are called the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT will make our life so simple and accurate.
Examples for IoT devices like a smartwatch, smart speakers, smart TV’s, Amazon Alexa, Google Home
devices are internet-connected devices come under examples of IoT.

Characteristics:
1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating
conditions, user‘s context or sensed environment.
Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and changing conditions.
2) Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain
functionality.
3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with
infrastructure.
4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique
identifier(IP address).
5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate and exchange
data with other devices and systems.

Applications of IoT:

1) Home
2) Cities
 3) Environment
4) Energy
5) Retail
6) Logistics
7) Agriculture
8) Industry
9) Health & LifeStyle

DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF IOT;

There are two ways of design an IoT .they are (1) Physical design of IoT and (2) Logical Design of IoT.

In Physical design of IoT there are two things they are 1) The things in IoT 2) IoTProtocols

1)The things in IoT:

The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and perform remote sensing, actuating
and monitoring capabilities.
IoT devices can exchange dat with other connected devices applications. It collects data from other
devices and process data either locally or remotely.
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for communication to other devices both wired and
wireless. These includes (i) I/O interfaces for sensors, (ii) Interfaces for internet connectivity (iii) memory
and storage interfaces and (iv) audio/videointerfaces.
Physical Design Of IoT
1) Things inIoT:
 The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices can exchange dat with other connected
devices applications. It collects data from other devices and process data either locally or
remotely.
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for communication to other devices both wired
and wireless. These includes (i) I/O interfaces for sensors, (ii) Interfaces for internet connectivity
(iii) memory and storage interfaces and (iv) audio/video interfaces.

2)IoTProtocols:
The communication Protocols handle the exchange or transfer of data between devices in the IoT
network.
It operates at several layers such as Link layer ,network layer,transport layer and application layer.
a) Link Layer : Protocols determine how data is physically sent over the network‘s
physical layer or medium. Local network connect to which host is attached. Hosts on the
same link exchange data packets over the link layer using link layer protocols. Link layer
determines how packets are coded and signaled by the h/w device over the medium to
which the host is attached.

Protocols:
 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer.
Eg: 802.3 uses co-axial cable; 802.3i uses copper twisted pair connection; 802.3j uses
fiber optic connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet over fiber.
 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN(WLAN) communication
standards including extensive description of link layer. Eg: 802.11a operates in 5GHz
band, 802.11b and 802.11g operates in 2.4GHz band, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5GHz
band, 802.11ac operates in 5GHz band, 802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.
 802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards including
exclusive description of link layer. WiMax provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless
personal area network(LR-WPAN). Basis for high level communication protocols such as
ZigBee. Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.
  2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up to100Mb/s(4G).

B) Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source n/w to

destination n/w. Performs the host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams contains
source and destination address.

Protocols:
 IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w using a
hierarchical addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of 2**32addresses.
 IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows
2**128 addresses.
 6LOWPAN:(IPv6over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network)
operates in 2.4 GHz frequency range and data transfer 250 kb/s.
C) Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP.
Provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
Protocols:
 TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers(along with HTTP and
HTTPS), email(along with SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented and stateless protocol. IP
Protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmission of protocols in
order. Avoids n/w congestion and congestion collapse.
 UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful in time sensitive
applications, very small data units to exchange. Transaction oriented and stateless
protocol. Does not provide guaranteed delivery.
D) Application Layer: Defines how the applications interface with lower layer protocols
to send data over the n/w. Enables process-to-process communication using ports.
Protocols:
HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow request-
response model Statelessprotocol.
 CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine(M2M) applications
with constrained devices, constrained environment and constrained n/w. Uses client-
server architecture.
 WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single socketconnection.
 MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging protocol based
on publish-subscribe model. Uses client server architecture. Well suited for constrained
environment.
 XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real time communication and
streaming XML data between network entities. Support client-server and server-server
communication.
 DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware standards for device-to-device
or machine-to-machine communication. Uses publish-subscribemodel.
 AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer protocol
forbusiness messaging. Supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribemodel.

LOGICAL DESIGN of IoT

Refers to an abstract represent of entities and processes without going into the low level
specifies of implementation.
1) IoT Functional Blocks 2) IoT Communication Models 3) IoT Comm. APIs
 1) IoT Functional Blocks: Provide the system the capabilities for identification,
sensing, actuation, communication andmanagement.

 Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring
and control functions.
 Communication: handles the communication for IoT system.
 Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services
and services for device discovery.
 Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
 Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as authentication,
authorization, message and context integrity and data security.
 Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use to control
and monitor various aspects of IoT system.

2) IoT Communication Models:

1) Request-Response 2) Publish-Subscribe 3)Push-Pull 4) Exclusive Pair

1) Request-Response Model:

In which the client sends request to the server and the server replies to requests. Is
a stateless communication model and each request-response pair is independent of others.
 2) Publish-Subscibe Model:

Involves publishers, brokers and consumers. Publishers are source of data. Publishers send data
to the topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker. When the broker receives
data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.

3) Push-Pull Model: in which data producers push data to queues and consumers pull
data from the queues. Producers do not need to aware of the consumers. Queues help in
decoupling the message between the producers and consumers.

4) Exclusive Pair: is bi-directional, fully duplex communication model that uses a

persistent connection between the client and server. Once connection is set up it remains
open until the client send a request to close the connection. Is a stateful communication
model and server is aware of all the open connections.
3) IoT Communication APIs:
a) REST based communication APIs(Request-Response Based Model)
b) WebSocket based Communication APIs(Exclusive Pair Based Model)
a) REST based communication APIs: Representational State Transfer(REST) is a set of
architectural principles by which we can design web services and web APIs that focus on a
system‘s resources and have resource states are addressed and transferred.
The REST architectural constraints: Fig. shows communication between client server with
REST APIs.

Client-Server: The principle behind client-server constraint is the separation of concerns.

Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and updated.
Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the info. Necessary to understand
the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server.
Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a response to a request be implicitly
or explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cacheable. If a response is cache-able, then a client
cache is given the right to reuse that response data for later, equivalent requests.
Layered System: constraints the behavior of components such that each component cannot see
beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting.
User Interface: constraint requires that the method of communication between a client and a
server must be uniform.
Code on Demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their
context. This constraint is the only one that is optional.

Request-Response model used by REST:

RESTful webservice is a collection of resources which are represented by URIs. RESTful web
API has a base URI(e.g: http://example.com/api/tasks/). The clients and requests to these URIs
using the methods defined by the HTTP protocol(e.g: GET, PUT, POST or DELETE). A
RESTful web service can support various internet media types.
b) WebSocket Based Communication APIs: WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full
duplex communication between clients and servers. WebSocket APIs follow the
exclusive pair communication model.

IoT Enabling Technologies

IoT is enabled by several technologies including Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud
Computing, Big Data Analytics, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and architectures,
Communication Protocols, Web Services, Mobile internet and semantic search engines.

1) Wireless Sensor Network(WSN): Comprises of distributed devices with sensors which

are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. Zig Bee is one of the most
popular wireless technologies used byWSNs.
WSNs used in IoT systems are described as follows: