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IGCSE Physics Notes

Physics Chapter 2 notes

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64 views2 pages

IGCSE Physics Notes

Physics Chapter 2 notes

Uploaded by

Anna Rose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IGCSE Physics Notes: Grade 9

Topic: Forces and Motion

Key Concepts

1. Force

o Definition: A push or pull that can cause an object to accelerate.

o Unit: Newton (N)

o Types of Forces:

▪ Contact Forces: Friction, tension, normal, applied.

▪ Non-Contact Forces: Gravitational, magnetic, electrostatic.

2. Newton's Laws of Motion

o First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion
at constant velocity unless acted upon by a net external force.

o Second Law: F = ma (Force = mass × acceleration). The acceleration of an object


is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to
its mass.

o Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

3. Mass and Weight

o Mass: The amount of matter in an object (measured in kg).

o Weight: The force of gravity acting on an object (W = mg, where g = acceleration


due to gravity ≈ 9.81 m/s² on Earth).

4. Acceleration

o Change in velocity over time.

o Formula: a = (v_final - v_initial) / t

5. Velocity and Speed

o Speed: Scalar quantity (distance/time).

o Velocity: Vector quantity (displacement/time, includes direction).

Important Equations

1. Distance and Displacement

o Distance = Speed × Time

o Displacement = Final position - Initial position


2. Acceleration Formula

o a = (v - u) / t (where u = initial velocity, v = final velocity)

3. Force Calculation

o F = ma

Diagrams and Graphs

Free-Body Diagrams: Show all the forces acting on an object.

Velocity-Time Graphs: Slope represents acceleration. A horizontal line indicates constant


velocity.

Practical Applications

Everyday Examples: Discuss how forces affect motion in real-life scenarios, such as
driving a car, playing sports, or riding a bike.

Experiments: Simple experiments to measure the effects of different forces using spring
scales or toy cars.

Summary

Understand the relationship between mass, weight, and gravity.

Apply Newton's laws to predict how objects will move.

Calculate forces, mass, acceleration, and understand their interrelationships.

Study Tips

Practice solving problems related to forces and motion.

Use diagrams to visualize concepts.

Review key terms and definitions regularly.

Work on past paper questions to familiarize yourself with exam format.

Homework

Complete the worksheet on calculating force, mass, and acceleration.

Read Chapter 2 of your textbook and summarize key points.

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