Biology

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The purpose of flagella and cilia in the cell is to cause movement or to move an entire cell.
Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell as it provides energy in the cell.
Eukaryotic Cells have sophisticated structures and clear divisions of structure and function.
The process of producing a clone of itself with all its capabilities and knowledge is Binary fission.
The prefix EU in eukaryotic means True Nuclei/Nucleus.
A prokaryotic cell is prehistoric as it has NO true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are free to enter and exit the cell anytime.
The nucleus is the cell that you need if you need to produce exact copies of yourself, as it holds
information about you.
Organelles are the structures that function like mini-organs in the cell.
The 3 fundamental components of the cell are; CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS,& the CELL MEMBRANE.
The process which refers to the transformation of energy and material in a cell/body is
Irritability is the response to threat.
Adaptability means surviving in the conditions of the environment they live.
The condition that refers to the different processes to maintain the state of living in an organism
is called
The basic unit of life is the cell.
Robert Hooke coined the term cell.
The Jansen Brothers officially invented the microscope.
Spontaneous Generation Theory states that life arises suddenly out of nothing from non-living
things.
Virus has genetic material so it’s almost considered a living thing.
Microscope led to the development of cell theory.
CELLS make up all living organisms.
The Phospholipids have a Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic nonpolar tail.
Cancer cells are fatal as they absorb most of the nutrients and energy away from healthy cells.
Mitosis has 4 orders; (P.M.A.T) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
-Crossing over refers to the exchange of genetic materials between non-sister chromatid and
homologous chromosomes.
-The best reason for RECOMBINATION is to produce an individual with the best chance of
survival.
-Haploid only contains 1 set of chromosomes (=n).
-Diploid contains 2 sets of chromosomes (2n).
-The cell that is assessed to be incapable of undergoing the M phase enters the GO phase.
-Chloroplast is responsible for carrying out the photosynthesis.
-The Phloem is a plant cell transport synthesized sugar and other organic compounds from roots
to leaves.
-The Epithelium a tissue in animals which is composed of tightly packed cells which cover the
surfaces, cavities and glands.
-Protozoa, Fungi, Plants, and Animals are examples of Eukaryotic cells.
-The phase in cell cycle when cloning happens is the M phase.
- the reason for the folds in the inner lining of the intestines is to increase the absorption area.
General Biology 1 First Quarter Exam Reviewer
1. Cell Structure and Function
- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Differences in complexity, size, and organelles.
- Key examples: Bacteria (prokaryotic) vs. plant/animal cells (eukaryotic).
- Cell Organelles
- Nucleus: Control center; contains DNA.
- Mitochondria: Energy production (ATP).
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis (free vs. bound).
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis and detoxification.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modification and packaging of proteins.
- Lysosomes: Digestion and waste removal.
- Chloroplasts (in plants): Photosynthesis.
- Cell Membrane Structure
- Phospholipid bilayer and fluid mosaic model.
- Functions of membrane proteins (transport, receptors).
2. Cell Division
- Mitosis
- Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.
- Purpose: Growth and tissue repair.

- asexual
- Meiosis
- Stages: Meiosis I and II; crossing over and genetic diversity.
- Importance in gamete formation.
- 23 paternal chromosomes and 23 chromosomes
3. Biological Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Types: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.
- Functions: Energy storage (glycogen, starch) and structural (cellulose).
- Proteins
- Amino acids and peptide bonds.
- Levels of structure: Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
- Functions: Enzymatic, structural, transport, signaling.
- Lipids
- Types: Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids.
- Functions: Energy storage, membrane structure, signaling.
- Nucleic Acids
- Structure of DNA and RNA; base pairing.
- Functions in genetic information storage and protein synthesis.
4. Metabolism
- Basic Concepts
- Catabolic vs. anabolic reactions.

- ATP as the energy currency.
- Enzymes
- Enzyme structure and function; active site.
- Factors affecting enzyme activity: Temperature, pH, substrate concentration.
5. Genetics
- **Mendelian Genetics**
- Laws of segregation and independent assortment.
- Punnett squares for predicting genotype and phenotype ratios.
- DNA Structure and Replication
- Components of nucleotides; double helix.
- Steps in DNA replication (initiation, elongation, termination).

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(wapay 24 32)

General Biology 1 First Quarter Exam Reviewer

1. Cell Structure and Function

- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

- Differences in complexity, size, and organelles.

- Key examples: Bacteria (prokaryotic) vs. plant/animal cells (eukaryotic).

- Nucleus: Control center; contains DNA.

- Mitochondria: Energy production (ATP).

- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis (free vs. bound).

- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

- Rough ER: Protein synthesis.

- Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis and detoxification.

- Golgi Apparatus: Modification and packaging of proteins.

- Lysosomes: Digestion and waste removal.

- Chloroplasts (in plants): Photosynthesis.

- Cell Membrane Structure

- Phospholipid bilayer and fluid mosaic model.

- Functions of membrane proteins (transport, receptors).

- Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

- Purpose: Growth and tissue repair.

- Stages: Meiosis I and II; crossing over and genetic diversity.

- Importance in gamete formation.

- 23 paternal chromosomes and 23 chromosomes

- Types: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.

- Functions: Energy storage (glycogen, starch) and structural (cellulose).

- Amino acids and peptide bonds.

- Levels of structure: Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

- Functions: Enzymatic, structural, transport, signaling.

- Types: Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids.

- Functions: Energy storage, membrane structure, signaling.

- Structure of DNA and RNA; base pairing.

- Functions in genetic information storage and protein synthesis.

- Catabolic vs. anabolic reactions.

- Enzyme structure and function; active site.

- Factors affecting enzyme activity: Temperature, pH, substrate concentration.

- Laws of segregation and independent assortment.

- Punnett squares for predicting genotype and phenotype ratios.

- DNA Structure and Replication

- Components of nucleotides; double helix.

- Steps in DNA replication (initiation, elongation, termination).

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