CELL THEORY  German zoologist

Robert Hooke  concluded that all animals are

 1665 comprised of cells.
 examined a thin slice of cork under Jointly, Schleiden and Schwann came
the microscope which he owns out with the theory that all living things
invented. are composed of cells and cell is the
 He observed that the piece of cork basic unit of living things, the first two
uses composed of many tiny postulates of the cell theory.
compartments he named these “cell”
Rudolph Virchow
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek  1858
 1674  German Biologist
 contemporary of Robert Hooke  theorized that all living cell come
 became curious and interested to from pre-existing cells.
Robert Hooke’s discovery.  This becomes the third postulates of
 He made a more powerful compound the cell theory.
microscope.  His conclusion arose from observing
 He discovered free cell (moving cell) dividing cells while he was at work,
like red blood cell, sperm cell and this conclusion also sealed or end the
protist in pond water. He called it theory of spontaneous generation.
“animalcules” and stated that  However, there is some evidence
motility (movement) is that this idea was stolen from
characteristics of living things. Polish scientist Robert Remak.
 He is the first person to observe
living cell. Expanded or Modern Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of cell
Robert Brown 2. Cell is the basic unit of living things
 1831 3. New cell arises from pre-existing
 discovered that there are small cells
bodies in the cell. 4. Energy flow (metabolism and
 This structure is fundamental and a biochemistry) occurs within cell
constant component of the cell, he 5. Cell carries genetic materials (DNA)
called it nucleus. passed to daughter cell through cell
division
Felix Dujardin 6. All cells are essentially the same in
 1835 chemical composition
 found out that living cell contained
an internal substance. CELLULAR STRUCTURE
 Not knowing exactly what this Main Parts of the cell
substance was, he named it  Cell membrane/Plasma
“sarcode”. membrane
 It was Johannes Purkinje, who made o the boundary of every cell, the
a thorough investigation of this selective barrier or check
internal materials. point, controls the entry and
 He called it “protoplasm” which is exit of materials or substances
currently known as “cytoplasm”  Nucleus
o the control center of the cell,
Matthias Schleiden contain the genetic materials
 1838 DNA (chromatin,
 German botanist chromosomes, genes)
 stated that all plants are composed o Nuclear membrane – protect
of cells. the nucleus and act as the
barrier between the nucleus
and other organelles
Theodore Schwann
 1839
 o Nucleolus - synthesize 2. Vacuoles – storage of water, organic
ribosomes and RNA compound, and ions, also act as
 Cytoplasm waste disposal.
o main parts or flooring of the 3. Peroxisomes – form bile that breaks
cell, made up of jelly – like down fats, detoxify alcohol and other
substance that holds the cell harmful compound.
organelles called cytosol, site
of many chemical reaction. Energy processing
1. Mitochondria – powerhouse of the
Organelles/little organ cell, site of ATP production or cellular
1. are tiny subcellular structure that respiration
perform specific function within a 2. Chloroplast – site of
cell. photosynthesis, unlimited source of
Organelles can be group into four ATP.
categories based on their function:
1. Manufacturing Support, Movement, and
2. Breakdown communication
3. Energy processing 1. Cell membrane or plasma
4. Support, movement and membrane
communication 2. Cytoplasm
3. Cytoskeleton – are network of
Manufacturing protein fibers that help maintain the
1. Nucleus shape of the cell
2. Ribosomes – protein factories or 3 types of protein fiber
site of protein synthesis a) Microfilaments – function in
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum – found cellular movement, provides
near the nucleus, serves as the rigidity and shape to the cell
pathways for the transport of b) Intermediate filament –
materials throughout the cell. maintain shape and anchor the
4. Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Bodies – nucleus and other organelles
serve as processing, packaging, in place.
storing, distribution and c) Microtubules – provide a
transport of materials, it also track along which vesicles
manufactures certain move through the cell and pull
macromolecules. sister chromatids to opposite
5. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – ends of a dividing cell.
lacks ribosomes, involve in lipid 4. Centrioles – help to organize the
synthesis, metabolism of assembly of microtubule during cell
carbohydrates and detoxification of division.
drugs and poison. Liver has plenty of 5. Cell wall – provide strength and
smooth ER. rigidity
6. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum –
contain ribosomes, synthesize PROKARYOTES VS. EUKARYOTES
secretory protein, formation of What is Prokaryote?
transport vesicles and membrane Prokaryotes
production. Pancreas have plenty of  is a simple, single celled (Unicellular)
rough ER. organism, relatively small that lacks
nucleus or any other membrane-
Breakdown bond organelles.
1. Lysosome – are digestive  The earliest or primitive organism,
compartment which contains eukaryotes have just evolved from
enzymes that can digest all major prokaryotes.
classes of macromolecules. White  Is one of the two types of cells, the
blood cell has plenty of lysosomes. other one is the eukaryotes.
 Are autotrophs, they can make their
own food.
  Are bacteria, archaebacteria and
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
 Can survive even in the most
extreme, harsh environment.
 The success of the prokaryotes is Importance of Prokaryotes
based on diverse adaptation of forms • Produce oxygen.
and functions. • Helps in digestion.
• Act as nitrogen fixer.
Parts of Prokaryotes • Act as decomposer.
 Cell wall, plasma membrane, • Use in fermentation.
cytoplasm, ribosome, DNA, • Use as vector or medium for genetic
 Nucleoid- the region where the engineering.
genetic material (DNA) is found.
 Inclusion/granules- storage of the
carbohydrate and fats.
 Glycocalyx- function as receptor.
 Endospore- helps in surviving
during harsh condition due to
resistance to environmental
destruction.
 Mesosomes- functions like
mitochondria.
 Capsule- additional protection.
 Pili- used to exchanged genetic
materials during conjugation
(reproduction)
 Fimbriae- used to attach to a host
cell.
 Flagellum- used for movement for
locomotion.
 Plasmid- facilitate the process of
replication in bacteria.

Characteristics of Eukaryotes
1. Have membrane-bound nucleus.
2. Have membrane-bound organelles
such as: endoplasmic reticulum,
golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
chloroplast, vacuoles, lysosomes,
peroxisomes.
3. Have other structure: such as cell
wall, plasma membrane, DNA,
ribosomes, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton
and centrioles.