UNIT IV - MCQ

1.Frequency response of a system is determined by:

1. a) The system's time constants

2. b) The system's transfer function evaluated at s=jωs = j\omegas=jω
3. c) The system's input signal
4. d) The system's initial conditions

Answer: b) The system's transfer function evaluated at s=jωs = j\

omegas=jω

2.The magnitude of the frequency response is plotted on:

1. a) A Nyquist plot
2. b) A Bode magnitude plot
3. c) A root locus plot
4. d) A step response plot

Answer: b) A Bode magnitude plot

3.The phase of the frequency response is:

1. a) The real part of the transfer function

2. b) The imaginary part of the transfer function
3. c) The angle of the transfer function evaluated at s=jωs = j\omegas=jω
4. d) The magnitude of the transfer function

Answer: c) The angle of the transfer function evaluated at s=jωs = j\

omegas=jω

4.The frequency response function H(jω)H(j\omega)H(jω) of a system is obtained

by:

1. a) Replacing sss with jωj\omegajω in the transfer function

2. b) Replacing jωj\omegajω with sss in the transfer function
3. c) Taking the Laplace transform of the transfer function
4. d) Taking the inverse Laplace transform of the transfer function

Answer: a) Replacing sss with jωj\omegajω in the transfer function

5.In a Bode plot, the phase margin is the amount of additional phase lag required
to bring the system to:

1. a) Stability
2. b) Marginal stability
3. c) Instability
4. d) Unity gain

Answer: c) Instability
6.The Nyquist stability criterion is used to determine:

1. a) The time response of a system

2. b) The frequency response of a system
3. c) The stability of a closed-loop system
4. d) The order of a system

Answer: c) The stability of a closed-loop system

7.According to the Nyquist criterion, a system is stable if the Nyquist plot:

1. a) Encircles the point −1+j0-1 + j0−1+j0 in the clockwise direction

2. b) Encircles the point −1+j0-1 + j0−1+j0 in the counterclockwise
direction
3. c) Does not encircle the point −1+j0-1 + j0−1+j0
4. d) Encircles the origin

Answer: c) Does not encircle the point −1+j0-1 + j0−1+j0

8.In the Nyquist stability criterion, the number of clockwise encirclements of the
point −1+j0-1 + j0−1+j0 gives the number of:

1. a) Stable poles
2. b) Unstable poles
3. c) Stable zeros
4. d) Unstable zeros

Answer: b) Unstable poles

9.The Nyquist plot is a plot of:

1. a) The real part of the transfer function vs. the imaginary part of the
transfer function
2. b) The magnitude of the transfer function vs. frequency
3. c) The phase of the transfer function vs. frequency
4. d) The time response of the system

Answer: a) The real part of the transfer function vs. the imaginary part of
the transfer function

10.A system with no encirclements of the point −1+j0-1 + j0−1+j0 and an open-
loop transfer function with no poles in the right half-plane is:

1. a) Stable
2. b) Unstable
3. c) Marginally stable
4. d) Critically stable

Answer: a) Stable
11.Nyquist plot is used to analyze:

1. a) Time-domain behavior of a system

2. b) Frequency-domain behavior of a system
3. c) Only the magnitude response
4. d) The step response of a system

Answer: b) Frequency-domain behavior of a system

12.The Nyquist plot for an open-loop transfer function with a pole at the origin
will:

1. a) Pass through the origin

2. b) Encircle the origin
3. c) Never reach the origin
4. d) Be a straight line

Answer: a) Pass through the origin

13.For a system with an open-loop transfer function G(s)H(s)G(s)H(s)G(s)H(s),

the Nyquist plot is obtained by plotting G(jω)H(jω)G(j\omega)H(j\
omega)G(jω)H(jω) for:

1. a) ω\omegaω from −∞-\infty−∞ to +∞+\infty+∞

2. b) ω\omegaω from 000 to +∞+\infty+∞
3. c) ω\omegaω from −∞-\infty−∞ to 000
4. d) All possible values of ω\omegaω

Answer: a) ω\omegaω from −∞-\infty−∞ to +∞+\infty+∞

14.The Nyquist plot provides information about:

1. a) Stability margins
2. b) Time constants
3. c) Gain margins and phase margins
4. d) Natural frequencies

Answer: c) Gain margins and phase margins

15.A clockwise encirclement of the point −1+j0-1 + j0−1+j0 on the Nyquist plot
indicates:

1. a) A stable pole
2. b) An unstable pole
3. c) A stable zero
4. d) A stable system

Answer: b) An unstable pole

16.Closed-loop stability can be determined using:

 1. a) Root locus
2. b) Bode plot
3. c) Nyquist plot
4. d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

17.In the Nyquist criterion, if the number of clockwise encirclements of −1+j0-1 +

j0−1+j0 equals the number of right-half-plane poles of the open-loop transfer
function, the closed-loop system is:

1. a) Stable
2. b) Unstable
3. c) Marginally stable
4. d) Critically stable

Answer: a) Stable

18.The phase margin of a system is a measure of:

1. a) How close the system is to instability in terms of gain

2. b) How close the system is to instability in terms of phase
3. c) The damping of the system
4. d) The frequency response of the system

Answer: b) How close the system is to instability in terms of phase

19.Gain margin is the factor by which the system gain can be multiplied before
the system becomes:

1. a) Stable
2. b) Unstable
3. c) Marginally stable
4. d) Critically stable

Answer: b) Unstable

20.The intersection of the Nyquist plot with the negative real axis determines:

1. a) Phase margin
2. b) Gain margin
3. c) Damping ratio
4. d) Natural frequency

Answer: b) Gain margin

21.The Nyquist plot of a stable system with a phase margin of 45 degrees will
intersect the unit circle at:

1. a) 45 degrees
 2. b) 135 degrees
3. c) 90 degrees
4. d) 180 degrees

Answer: b) 135 degrees

22.In the context of Nyquist plots, a system with a gain margin of 20 dB is:

1. a) Highly stable
2. b) Marginally stable
3. c) Unstable
4. d) Not determinable from the given information

Answer: a) Highly stable

23.The Nyquist criterion can be used to assess the stability of:

1. a) Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems only

2. b) Nonlinear systems
3. c) Both LTI and nonlinear systems
4. d) Discrete-time systems

Answer: a) Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems only

24.For a system with an open-loop transfer function G(s)H(s)=10s(s+2)

(s+5)G(s)H(s) = \frac{10}{s(s+2)(s+5)}G(s)H(s)=s(s+2)(s+5)10, the Nyquist plot
will:

1. a) Encircle the point −1+j0-1 + j0−1+j0

2. b) Pass through the origin
3. c) Have no encirclements of −1+j0-1 + j0−1+j0
4. d) Be a straight line

Answer: c) Have no encirclements of −1+j0-1 + j0−1+j0

25.A Nyquist plot that passes through the point −1+j0-1 + j0−1+j0 indicates:

1. a) The system is always stable

2. b) The system is marginally stable
3. c) The system is unstable
4. d) The stability cannot be determined

Answer: b) The system is marginally stable

26.Gain margin of a system is defined as:

1. a) The amount by which the system gain can be increased before it

becomes unstable
2. b) The amount by which the system phase can be increased before it
becomes unstable
 3. c) The distance of the poles from the imaginary axis
4. d) The time taken for the system to reach steady state

Answer: a) The amount by which the system gain can be increased before
it becomes unstable

27.Phase margin of a system is defined as:

1. a) The amount of additional phase lag required to bring the system to

instability
2. b) The amount of additional phase lead required to bring the system to
instability
3. c) The frequency at which the gain is unity
4. d) The gain at which the phase is zero

Answer: a) The amount of additional phase lag required to bring the

system to instability

28.A system with a positive gain margin is:

1. a) Always stable
2. b) Always unstable
3. c) Marginally stable
4. d) Conditionally stable

Answer: a) Always stable

29.A system with a negative phase margin is:

1. a) Always stable
2. b) Always unstable
3. c) Marginally stable
4. d) Conditionally stable

Answer: b) Always unstable

30.Gain margin is usually measured in:

1. a) Degrees
2. b) Radians
3. c) Decibels (dB)
4. d) Hertz (Hz)

Answer: c) Decibels (dB)

31.A Bode plot consists of:

1. a) Magnitude plot only

2. b) Phase plot only
3. c) Both magnitude and phase plots
 4. d) Time response plot

Answer: c) Both magnitude and phase plots

32.In a Bode magnitude plot, a slope of -20 dB/decade indicates:

1. a) A zero
2. b) A pole
3. c) A constant
4. d) A resonance

Answer: b) A pole

33.The phase plot in a Bode plot shows the phase angle as a function of:

1. a) Time
2. b) Gain
3. c) Frequency
4. d) Magnitude

Answer: c) Frequency

34.In a Bode plot, the frequency axis is plotted on a:

1. a) Linear scale
2. b) Logarithmic scale
3. c) Exponential scale
4. d) None of the above

Answer: b) Logarithmic scale

35.At the gain crossover frequency, the magnitude of the open-loop transfer
function is:

1. a) 0 dB
2. b) 1 dB
3. c) -20 dB
4. d) -40 dB

Answer: a) 0 dB

36.The gain margin can be determined from the Bode plot by:

1. a) Measuring the vertical distance from the phase plot to -180 degrees
2. b) Measuring the vertical distance from the magnitude plot to 0 dB at
the phase crossover frequency
3. c) Measuring the horizontal distance from the magnitude plot to the
phase plot
4. d) Measuring the horizontal distance from the phase plot to 0 degrees
 Answer: b) Measuring the vertical distance from the magnitude plot to 0
dB at the phase crossover frequency

37.The phase margin can be determined from the Bode plot by:

1. a) Measuring the horizontal distance from the magnitude plot to the

phase plot
2. b) Measuring the vertical distance from the phase plot to 0 degrees at
the gain crossover frequency
3. c) Measuring the vertical distance from the phase plot to -180 degrees
at the gain crossover frequency
4. d) Measuring the horizontal distance from the magnitude plot to 0 dB

Answer: c) Measuring the vertical distance from the phase plot to -180
degrees at the gain crossover frequency

38.The gain crossover frequency is the frequency at which the magnitude plot
crosses:

1. a) 0 degrees
2. b) 90 degrees
3. c) 0 dB
4. d) -180 degrees

Answer: c) 0 dB

39.The phase crossover frequency is the frequency at which the phase plot
crosses:

1. a) 0 degrees
2. b) -90 degrees
3. c) -180 degrees
4. d) 90 degrees

Answer: c) -180 degrees

40.If the phase margin of a system is 45 degrees, the system is:

1. a) Unstable
2. b) Marginally stable
3. c) Stable with good stability margins
4. d) Conditionally stable

Answer: c) Stable with good stability margins

41.A system has a gain margin of 20 dB. This means the system's gain can be
increased by a factor of:

1. a) 20
2. b) 10
 3. c) 100
4. d) 2

Answer: b) 10

42.In a Bode plot, the phase margin is positive if:

1. a) The phase at the gain crossover frequency is more than -180 degrees
2. b) The phase at the gain crossover frequency is less than -180 degrees
3. c) The gain at the phase crossover frequency is more than 0 dB
4. d) The gain at the phase crossover frequency is less than 0 dB

Answer: a) The phase at the gain crossover frequency is more than -180
degrees

43.A phase margin of 0 degrees indicates:

1. a) Absolute stability
2. b) Marginal stability
3. c) Instability
4. d) Conditional stability

Answer: b) Marginal stability

44.If a Bode plot shows a phase margin of 30 degrees, it means that the phase
angle at the gain crossover frequency is:

1. a) -150 degrees
2. b) -120 degrees
3. c) -30 degrees
4. d) -210 degrees

Answer: a) -150 degrees

45.The phase margin increases if the phase plot shifts:

1. a) Downwards
2. b) Upwards
3. c) Leftwards
4. d) Rightwards

Answer: b) Upwards

46.A negative gain margin indicates that the system is:

1. a) Stable
2. b) Unstable
3. c) Marginally stable
4. d) Conditionally stable
 Answer: b) Unstable

47.In a Bode plot, the phase margin is determined at the:

1. a) Gain crossover frequency

2. b) Phase crossover frequency
3. c) Resonant frequency
4. d) Cut-off frequency

Answer: a) Gain crossover frequency

48.In a Bode plot, if the magnitude plot crosses the 0 dB line at a frequency
where the phase is -180 degrees, the system is:

1. a) Always stable
2. b) Always unstable
3. c) Marginally stable
4. d) Conditionally stable

Answer: c) Marginally stable

49.To improve the phase margin of a system, one could:

1. a) Add a lag compensator

2. b) Add a lead compensator
3. c) Increase the system gain
4. d) Decrease the system gain

Answer: b) Add a lead compensator

50.If a system has a phase margin of 60 degrees and a gain margin of 20 dB, the
system is:

1. a) Highly stable
2. b) Marginally stable
3. c) Unstable
4. d) Conditionally stable

Answer: a) Highly stable