Local first law of black hole

Pritam Nanda
Pabitra Tripathy and Prof. Amit Ghosh

IISER-Mohhali

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Outline

1 Black hole and event horizon

2 First law of black hole mechanics

3 Local definition of Horizon

4 Local first law

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Black Hole and Event Horizon

Black Hole: B = M − J − (I + ),
Event Horizon: ∆ = ∂B

To define an event horizon, the

knowledge of the asymptotic boundary
of spacetime is needed.

Black hole space-time is represented by

three parameters (M,J and Q)

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First law of black hole mechanics

The first law of black hole mechanics can be expressed as

κ
δM = δA + Ωh δJ + ΦδQ (1)
8π

M,J and Q defined at i 0 as

1
I
β
M=− lim ∇α ξ(t) dSαβ (2)
8π St →∞ St

1
I
β
J= lim ∇α ξ(ϕ) dSαβ (3)
16π St →∞ St

Area, electric potential, angular velocity, surface gravity, etc. which

are defined on the horizon

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Local definition of horizon

Killing horizon:- If a Killing vector field is null along some null

hypersurface Σ. Then Σ is a killing horizon

Non expanding horizon:-Null hypersurface (i) S 2 × R (ii) Expansion

free (θl = 0) (iii) EOM and Energy condition hold on the surface

Isolated horizon:- NEH is called Isolated horizon if extrinsic

curvature lie dragged along the surface. [£l , D]W = 0 .

In IH framework first law takes the following form

κIH
δA = δEIH − ΩIH δLIH − ΦIH δQIH (4)
8π
All quantities in equ (4) well defined on ∆

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Quasilocal first law

We consider a charged rotating BH. A

family of observers ’O’ follows
stationary orbits. The killing vector field
of this spacetime is tangential to those
orbits.
ξ α = t α + Ω h ϕα (5)
Four velocity of the observer O is
ξα
γα = (6)
∥ξ α ∥

Let us consider a charged particle of

unit mass and charge that comes from
infinity and gets absorbed by the BH.
Four velocity of the particle is η α
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 The particle satisfies the Lorentz force law,

η α ∇α ηβ = eFβγ η γ (7)

The conserved energy and angular momentum of the particle are the
following:
E = −η α tα − eAα tα (8)
L = η α ϕα + eAα ϕα (9)
Where Aα represents the electromagnetic four-potential resulting
from the charge of the black hole.
As the BH absorbs the charged particle results following changes in
the BH,
δJ = L; δQ = e; δM = E (10)

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 If we incorporate those changes (10) into the original first law (1),
then we get
κ
δA = E − Ωh L − eΦ (11)
8π
The local energy of the particle as measured by the observer O,

El = −η α γα (12)

By substituting the expression of γ α we get,

η α tα + Ωh η α ϕα
El = − (13)
∥ξ α ∥

Now if we use the expression of the particle’s energy, angular

momentum, and electric potential at BH’s horizon we can write the
local energy as follows,
E − Ωh L − eΦ
El = (14)
∥ξ α ∥

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 Using equations (11) and (14), finally we can write a relationship
between the change in energy and area of the BH
κ̃
El = δA (15)
8π
κ
where κ̃ = ∥ξ α ∥
So we can see that the first law is simplified for a local observer and
other parameters such as charge, angular momentum, etc., get
absorbed into local energy.

For the quasilocal observer, i.e., when d 2 << A one can show that
(using Kerr-Newmann spacetime),

1
δE = δA (16)
8πd

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Local temperature

The local frequency ωloc of a particle with a wave four-vector kα , as

measured by observer O, can be expressed as:
k α t α + Ω h k α ϕα
ωloc = kα γ α = (17)
∥ξ α ∥

ξ α , the Killing vector, Lie drags both the metric and electromagnetic
field. As a consequence, two constants of motion arise:

ω = kα t α + eAα t α
(18)
j = kα ϕα + eAα ϕα

Here, ω and j represent the frequency and angular momentum of the

particle measured at asymptotic infinity.

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 By substituting the expressions of ω, j and equation (17), we can
rewrite ωloc as follows:
ω − Ωh j − eΦ
ωloc = (19)
∥ξ α ∥

For a charged, rotating BH, from the calculation of the Hawking

flux[Hawking(1975)], we get the number of particles emitted in the
form,
Γ
< N >= 2πκ−1 (ω−Ω j−eΦ) (20)
e h −1
By utilizing the expression of ωloc we can the spectrum as follows,
Γloc
< Nloc >= 2π (21)
ω
e κ̃ loc −1
This equation suggests that local observers perceive the
aforementioned spectrum, and κ̃/2π can be understood as the local
temperature.
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First law for local observers

In the previous section, we derived the universal form of the first law
for quasilocal observers under the assumption that the distance d is
very small.

Now, we are interested to study, whether it is possible to write such a

first law for finite distant observers. Can we express the ’effective
surface gravity’ in terms of proper distance? What is the behavior of
local temperature?

In the next section, we will extend our investigation to address these

questions explicitly, focusing on the Reissner-Nordstrom,Kerr, and
BTZ black holes.

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Reissner-Nordstrom BH
In the ingoing Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates, the
Reissner-Nordstrom (RN) solution is expressed as follows:

ds 2 = −f (r )dv 2 + 2dvdr + r 2 dΩ2 (22)

 2

Where f (r ) = 1 − + Q2 . This function has zeros at r = r± ,
2M
r
√ r √
where r = r+ = M + M 2 − Q 2 and r = r− = M − M 2 − Q 2 are
referred to as the outer and inner horizons, respectively.
The norm of ξ α is
s
q (r − r+ )(r − r− )
∥ξ∥ = f (r ) = (23)
r2
The surface gravity of this spacetime is given by,
r+ − r−
κ= (24)
2r+2

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 Now, we want to find the proper distance d from the black hole to
the observer along a curve C that is normal to both the event horizon
and the orbits of the observers.
The tangent vector field to the curve C
1
Kα = p (∂vα + f (r )∂rα ) (25)
f (r )
The proper distance is given by:
Z rq
d= gαβ K α K β dλ
r+
(26)
(r+ + r− )
= (ln (4r − 3r+ − r− ) − ln (r+ − r− )) + (r − r+ )
2
r as function of d
2(r+ +r− ) ln (r+ −r− )+r+ −r− +4d
 
2(r+ +r− )
(r+ + r− )  e
r (d) = W

2 2(r+ + r− )

(27)
1
+ (3r+ + r− )
4
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 By utilizing equations (14), (22) and (26), we can express the first
law for a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole in terms of energy, area, and
the proper distance from the black hole to the observer as follows:

ζRN (d)
δE = δA (28)
8π
Where ζRN (d) is a function of proper distance,
The corresponding local temperature for RN BH can be written as,

κ̃ ζRN (d)
Tloc = = (29)
2π 2π

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Figure: TTloc
H
vs rd+ for the (RN) black hole, where TH is the corresponding
Hawking temperature. For this plot, we have chosen the parameters M = 10000
and Q = 1, with G = c = kB = 1.

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Bibliography

P Tripathy, P Nanda, Amit Ghosh, “Local first law of black hole

Gen.Rel.Grav. 56 (2024) 54.

A Ashtekar, B Krishnan ”Isolated and Dynamical Horizons and Their

Applications” https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2004-10

E Frodden, A Ghosh, A perez, ”Quasilocal first law for black hole

thermodynamics”

General Relativity, Robert M.Wald

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 Thank You

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