TISSUES

❖ Unicellular organisms - A single cell

performs all basic functions. For example, in
Amoeba, a single cell carries out movement,
intake of food, gaseous exchange and
excretion.
❖ Multicellular organisms - Made
up of multiple cells. Show division of
labour.
❖ Tissue - A group of cells that are
similar in structure and work
together to perform a particular
function.
❖ Are plants and animals made of
the same types of tissues?
Ans: No, they are different.
Plant Tissues Animal Tissues
❖Plants are stationary ❖Animals are
or fixed, hence they moving, hence
require less energy. they require more
energy.

1
 ❖Have a large quantity ❖Most of the
of supportive tissue. tissues they
Most of the contain are living.
supportive tissues
are dead
❖The growth in plants ❖Cell growth in
is limited to certain animals is more
regions This is uniform.
because the dividing
tissue
❖Structural ❖Structural
organisation is organisation is
complex. comparatively
less complex.

❖ Classification of plant tissues -

2
 ❖ Meristematic Tissues - In meristematic
tissues, cells are able to divide. Help growth by
formation of new cells. The place of injury in
plants is healed up by the formation of new cells
by meristems.(Functions)
➔ Characteristics of meristematic tissues -
very active, dense cytoplasm, thin
cellulose walls, prominent nuclei and lack
vacuoles. They lack
vacuoles because it
provides rigidity to cells and
prevents quick cell division.
➔ Depending on the region
where they are present,
meristematic tissues are
classified as apical, lateral
and intercalary.

TYPE LOCATION FUNCTION

Apical Meristem Growing tip of shoot Increase the length
and root. of stem and root.
Intercalary Meristem At the base of leaves Increase the length
and internode. of internode or leaf.
Lateral Meristem On the side of the Increase the girth of
stem and root. stem and root.

3
 ❖ Permanent Tissues - Composed of those
cells which have lost their capability to divide.
The process by which meristematic tissues
form permanent tissues is called
DIFFERENTIATION. Permanent tissues are
classified into two types on the basis of
structure and composition i.e. Simple
permanent tissues and Complex permanent
tissues.
❖ Simple Permanent Tissues - They are
made of the same type of cell and perform the
same function. Simple permanent tissues are of
three types Parenchyma, Collenchyma and
Sclerenchyma.

PARENCHYMA COLLENCHYMA SCLERENCHYMA

Structure • Thin cell wall • No/less • Cells are long and
made up of intercellular space. narrow.
cellulose. • Living cells - • Walls are
• Unspecialised nucleus, thickened due to
cells. cytoplasm and lignin.
• Large large vacuole. • No intercellular
intercellular space. • Elongated and spaces.
• Living cells - irregularly thick at • Dead cells
nucleus, the corners made • Cells don’t have
cytoplasm and of cellulose or nucleus and
large vacuole. pectin vacuole.

4
Function • Provides support. • Provides • Gives rigidity.
• Stores food. flexibility. • Provides strength
• Mechanical to plant.
support to aerial • Makes it hard and
parts of plants. tough to bear stress.
Location • Found in soft • Found in leaf • Found in stems,
parts of roots, stalks ,below around vascular
stems, leaves, epidermis of bundles, veins of
flowers and fruits. leaves and stem. leaves, hard shell,
husk of coconut
(made of
sclerenchymatous
tissue) and seed
coat.

❖ Parenchyma - There are two types of

parenchyma - Chlorenchyma and
Aerenchyma.
➔ Chlorenchyma - When the
Parenchyma contains chlorophyll and
performs photosynthesis, it is called
Chlorenchyma.
➔ Aerenchyma - In aquatic plants, large
air cavities are present in parenchyma to
help them float, this is called
Aerenchyma.

5
❖ Epidermis -
➔ Outermost layer of cells.
➔ Made of a single layer of cells.
➔ Epidermis is covered outside by
cuticle, which is a water-proof layer of
waxy substance of cutin.
➔ In plants living in very dry habitats, the
epidermis may be thicker to prevent
water loss.
➔ Epidermal cells of the roots bear long
hair-like parts that increase the total
absorptive surface area.
➔ Elongated, flattened, no intercellular
space and are living cells.
❖ Stomata -
➔ In leaves, epidermis bears small pores
called stomata.
➔ Stomata are enclosed by two
kidney-shaped cells called guard cells.
➔ Necessary for exchanging gases with
the atmosphere.
➔ Transpiration (loss of water in the form
of water vapour) also takes place
through stomata.

6
❖ Cork (or Phellem) -
➔ As plants grow older, the outer
protective tissue undergoes certain
changes.
➔ A strip of secondary meristem
located in the cortex forms layers of
cells which constitute the cork.
➔ Cork cells are dead cells without
having intercellular spaces.
➔ They have a substance called
suberin in their walls that makes
them impervious to gases and water.

❖ Complex Permanent Tissues - They

are made of different types of cell and
perform a similar function. Xylem and
phloem are examples of such complex
tissues and vascular tissues. Xylem and
phloem together make Vascular
Bundles. Vascular Tissue is a distinctive
feature of the complex plants, one that
has made possible their survival in the
terrestrial environment.

7
❖ Xylem -
➔ It is a vascular and mechanical tissue.
➔ Helps in transportation of water from
roots to other parts of plants.
➔ Tracheids and vessels have thick
walls, and many are dead cells when
mature.
➔ Tracheids and vessels are tubular
structures.
➔ This allows them to transport water
and minerals vertically.
➔ The parenchyma stores food.
➔ Xylem fibres are mainly supportive in
function.
8
❖ Phloem -
➔ Sieve tubes are tubular cells with
perforated walls.
➔ Phloem transports food from leaves to
other parts of the plant.

➔ Except phloem fibres, other phloem

cells are living cells.

❖ Classification of animal tissues -

9
❖ On the basis of the functions they perform
animal tissues are classified into:
➔ Epithelial Tissue
➔ Connective Tissue
➔ Muscular Tissue
➔ Nervous Tissue

❖ Epithelial Tissue:
➔ The covering or protective tissues in
the animal body are epithelial tissue.
➔ It also forms a barrier to keep different
body systems separate.
➔ Cells of epithelial tissues are attached
to the basement membrane.
➔ Epithelial tissue cells are tightly
packed and form a continuous sheet.
➔ No intercellular spaces.
➔ Anything entering or leaving the body
must cross at least one layer of
epithelium.
➔ Epithelia plays an important role in
regulating the exchange of materials
between the body and the external
environment and also between different
parts of the body.
10
 TYPES OF CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION
EPITHELIUM
Simple • Cells are thin and flat. • Lungs alveoli • Protection
Squamous • Form a delicate lining. • Blood vessels • Exchange of
• Oesophagus substances
epithelium lining of mouth. between blood
(squama and cells at
means scale Alveoli.
of skin)

Stratified • Flat cells arranged in • Skin. • Protection.

Squamous layers to prevent wear &
tear.
Epithelium

Columnar • Tall pillars like cells. • Inner lining of • Absorption and

Epithelial Nucleus at the base. intestine. secretion.
• Facilitates
(pillar-like) movement across
the epithelial
barrier

Ciliated • Tall cells with cilia. • Respiratory • Pushes the

Columnar tract. mucus forward to
clear the
Epithelial respiratory tract.

Cuboidal • Cube cells. • Kidney tubules • Mechanical

Epithelial • Ducts of support.
salivary glands.

Glandular • Epithelial cells folds • Goblet cells • Secretion.

Epithelial inward & form are present in
multicellular gland the mucus
• Acquire additional membrane.
specialisation of glands.

11
12
 ❖ Connective Tissue:
➔ The cells of connective tissue are
loosely spaced and embedded in an
intercellular matrix.
➔ The matrix may be jelly like, fluid,
dense or rigid.
➔ The nature of the matrix differs with
the function of the particular connective
tissue.
➔ The types of connective tissues are:
Blood, Bone, Ligaments, Tendons,
Cartilage, Areolar, Adipose.

Characteristics Functions
Blood • Blood has a fluid matrix called • Transports gases, digested
plasma. food, hormones and waste
• Red blood corpuscles (RBCs), materials to different parts of
White blood corpuscles (WBCs) the body.
and platelets are suspended in
the plasma.
• The plasma contains proteins,
salts and hormones.

Bone • It is a strong and nonflexible • It forms the framework that

tissue. supports the body.
• Bone cells are embedded in a • Anchors the muscles.
hard matrix that is composed of • Supports the main organs of
calcium and phosphorus the body.
compounds.

13
 • Bone cells are known as
OSTEOCYTES.

Ligament • Very elastic. • Ligament connects bone to

• Has considerable strength. the bone.
• Contain very little matrix.

Tendons • Fibrous tissue. • Tendons connect muscles to

• Great strength. bones.
• Limited flexibility.

Cartilage • Has widely spaced cells. • Cartilage smoothens bone

• The solid matrix is composed surfaces at joints.
of proteins and sugars.
• Present in the nose, ear,
trachea and larynx.
• Cartilage cells are known as
CHONDROCYTES.

Areolar • Found between the skin and • Fills the space inside the
muscles, around blood vessels organs.
and nerves and in the bone • Supports internal organs.
marrow. • Helps in repair of tissues.
• Matrix is semifluid and
contains cells and fibres.

Adipose • Contains fat cells called • Storage of fats lets it act as

ADIPOCYTES. an insulator.
• Found below the skin and
between internal organs.
• The cells of this tissue are
filled with fat globules.

❖ Muscular Tissue:
➔ There are 3 types of muscular tissues:
Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac muscles.

14
 ➔ Muscular tissue consists of elongated
cells called muscle fibres.
➔ Responsible for movement in our
body.
➔ Muscles contain special proteins
called contractile proteins, which
contract and relax to cause movement.

➔ Muscles present in our limbs move

when we want them to, and stop when
we so decide. Such muscles are called
voluntary muscles.

SKELETAL MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE

• Striated muscles. • Unstriated muscles. • Between striated and
non-striated muscle.
• Cells are cylindrical in • Cells are spindle shaped. • Cells are cylindrical.
shape.
• Found in Limbs. • Found in the iris of the • Found in the wall of the
eye, in ureters, alimentary heart.
canal, blood vessels and in
the bronchi of the lungs.
• Voluntary. • Involuntary. • Involuntary.
• Cells are unbranched. • Cells are unbranched. • Cells are branched.
• Cells are multinucleated. • Cells are uninucleate. • Cells are uninucleate.

15
• Attached to bones and • The movement of food in • Show rhythmic
helps in body movement. the alimentary canal. contraction and relaxation
• Contraction and throughout life.
relaxation of blood
vessels.

❖ Nervous Tissue:
➔ Highly specialised for being stimulated
and then transmitting the stimulus very
rapidly from one place to another within
the body.
➔ The brain, spinal cord and nerves are
all composed of the nervous tissue.
➔ The cells of this tissue are called
nerve cells or neurons.

16
➔ A neuron consists of a cell body with a
nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long
thin hair-like parts arise.
➔ Each neuron has a single long part,
called the axon and many short,
branched parts called
dendrites.
➔ An individual nerve cell-
1m long
➔ Many nerve fibres bound
together by connective
tissue make up a nerve.
➔ The signal that passes
along the nerve fibre is
called a nerve impulse.
➔ Nerve impulses allow us to move our
muscles when we want to.
➔ The functional combination of nerve
and muscle tissue enables animals to
move rapidly in response to stimuli.

(Ref CW for Diagrams)

17