Science Chemistry
Science Chemistry
Science Chemistry
Leucippus
● Ancient greek philosopher
● Around 40 years older than Democritus
● ‘What is matter made up of?’
● Model of atom as a sphere created by him
Democritus
● Ancient greek pre-socratic philosopher , 460 - 370 BC
● Primarily remembered today for his formation of the atomic theory of the
universe
Democritus Theory
1. All matter consists of invisible particles called atoms
2. Atoms are indestructible
3. Atoms are solid but invisible
4. Atoms are homogeneous
5. Atoms differ in size, shape, mass, position and arrangement
● Solids are made of small, pointy atoms
● Liquids are made of large, round atoms
● Oils are made of very fine, small atoms that can easily slip past one another
Plato & Aristotle
● Disagreed upon democritus’ theory, believed it was continuous
● Plato 427-347 BC
● Aristotle 384-322 BC
John Dalton
● 1766-1844
● First to actually experiment in attempt of proving his beliefs
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. The elements are made of atoms, which
are tiny particles, too small to see
2. All atoms of a particular element are
identical
3. Atoms of different elements have
different properties: their masses are different,
and their chemical reactions are different
4. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or
split
5. In a chemical reaction, atoms link to one
another, or separate from one another
6. Atoms combine in simple whole-number
ratios to form compounds
G J Stoney
● 1826-1911
● discovered + coined electrons
J J Thomson
● 1856-1940
● 1897, discovered that electrons had mass + charge
Cathode Ray Tube vacuum tube containing 1 or more electron guns, which emit
electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent screen.
The images may represent electrical waveforms, pictures, radar targets, or other
phenomena.
Phosphorescent light given off at low temps that is caused by the absorption of
radiations (X Rays/ultraviolet light) + continuing a noticeable time after these
radiations have stopped
Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
Ernest Rutherford
● 1871-1937
● Discovered in 1911 that the atom is a mostly empty space w a small dense
positively charged nucleus
Rutherford’s Model
Niels Bohr & His Model
● 1855-1962
● discovered electrons spin
around the nucleus in different
energy levels/shells
James Chadwick
● 1891-1974
● Discovered the neutron
● Nobel prize winner
● Worked on WW2 atomic
bomb
Protons positively charged
Neutrons neutrally charged
Electrons negatively charged
1. All matter is made of atoms which are composed of protons, neutrons and
electrons.
2. The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
3. In an atom, the number of protons is the number of electrons.
4. The number of neutrons in an atom are not always the same.
5. The atomic number is the number of protons and neutrons together. It is the
number of electrons in the nucleus.
● The electron arrangement of an atom can change when exposed to heat, light
or electricity.
● When an electron absorbs energy, it enters what is known as an excited state.
● When an electron is in the lowest energy level, it is said to be in ground state.
● When an electron drops back down to its ground state, it releases the extra
energy in the form of light.
● We can identify an element by observing the colour of light it produces when it
drops back down to its ground state.
Excited state the state in which an atom is after gaining energy
Ground state the state of an atom when its electrons are in their lowest possible
energy levels
Ion
● atoms or groups of atoms that have lost or gained electrons
● Positive = lost electron
● Negative = gain electron