ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

B.E (CSE)

VII - SEMESTER

08CP706 – SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES LAB

Name: …………………………………………………………………........................

Reg. No. :……………….………………………………………………………….........

 ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by

Mr./Ms.…............………………………………………..Reg. No.…………………of

VII - Semester B.E(Computer Science & Engineering) in the 08CP706 - Soft

Computing Techniques Lab during the odd semester of the academic year

2019 – 2020.

Staff In-charge Internal Examiner

Place: Annamalainagar External Examiner

Date:
 INDEX

Ex. DATE LIST OF EXERCISES PAGE SIGNATURE

No. No.

1 Performing Union, Intersection and

Complement operations
2 Implementation of De-Morgan’s Law

3 Plotting various membership functions

4 Using fuzzy toolbox to model tips value

5 Implementation of Fuzzy Inference System

6 Simple fuzzy set operations

7 Using Hopfield network with no self

connection
8 Generation of ANDNOT function using
McCulloch-Pitts neural net
9 Finding weight matrix and bias of HebbNet to
classify two dimensional input patterns
10 Perceptron net for AND function with bipolar
inputs and targets
11 Finding weight matrix of Hetero-Associative
neural net for mapping of vectors
12 Generation of XOR function using back
propagation algorithm
 Performing Union, Intersection and Complement Operations

Ex. No: 1
Date:

Aim :
To write a Program in MATLAB to perform union, intersection and complement
operations of fuzzy set.

Algorithm:
1. Read the membership values of two fuzzy sets.
2. Perform union operation by using max( ) function.
3. Perform intersection operation by using min( ) function.
4. Perform complement operation by subtracting membership value from 1
5. Display the result.

Program:

% Enter the membership value of fuzzy set

u = input (‘Enter the membership value of First Fuzzy set’);
v = input (‘Enter the membership value of Second Fuzzy set’);
%performs Union, Intersection and Complement operations
w=max (u, v);
p=min (u, v);
q1=1-u;
q2=1-v;
%Display Output
disp(‘Union of Two Fuzzy sets’);
disp(w);
disp(‘Intersection of Two Fuzzy sets’);
disp(p);
disp(‘Complement of First Fuzzy set’);
disp(q1);
disp(‘Complement of Second Fuzzy set’);
disp(q2);

Sample Input and Output:

Enter the membership value of First Fuzzy set [0.3 0.4]
Enter the membership value of Second Fuzzy set [0.1 0.7]
Union of Two Fuzzy sets
0.3000. 0.7000
Intersection of Two fuzzy sets
0.1000 0.4000.
Complement of First Fuzzy set
0.7000 0.6000.
Complement of Second Fuzzy set
0.9000 0.3000.

Result:

Thus, the MATLAB program to perform Union, Intersection and Complement operations
of two Fuzzy sets has been executed successfully and the output is verified.
 Implementation of De-Morgan’s Law
Ex. No: 2
Date:

Aim:

To write a Program in MATLAB to implement De-Morgan’s law.

Algorithm:

1. Read the membership values of two fuzzy set.

2. Perform Union operation by using max() function and take the complement for the
fuzzy set.
3. Perform Intersection operation by using min() function and take the complement.
4. Perform Complement operation for the both fuzzy sets.
5. Perform Intersection operation and Union operation for the Complements of fuzzy set.
6. Verify the formula and display the result.

Program:

% Enter the membership values of fuzzy set

u = input (‘Enter the membership values of first fuzzy set’);
v = input (‘Enter the membership values of second fuzzy set’);
%To perform operation
w=max (u, v);
p=min (u, v);
q1=1-u;
q2=1-v;
x1=1-w;
x2=min(q1,q2);
y1=1-p;
y2=max(q1-q2);
%Display Output
disp(‘Union of two fuzzy sets ’);
 disp(w);
disp(‘Intersection of two fuzzy sets ’);
disp(p);
disp(‘Complement of first fuzzy set ’);
disp(q1);
disp(‘Complement of second fuzzy set ’);
disp(q2);
disp(‘De-Morgan’s Law’);
disp(‘LHS’);
disp(x1);
disp(‘RHS’);
disp(x2);
disp(LHS);
disp(y1);
disp(‘RHS’);
disp(y2);

Sample Input and output:

Enter the membership values of first fuzzy set [0.3 0.4]

Enter the membership values of second fuzzy set [0.2 0.5]
Union of two fuzzy sets
0.3000. 0.5000
Intersection of two fuzzy sets
0.3000 0.4000.
Complement of first fuzzy set
0.7000 0.6000.
Complement of second fuzzy set
 0.8000 0.5000.

De –Morgan’s Law
LHS
0.7000 0.5000
RHS
0.7000 0.5000
LHS
0.8000 0.6000
RHS
0.8000 0.6000

Result:

Thus, the MATLAB program for implementation of De-Morgan’s has been executed
successfully and the output is verified.
 Plotting Various Membership Functions
Ex. No: 3
Date:

Aim:
To write a program in MATLAB to plot triangular, trapezoidal and bell shaped
membership functions.

Algorithm:

1. Set the limits of x axis.

2. Calculate y using trimf() function with three parameters for triangular membership
function.
3. Calculate y using trapmf() function with four parameters for trapezoidal membership
function.
4. Calculate y using gbellmf() function with three parameters for bell shaped membership
function.
5. Plot x and y values.

Program:

%Triangular membership function

x=(0.0:1.0:10.0)’;

y1= trimf(x, [1 3 5]);

subplot(311 )

plot(x,[y1]);

%Trapezoidal membership function

x=(0.0:1.0:10.0)’;

y1= trapmf(x, [1 3 5 7]);

subplot(312)

plot(x, [y1] );

%Bell-shaped membership function

x=(0.0:0.2:10.0);
 y1=gbellmf (x,[3 5 7]);

subplot(313)

plot(x, [y1]);

Sample Input and Output:

Result:

Thus, the MATLAB program for plotting membership functions has been executed
successfully and the output is verified.
 Using Fuzzy toolbox to model tips value
Ex. No: 4
Date:

Aim :
To use fuzzy toolbox to model tips value that is given after a dinner based on quality (not
good, satisfying, good and delightful ) and service (poor, average or good) and the tip
value ranges from Rs. 10 to 100.

Procedure:
INPUTS:

Quality: { not good, satisfying, good, delightful }

Service :{ poor, average, good }

OUTPUT:

Tips: Tip_value ranging from Rs. 10 to 100

Use Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) Editor and perform the following

1. Go to command window in Matlab and type fuzzy.

2. New Fuzzy Logic Designer window will be opened.
3. Give Input / Output Variable .
a. Go to Edit Window and click Add variable
b. As per our requirements create two input variables namely quality and service
Quality: { not good, satisfying, good, delightful }
Service :{ poor, average, good }
c. Similarly, one output variable as tip value ranges from 10 to 100.
4. The values for Quality and Service variables are selected for their respective ranges.
5. Quality:
a. Double click the Quality input variable .
b. New window will be opened and remove all the Membership Functions.
c. Go to Edit and Click Add MFs and select the 4 Parameters for Quality table.
 d. Change the following fields as per the table given below .

Inputs : Quality  not good, satisfying, good, delightful

MF1: MF2: MF3: MF4:
Range : [0 1 10] Range : [0 1 10] Range : [0 1 10] Range : [0 1 10]
Name : not good Name : Cool Name : Warm Name : Hot
Type : trapmf Type : trimf Type : trimf Type : trapmf
Parameter [0 10 30 Parameter [30 50 70] Parameter [50 70 90] Parameter [70 90 110 110]
50]

6. Similarly add the data to service and tips variables.

7. Go to Rules: Edit  Rules
8. Add the Rules
9. Go to view  Rules
10. Exit

Sample Input and Output:

Input and Output Variable in Edit Window
Membership functions for Quality variable

Membership functions for Service variable

Membership functions for Tips variable

Created rules
Output

Result:

Thus, the fuzzy tool box is used to model tips value.

 Implementation of Fuzzy Inference System
Ex. No: 5
Date:

Aim :
To implement a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) for which the inputs, output and rules are
given as below.
INPUTS: Temperature and Cloud Cover
Temperature: {Freeze, Cool, Warm and Hot}
Cloud Cover: {Sunny, Partly Cloud and Overcast}
OUTPUT: Speed
Speed : {Fast and Slow}
RULES:
1. If cloud cover is Sunny and temperature is warm, then drive Fast
Sunny (Cover) and Warm (Temp) -> Fast (Speed)
2. If cloud cover is cloudy and temperature is cool, then drive Slow
Cloudy (Cover) and Cool (Temp) -> Slow (Speed)

Procedure
1. Go to command window in Matlab and type fuzzy.
2. Now, new Fuzzy Logic Designer window will be opened.
3. Input / Output Variable
a. Go to Edit Window and click Add variable.
b. As per our requirements create two input variables, Temperature and Cloud
Cover.
c. Create one output variable, Speed.
4. Temperature:
a. Double click the Temperature input variable in Fuzzy Logic Designer window.
b. New window will be opened and remove all the Membership Functions.
c. Now, Go to Edit and Click Add MFs and select the 4 Parameters for Temperature
Class.
d. Change the following fields as mentioned data in the given below table.
Inputs : Temperature  Freezing, Cool, Warm and Hot
MF1: MF2: MF3: MF4:
Range : [0 110] Range : [0 110] Range : [0 110] Range : [0 110]
Name : Freezing Name : Cool Name : Warm Name : Hot
Type : trapmf Type : trimf Type : trimf Type : trapmf
Parameter [0 0 30 50] Parameter [30 50 70] Parameter [50 70 90] Parameter [70 90 110 110]

5. Similarly, add the data’s to the Cloud Cover variables and Speed variables.
6. Cloud Cover:

Inputs : Cloud Cover  Sunny, Partly Cloud and Overcast

MF1: MF2: MF3:
Range : [0 100] Range : [0 100] Range : [0 100]
Name : Sunny Name : Partly Cloud Name : Overcast
Type : trapmf Type : trimf Type : trapmf
Parameter [0 0 20 40] Parameter [20 50 80] Parameter [60 80 100]

7. Speed:

Output : Speed  Slow and Fast

MF1: MF2:
Range : [0 100] Range : [0 100]
Name : Slow Name : Fast
Type : trapmf Type : trapmf
Parameter [0 0 25 75] Parameter [25 75 100 100]

8. Goto Rules: Edit  Rules

9. Add the Rules
Rule-1 : Sunny (Cover) and Warm (Temp) -> Fast (Speed)
Rule-2 : Cloudy (Cover) and Cool (Temp) -> Slow (Speed)
10. Go to view  Rules
11. Exit.
Sample Input and Output:
Membership functions for Temperature variable

Membership functions for cloud over variable

Membership functions for speed variable

Created rules
Output

Result:
Thus a Fuzzy Inference System is implemented for temperature, cloud cover and speed
using the given rules.
 Simple Fuzzy Set Operations
Ex. No: 6
Date:

Aim:
To write a MATLAB program to find algebraic sum, algebraic subtraction, algebraic
product, bounded sum, bounded subtraction and bounded product of two fuzzy sets.

Algorithm:
1. Read the values of the two fuzzy sets.
2. Perform the algebraic sum operation by,
A + B = (a + b) – (a * b)

3. Perform the algebraic subtraction operation by,

A – B = (a + b`) where b`= 1- b

4. Perform the algebraic product operation by,

A * B = (a * b)

5. Perform the bounded sum operation by,

A ⊕B = min [1, (a + b)]

6. Perform bounded subtraction operation by,

A ⊝B= max [0, (a - b)]
7. Perform bounded product operation by,
A ⊙B = max [0, (a + b - 1)]

8. Display the results

Program:
a= input(‘Enter the fuzzy set a’ )

b= input(‘Enter the fuzzy set b’)

c= a + b

d= a * b

as= c – d
e= 1 – b

ad= a + e

f= a – b

bs= min (1, c)

bd= max (0, f)

g= c – 1

bp= max (0,g)

disp(‘The algebraic sum’)

disp(as)

disp(‘The algebraic difference’)

disp(ad)

disp(‘The algebraic product’)

disp(d)

disp(‘The bounded sum’)

disp(bs)

disp(‘The bounded difference’)

disp (bd)

disp(‘The bounded product’)

disp(bp)
Output:

Enter fuzzy set a [1 0.5]

Enter fuzzy set b [0.4 0.2]

The algebraic sum

[1.0000 0.6000 ]

The algebraic difference

[1 0.9000]

The algebraic product

[0.4000 0.1000]

The bounded sum

[1.0000 0.7000]

The bounded difference

[0.6000 0.3000]

The bounded product

[0.4000 0]

Result:

Thus, a program to perform simple fuzzy set operations has been executed and successfully
verified.
 Using Hopfield network with no self connection
Ex. No: 7
Date:

Aim:
To write a MATLAB program to store the vector (1 1 1 0) and to find the weight matrix with
no self connection using a discrete hopfield net with mistake in first and second component of
vector that is (0 0 1 0).

Algorithm:

1. Make the initial activations of the net equal to given binary pattern
x = (1 1 1 0).
2. Let tx = (0 0 1 0).
3. Initialize weight matrix using the formula

w=(2*x’-1)*(2*x-1)

4. Set the diagonal values of weight matrix as 0.

5. Enter updation vector up=[4 2 1 3].
6. Perform the following for each i

net input, Yin(up(i))=tx(up(i))+y*w(1:4,up(i))

7. Apply activation function to calculate output.

8. Test the network for convergence.

Program:

clc;
clear;
x=[1 1 1 0];
tx=[0 0 1 0];
w=(2*x’-1)*(2*x-1);
for i=1:4
w(i,i)=0
end
con=1;
y=[0 0 1 0];
while con
up=[4 2 1 3]
for i=1:4
yin(up(i))=tx(up(i))+y*w(1:4,up(i));
if yin (up(i))>0
y(up(i))=1;
end
if y==x
disp(‘Convergence has been obtained’);
disp(‘The converged output’);
disp(y);
con=0;
end
end

Output:

up=4 2 1 3

Convergence has been obtained

The Converged Output

1 1 10

Result:

Thus the MATLAB program for using Hopfield network with no self connection has
been successfully executed and the output is verified.
 Generation of ANDNOT function using McCulloch-Pitts neural
net
Ex. No: 8
Date:

Aim:
To write a MATLAB program to generate ANDNOT function using McCulloch-Pitts
neural net.

Algorithm:
1. Initialize weights w1,w2 and threshold theta
2. Assign input values
x1=[0 0 1 1]
x2=[0 1 0 1]
3. Assign output Z =[0 0 1 0]
4. Initialize y = [ 0 0 0 0 ]
5. Repeat the following for each input
i) Zin = x1*w1+x2*w2
ii) If Zin > theta set y as 1 else 0
6. If y is not equal to Z update weights and repeat step 5
7. Display weights and threshold value

Program:
clear;

clc;

disp(‘Enter the weight’);

w1=input(‘weight w1=’);

w2=input(‘weight w2=’);

disp(‘Enter threshold value’);

theta=input(‘theta=’);

y=[ 0 0 0 0];
x1=[0 0 1 1];

x2=[0 1 0 1];

Z =[0 0 1 0];

Con=1;

While con

Zin=x1*w1+x2*w2;

for i=1:4

if Zin(i)>=theta

y(i)=1;

else y(i)=0;

end

end

disp(‘Output of net=’);

disp(y);

if y==z

con=0;

else

disp(‘Net is not learning enter another set of weights and threshold value’);

w1=input(‘Weight w1=’);

w2=input(‘Weight w2=’);

theta=input(‘theta=’);

end

end

disp(‘McCulloch Pitts Net for ANDNOT function’);

disp(‘Weights of neuron’);
disp(w1);

disp(w2);

disp(‘Threshold value=’);

disp(theta);

Sample Input and Output:

Enter the weights

Weight w1=1
Weight w2=1

Enter threshold value

Theta=1
Output of net= 0 1 1 1
Net is not learning

Enter another set of weights and threshold value

Weight w1=1
Weight w2= -1
Theta=1

Output of net= 0 0 1 0
McCulloch Pitts Net for ANDNOT function
Weights of neuron
1
-1
Threshold value=1

Result:

Thus, a MATLAB program to generate ANDNOT function using McCulloch-Pitts neural

net has been successfully executed and the output is verified.
 Finding weight matrix and bias of HebbNet to classify two
dimensional input patterns
Ex. No: 9
Date:

Aim:
To write a MATLAB program to find the weight matrix and bias of Hebbnet in bipolar to
classify two dimensional input patterns with their targets given below.
‘*’ indicates a ‘+’ and ‘.’ Indicates a ‘-‘
***** *****
*…. *….
***** *****
*…. *….
***** *….
Algorithm:
1. Create a single layer neural network with 25 neuron.
2. Set the initial weight and bias to zero.
3. Calculate the weights using

wi(new)=wi(old)+xi*t

and bias using

b(new)=b(old)+t(i)

4. Display the final weight matrix and bias.

Program:
% Hebb Net to classify 2d input patterns

clear;
clc;

%Input Pattern

E=[1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1]

F=[1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1]

x(1,1:25)=E;

x(2,1:25)=F;

w(1:25)=0;
 t=[1 -1];

b=0;

for i=1:2

w=w+x(I,1:25)*t(i);

b=b+t(i);
end

disp(‘ Weight matrix:’);

disp(w);

disp(‘Final Bias:’);

disp(b);

Output:

Weight matrix

0000000000000000000002222

Final Bias

Result:

Thus a MATLAB program to find the weight matrix and bias to classify two dimensional
input patterns in bipolar using Hebb Net have been executed and verified successfully.
 Perceptron net for AND function with bipolar inputs and targets
Ex. No: 10
Date:

Aim:

To write a MATLAB program to implement AND function with bipolar input and output
using Perceptron net.

Algorithm:
1. Initialize weight and bias to 0
2. Accept learning rate, alpha and threshold, theta
3. For each input calculate yin = b+x(1)*w(1)+x(2)*w(2)
4. Apply activation function
5. If calculated output ≠ target output
i) update weight and bias
ii) Go to step 3
6. Display final weight matrix and bias value

Program:
% Perceptron for AND function
clear;
clc;

x=[1 1 - 1 -1; 1 -1 1 - 1];

t=[1 -1 -1 -1];

w=[0 0];

b=0;

alpha=input(‘Enter Learning rate=’);

theta=input(‘Enter Threshold Value=’);

con = 1;

epoch = 0;

while con

con=0;

for i=1:4
yin=b+x(1,i)*w(1)+x(2,i)*w(2);

if yin>theta

y=1;

end

if yin<=theta & yin>= -theta

y=0;

end

if yin < -theta

y = -1;

end

if y-t(i)

con=1;

for j=1:2

w(j)=w(j)+alpha*t(i)*x(j,i);

end

b=b+alpha*t(i);

end

epoch=epoch+1;

end

disp(‘Perceptron for AND Function’);

disp(‘Final Weight Matrix’);

disp(w);

disp(‘Final Bias’);

disp(b);
Sample Input and Output:

Enter Learning rate = 1

Enter Threshold Value =0.5

Perceptron for AND Function

Final Weight Matrix

1 1

Final Bias

-1

Result:

Thus, a MATLAB program for Perception net for an AND function with bipolar inputs
have been written and verified successfully.
 Finding weight matrix of hetero associative neural net for
mapping of vectors
Ex. No: 11
Date:

Aim:
To write a MATLAB program to calculate the weights using Hetero-associative neural
net for mapping of vectors.
S1 S2 S3 S4 t1 t2
1 1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 0 0 1

Algorithm:
1. Enter input and output vector x and t
2. Initialize weight matrix.
3. Update weight matrix by using the formula

wi(new)=wi(old)+xi*t

4. Display the calculated weight.

Program:
%Hetero-associative neural net for mapping input vectors to output vectors
clear;
clc;
x=[1 1 0 0 ; 1 0 1 0 ; 1 1 1 0 ; 0 1 1 0];
t=[1 0 ; 1 0 ; 0 1 ; 0 1];
w=zeros(4,2);
for i=1:4
w=w+x(i,1:4)’*t(i,1:2);
end
disp(‘ Weight matrix:’);
disp(w);
Output:
Weight matrix

2 1

1 2

1 2

0 0

Result:

Thus a MATLAB program to calculate the weight matrix using hetero associative neural
net for mapping of vectors has been executed and verified successfully.
 Generation of XOR function using back propagation algorithm
Ex. No: 12
Date:

Aim:

To write a MATLAB program to train and test the back propagation neural network for the
generation of XOR function.

Algorithm:

1. Enter the input vector x=[0 0 1 1 ; 0 1 0 1] and target vector y=[0 1 1 0].
2. Train the network by using the function newff().
3. Set the epoch and learning rate value.
4. Test the network by using the trained network.
5. Display the result.

Program:

Function to Training the Back Propagation neural network:

function[net]=trainBPN(x,y)

[n,i]=size(x);

[m,o]=size(y);

net = newff(minmax(x),[i,10,m],{‘tansig’,’tansig’,’purelin’},’trainlm’)

net .trainparam.epoch =50;

net.trainparam.lr=0.2;

net=train(net,x,y);

r=sim(net,x);

return;

Function for testing the Back Propagation neural network:

function[v]=testBPN(x,net)

v=sim(net,x);

return;
Output:

Matlab command for executing the function:

>>x=[0 0 1 1 ; 0 1 0 1]

>>y=[0 1 1 0]

Calling the function to train the network:

>>[net]=trainBPN(x,y)

Calling the function to test the network:

>>testBPN(x,net)

ans=

-0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -0.0000

Result:

Thus a MATLAB program to train and test the back propagation neural network for the
generation of XOR function has been executed successfully and the output is verified.