Assignment - 2

DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
21ART-427

Submitted By-
Bhuvnesh Sharma
Kainaat Abedi
UID: 21BAr1037
21BAR1041
Semester 7th
 SEISMIC RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES FOR BUILDINGS

DEFINITION OF SEISMIC RETROFITTING

Seismic retrofitting refers to the process of strengthening and upgrading existing buildings and
structures to improve their resistance to seismic forces. The primary goal of retrofitting is to
enhance the structural performance of a building during an earthquake, thereby reducing the risk
of damage or collapse. This process involves various techniques designed to mitigate the effects of
seismic activity on structures that were not originally built to withstand such forces.

IMPORTANCE OF SEISMIC RETROFITTING

Enhancing Safety
Minimizing Economic Loss
Preserving Historical and Cultural Heritage
Ensuring Compliance with Modern Building Codes
Supporting Community Resilience

WHEN IS SESMIC RETROFITTING NEEDED

The two circumstances are:-

1. Earthquake damaged buildings, and
2. Earthquake-vulnerable buildings(with no exposure to severe earthquakes)

RETROFIT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES

Public safety only: The goal is to protect human life, ensuring that the structure will not collapse
upon its occupants or passersby, and that the structure can be safely exited. Under severe
seismic conditions the structure may be a total economic write-off, requiring tear-down and
replacement.

Structure survivability: The goal is that the structure, while remaining safe for exit, may require
extensive repair (but not replacement) before it is generally useful or considered safe for
occupation. This is typically the lowest level of retrofit applied to bridges.

Structure functionality: Primary structure undamaged and the structure is undiminished in

utility for its primary application.

Structure unaffected: This level of retrofit is preferred for historic structures of high cultural
significance.
NEED OF RETROFITTING IN EXISTING EARTHQUAKE VULNERABLE BUILDINGS

Buildings have been designed according to a seismic code, but the code has been upgraded in
later years;

Buildings designed to meet the modern seismic codes, but deficiencies exist in the design
and/or construction;

Essential buildings must be strengthened like hospitals, historical monuments and architectural
buildings;

Important buildings whose services are assumed to be essential just after an earthquake like
hospitals;

Buildings, the use of which has changed through the years.

Buildings that are expanded, renovated or rebuilt.

PROBLEMS FACED BY STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS ARE

Lack of standards for retrofitting methods.

Effectiveness of each methods varies a lot depending upon parameters like type of structures,
material condition, amount of damage, etc.

BASIC CONCEPT OF RETROFITTING

The aim is at (CEB1997):-

Upgradation of lateral strength of the structure;

Increase in the ductility of the structure

Increase in strength and ductility

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the building that carry vertical and
horizontal forces should not be damaged; however building parts that do not carry load may
sustain repairable damage;

Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may sustain repairable damage,
while the other parts of the building may be damaged such that they may even have to be
replaced after the earthquake; and

Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe (even irreparable)
damage, but the building should not collapse.
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES

GLOBAL LOCAL

ADDING SHEAR WALL JACKETTING OF BEAMS

ADDING INFILL WALL JACKETING OF COLUMNS

ADDING BRACING JACKETING OF BEAM-

COLUMNS JOINTS

ADDING WING WALL

STRENGTHEING OF
INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS
WALL THICKENING

MASS REDUCTION

BASE ISOLATION

MASS DAMPERS

SOME CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES

Frequently used for retrofitting of non ductile reinforced

concrete frame buildings.
The added elements can be either cast-in-place or
precast concrete elements.
New elements preferably be placed at the
exterior of the building.
Not preferred in the interior of the structure to avoid
interior mouldings.
SOME CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES

Adding Steel Bracings

An effective solution when large openings are required.

Potential advantages for the following reasons:

1. higher strength and stiffness,

2. opening for natural light,
3. amount of work is less since foundation cost may be minimized
4. adds much less weight to the existing structure

ADDING SHEAR WALLS AND BRACINGS

EFFECT OF ADDING SHEAR WALLS AND BRACINGS

ADDING STEEL BRACINGS

RC BUILDINGS RETROFITTED BY STEEL BRACINGS

JACKETING

BEAM JACKETING
COLUMN JACKETING

RETROFIT OF STRUCTURES USING INNOVATIVE MATERIALS

Current research on advanced materials has mainly concentrated on FRP composites.

Studies have shown that externally bonded FRP composites can be applied to various
structural members including columns, beams, slabs, and walls to improve their structural
performance such as stiffness, load carrying capacity, and ductility.

EFFECTIVENESS OF FRPC AS A RETROFITTING MATERIAL

3-D Model of a Building Wall Stresses before After installation of Additional FRP
Retrofitting Steel Window Retrofitting
frames

A Retrofit Application combining

Conventional and Composites Retrofitting
BASE LOCATION

Isolation of superstructure from the foundation is known as base isolation.

It is the most powerful tool for passive structural vibration control technique

BASE ISOLATED STRUCTURES

CONCEPT OF BASE ISOLATION

Significantly Increase the Period of the Structure and the Damping so that the Response is
Significantly Reduced

SPECTRAL RESPONCES FOR A TYPICAL BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM

TYPES OF BASE ISOLATIONS

Base isolation systems which uses Elastomeric Bearings

Base isolation systems with Sliding System

ELASTOMERIC ISOLATORS

ELASTOMERIC BASE ISOLATIONS SYSTEMS

This is the mostly widely used Base Isolator.

The elastomer is made of either Natural Rubber or Neoprene.
The structure is decoupled from the horizontal components of the earthquake ground motion
A layer with low horizontal stiffness is introduced between the structure and the foundation.

SLIDING BASE ISOLATION SYSTEMS

It is the second basic type of isolators.

This works by limiting the base shear across the
isolator interface

METALIC ROLLER BEARING

SPEHERICAL SLIDING BASE ISOLATORS

The structure is supported by bearing pads that have curved surface and low friction.
During an earthquake, the building is free to slide on the bearings.

FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING

These are specially designed base isolators which works on the principle of simple pendulum.

It increases the natural time period of oscillation by causing the structure to slide along the
concave inner surface through the frictional interface.

It also possesses a re-centering capability.

CROSS - SECTION OF FRICTION PENDLUM BEARING

FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING (CONTD)

Typically, bearings measure 3 feet in dia., 8 inches in height and weight being 2000 pounds

Benicia Martinez Bridge, California is one of the largest bridges to date to undertake a
seismic isolation retrofit.

Largest seismic isolation bearings, measuring 13 feet in diameter, and weighing 40,000
pounds. They have a lateral displacement capacity of 53 inches, a 5 million pound design
dead plus live load, and a 5 second period.
 Bearing used in Benicia Martinez Bridge (left) and Benicia Martinez Bridge (right)

EFFECTIVENESS OF BASE ISOLATION

3D MODEL OF A BUILDING IN SPA2000

Comparison Stresses in Z direction for Fixed Base (left) and Isolated Base (right)

Comparison of Shear Stresses in Y-Z direction for Fixed Base(left) and Isolated base (right)
ADVANTAGES OF BASE ISOLATION

Isolates Building from ground motion:

Lesser seismic loads, hence lesser damage to the structure.
Minimal repair of superstructure.

Building can remain serviceable throughout construction.

Does not involve major intrusion upon existing superstructure.

DISADVANTAGES OF BASE ISOLATION

Expensive
Cannot be applied partially to structures unlike other retrofitting
Challenging to implement in an efficient manner
Allowance for building displacements
Inefficient for high rise buildings
Not suitable for buildings rested on soft soil.

CODES AND GUIDELINES FOR BASE ISOLATION

International Code Council, Uniform Building Code, Vol. 2, USA, 1997. A

International Building Code, IBC 2006.
NZS1170.5:2004, Structural Design Actions, Part 5: Earthquake Actions - New Zealand, Standards New
Zealand.
FEMA-273, NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings(1997).
FEMA-274, NEHRP Commentary on the Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (1997).

SEISMIC DAMPERS
Seismic Dampers are used in place of structural elements, LIke diagonal braces, for controlling
seismic damage in structures.
It partly absorbs the seismic energy and reduces the motion of buildings.
Types:-
Viscous Dampers (energy is absorbed by silicone-based fluid passing between piston-cylinder
arrangement),
Friction Dampers (energy is absorbed by surfaces with friction between them rubbing against
each other), and
Yielding Dampers (energy is absorbed by metallic components that yield).

INDIAN CODES FOR EARTHQUAKE DESIGN

IS: 1893-2002 (part-1) Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (Part 1: General
Provision and Buildings) - Code of Practice
IS: 4326-1993 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings - Code of Practice
IS: 13920-1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic Forces
Code of Practice
IS: 13935-1993 Repair and Seismic Strengthening of Buildings - Guidelines
IS: 13828-1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonary Buildings - Guidelines
IS: 13827-1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings - Guidelines
CONCLUSION

Seismic Retrofitting is a suitable technology for protection of a variety of structures.

It has matured in the recent years to a highly reliable technology.
But, the expertise needed is not available in the basic level.
The main challenge is to achieve a desired performance level at a minimum cost, which can be
achieved through a detailed nonlinear analysis.
Optimization techniques are needed to know the most efficient retrofit for a particular structure.
Proper Design Codes are needed to be published as code of practice for professionals related to
this field.

REFRENCES

Agarwal, P. and Shrikhande, M., 2006, Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, 2nd Edition,
Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.

Cardone, D. and Dolce, M., 2003, Seismic Protection of Light Secondary Systems through Different
Base Isolation Systems, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 7 (2), 223-250.

Constantinou, M.C., Symans, M.D., Tsopelas, P., and Taylor, D.P., 1993, Fluid Viscous Dampers in
Applications of Seismic Energy Dissipation and Seismic Isolation, ATC-17-1, Applied Technology
Council, San Francisco.

EERI, 1999, Lessons Learnt Over Time Learning from Earthquakes Series: Volume II Innovative
Recovery in India, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland (CA), USA.

Murty, C.V.R., 2004, IITK-BMTPC Earthquake Tip, New Delhi.