I/O Ports in AVR

Sepehr Naimi

www.NicerLand.com
 Topics
 AVR pin out
 The structure of I/O pins
 I/O programming
 Bit manipulating

2
 I/O unit in AVR

RAM EEPROM Timers

PROGRAM
ROM

Program
Bus Bus
CPU

Interrupt Other
OSC I/O Port
Unit Peripherals

I/O
PINS

3
 ATmega328 pinout

+5 V
1. Vital Pins:
1. Power

VCC 28 pin

Ground (PCINT14/RESET) PC6 1 28 PC5 (ADC5/SCL/PCINT13)

2. Crystal (PCINT16/RXD) PD0

(PCINT17/TXD) PD1
2
3
27
26
PC4 (ADC4/SDA/PCINT12)
PC3 (ADC3/PCINT11)
4 MEGA328

XTAL1 +5 V
(PCINT18/INT0) PD2 25 PC2 (ADC2/PCINT10)
(PCINT19/OC2B/INT1) PD3 5 24 PC1 (ADC1/PCINT9)

XTAL2 (PCINT20/XCK/T0) PD4 6 23 +5 V
PC0 (ADC0/PCINT8)
VCC 7 22 GND
3. Reset GND 8 21 AREF
(PCINT6/XTAL1/TOSC1) PB6 9 20 AVCC
2. I/O pins (PCINT7/XTAL2/TOSC2) PB7 10 19 PB5 (SCK/PCINT5)
• PORTB, PORTC, and (PCINT21/OC0B) PD5
(PCINT22/OC0A/AIN0) PD6
11
12
18
17
PB4 (MISO/PCINT4)
PB3 (MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3)
PORTD (PCINT23/AIN1) PD7 13 16 PB2 (SS/OC1B/PCINT2)
(PCINT0/CLKO/ICP1) PB0 14 15 PB1 (OC1A/PCINT1)
3. Internal ADC pins
• AREF, AVCC, ADCn

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 The structure of I/O pins
777
666
XTAL1 555 PB5 (SCK)
XTAL2 444 PB4 (MISO)
RESET 333 PB3 (MOSI/OC2A)
VCC
DDRx: 7 6 5 4 3 22 2 21 0 PB2 (SS/OC1B)

GND
PORTx: 7 6 5 4 3 12 1 11 0 PB1 (OC1A)

AVCC
PINx: 7 6 5 4 3 02 0 01 0 PB0 (ICP1/CLK0)
PINB
AREF DDRB
Px7 Px6 Px5 Px4 PORTB
Px3 Px2 Px1 Px0

PORTC PORTD
DDRC DDRD
PINC PIND
(ADC0) PC0 PD7 (AIN1)
000 777
(ADC1) PC1 666 PD6 (AIN0)
111

DDRx
(ADC2) PC2 222 555 PD5 (T1) 00 11

DDRx
PORTx
(ADC3) PC3 333 444 PD4 (T0/XCK)
PORTx
00 high
highimpedance Out
Out00
(ADC4/SDA) PC4 4 4 4DDRx.n 333 PD3 (INT1) impedance
(ADC5/SCL) PC5 555 222
PORTx.n 11
PD2 (INT0) pull-up
pull-up Out
Out11
666 111 PD1 (TXD)
777 000
PINx.n PD0 (RXD)

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 Example 1
 Write a program that 777
666

makes all the pins of

XTAL1 555 PB5 (SCK)
XTAL2 444 PB4 (MISO)
RESET 333 PB3 (MOSI/OC2A)
PORTB one. VCC
GND
222
111
PB2 (SS/OC1B)
PB1 (OC1A)
AVCC 000 PB0 (ICP1/CLK0)
DDRB: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AREF
PINB
DDRB
PORTB
PORTB: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 PORTC PORTD
DDRC DDRD
PINC PIND
(ADC0) PC0 PD7 (AIN1)
000 777
(ADC1) PC1 666 PD6 (AIN0)
111
(ADC2) PC2 222 555 PD5 (T1)
(ADC3) PC3 333 444 PD4 (T0/XCK)
LDI R20,0xFF ;R20 = 11111111 (binary) (ADC4/SDA) PC4 444 333 PD3 (INT1)
(ADC5/SCL) PC5 555 222 PD2 (INT0)
OUT PORTB,R20 ;PORTB = R20 666 111 PD1 (TXD)
777 000 PD0 (RXD)
OUT DDRB,R20 ;DDRB = R20

DDRx
00 11

DDRx
PORTx
PORTx
00 high
highimpedance
impedance
Out
Out0 0

11 pull-up
pull-up Out
Out1 1

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 Example 2
 The following code will toggle all 8 bits of
Port B forever with some time delay
between “on” and “off” states:

LDI R16,0xFF ;R16 = 0xFF = 0b11111111

OUT DDRB,R16 ;make Port B an output port (1111
1111)
L1: LDI R16,0x55 ;R16 = 0x55 = 0b01010101
OUT PORTB,R16 ;put 0x55 on port B pins
CALL DELAY
LDI R16,0xAA ;R16 = 0xAA = 0b10101010
OUT PORTB,R16 ;put 0xAA on port B pins
CALL DELAY
RJMP L1

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 Example 3
 A 7-segment is connected to PORTD.
Display 1 on the 7-segment.
DDRD: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PORTD: 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

ATmega328 0
5 1
LDI R20,0x06 ;R20 = 00000110 (binary) 8 6
PORTD
OUT PORTD,R20 ;PORTD = R20 4 2
LDI R20,0xFF ;R20 = 11111111 (binary)
3
OUT DDRD,R20 ;DDRD = R20

DDRx
L1: RJMP L1 00 11

DDRx
PORTx
PORTx
00 high
highimpedance
impedance
Out
Out0 0

11 pull-up
pull-up Out
Out1 1

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 Example 4
 A 7-segment is connected to PORTD.
Display 3 on the 7-segment.
DDRD: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PORTD: 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

ATmega328 0
5 1
LDI R20,0x4F ;R20 = 01001111 (binary) 8 6
PORTD
OUT PORTD,R20 ;PORTD = R20 4 2
LDI R20,0xFF ;R20 = 11111111 (binary)
3
OUT DDRD,R20 ;DDRD = R20

DDRx
L1: RJMP L1 00 11

DDRx
PORTx
PORTx
00 high
highimpedance
impedance
Out
Out0 0

11 pull-up
pull-up Out
Out1 1

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 Example 5: Input
 The following code gets the data present at the pins of port C
and sends it to port B indefinitely, after adding the value 5 to
it:

LDI R16,0x00 ;R16 = 00000000 (binary)

OUT DDRC,R16 ;make Port C an input port
LDI R16,0xFF ;R16 = 11111111 (binary)
OUT DDRB,R16 ;make Port B an output port(1 for
Out)
L2: IN R16,PINC ;read data from Port C and put in
R16
LDI R17,5

DDRx
ADD R16,R17 ;add 5 to it PORTx 00 11

DDRx
PORTx
OUT PORTB,R16 ;send it to Port0 B high Out
Out0 0
0 highimpedance
impedance
RJMP L2 ;jump L2 1 pull-up Out
1 pull-up Out1 1

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 Pull-up resistor

vcc
1 = Close
PORTx.n 0 = Open

pin n of
port x PINx.n

Outside the Inside the

AVR chip AVR chip

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Example
AVR
VCC

PORTC.3

AVR
VCC

PORTC.3

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I/O bit manipulation programming
 SBI and CBI instructions
 SBI (Set Bit in IO register)
 SBI ioReg, bit ;ioReg.bit = 1
 Examples:

SBI PORTD,0 ;PORTD.0 = 1

SBI DDRC,5 ;DDRC.5 = 1

 CBI (Clear Bit in IO register)

 CBI ioReg, bit ;ioReg.bit = 0
 Examples:

CBI PORTD,0 ;PORTD.0 = 0

CBI DDRC,5 ;DDRC.5 = 0

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 Example
 Write a program that toggles PORTB.4
continuously.

SBI DDRB,4
L1: SBI PORTB,4
CBI PORTB,4
RJMP L1

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 Example
 An LED is connected to each pin of Port D. Write a
program to turn on each LED from pin D0 to pin D7.
Call a delay module before turning on the next LED.
LDI R20, 0xFF
OUT DDRD, R20 ;make PORTD an output port
SBI PORTD,0 ;set bit PD0
CALL DELAY ;delay before next one
SBI PORTD,1 ;turn on PD1
CALL DELAY ;delay before next one
SBI PORTD,2 ;turn on PD2
CALL DELAY
SBI PORTD,3
CALL DELAY
SBI PORTD,4
CALL DELAY
SBI PORTD,5
CALL DELAY
SBI PORTD,6
CALL DELAY
SBI PORTD,7
CALL DELAY

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 SBIC and SBIS
 SBIC (Skip if Bit in IO register Cleared)
 SBIC ioReg, bit ; if (ioReg.bit = 0) skip next
instruction
 Example:
SBIC PORTD,0 ;skip next instruction if PORTD.0=0
INC R20
LDI R19,0x23

 SBIS (Skip if Bit in IO register Set)

 SBIS ioReg, bit ; if (ioReg.bit = 1) skip next
instruction
 Example:
SBIS PORTD,0 ;skip next instruction if PORTD.0=1
INC R20
LDI R19,0x23

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 Example
 Write a program to perform the following:
 (a) Keep monitoring the PB2 bit until it becomes HIGH;
 (b) When PB2 becomes HIGH, write value $45 to Port
C, and also send a HIGH-to-LOW pulse to PD3.

CBI DDRB, 2 ;make PB2 an input

SBI PORTB,2
LDI R16, 0xFF
OUT DDRC, R16 ;make Port C an output port
SBI DDRD, 3 ;make PD3 an output
AGAIN: SBIS PINB, 2 ;Skip if Bit PB2 is HIGH
RJMP AGAIN ;keep checking if LOW
LDI R16, 0x45
OUT PORTC, R16 ;write 0x45 to port C
SBI PORTD, 3 ;set bit PD3 (H-to-L)
CBI PORTD, 3 ;clear bit PD3
HERE: RJMP HERE

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 Example
VCC
 A switch is connected to 4.7k AVR
pin PB0 and an LED to pin PB0
Switch
PB5. Write a program to PB5

get the status of SW and 270

send it to the LED. LED

CBI DDRB,0 ;make PB0 an input

SBI DDRB,5 ;make PB5 an output
AGAIN: SBIC PINB,0 ;skip next if PB0 is clear
RJMP OVER ;(JMP is OK too)
CBI PORTB,5
RJMP AGAIN ;we can use JMP too
OVER: SBI PORTB,5
RJMP AGAIN ;we can use JMP too

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 The structure of I/O pins
RDx
PUD
P
DATA BUS
Q D
DDRxn
Q WR DDRxn
CLK

RESET
DDRx.n
RRx
OUTPUT
PORTx.n
Pxn Q D
PORTxn
Sleep WR PORTxn
Q CLK
PINx.n INPUT
RESET
SYNCHRONIZER

D Q D Q
PINxn
L Q Q RPx
N
RESET RESET
CLKI/O

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 Out 0

RDx
PUD
P
1 1 DATA BUS
Q D 0
DDRxn
Q WR DDRxn
CLK

RESET

RRx

0 0 0 0
Pxn Q D
PORTxn
Sleep WR PORTxn
Q CLK

RESET
SYNCHRONIZER

D Q D Q
PINxn
L Q Q RPx
N
RESET RESET
CLKI/O

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 Out 1

RDx
PUD
P
1 1 DATA BUS
Q D 0
DDRxn
Q WR DDRxn
CLK

RESET

RRx

1 1 1 1
Pxn Q D
PORTxn
Sleep WR PORTxn
Q CLK

RESET
SYNCHRONIZER

D Q D Q
PINxn
L Q Q RPx
N
RESET RESET
CLKI/O

22
 The structure of I/O pins
DDRx

00 11
DDRx

PORTx
PORTx
00 high
highimpedance
impedance
Out
Out0 0
RDx
PUD
11 pull-up
pull-up Out
Out1 1 P
DATA BUS
Q D
DDRxn
Q WR DDRxn
CLK

RESET

RRx

Pxn Q D
PORTxn
Sleep WR PORTxn
Q CLK

RESET
SYNCHRONIZER

D Q D Q
PINxn
L Q Q RPx
N
RESET RESET
CLKI/O

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 Input (Tri-state vs. pull up)

RDx
PUD
P
0 0 DATA BUS
Q D
DDRxn
Pull-up WR DDRxn
Q CLK
Resistor
RESET

0 RRx

0
Pxn Q D
PORTxn
WR PORTxn
Q CLK
Sleep RESET

SYNCHRONIZER

0 0 0 0 0
0 D Q D Q
PINxn RPx
N L Q Q
RESET RESET
CLKI/O

The represents how the content of PORTx register affects the pull-up resistor;
while the shows how a data can be read from a pin

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