Part 03

1. The basis is defined as spot minus futures.
A trader is hedging the sale of an asset with a short

futures position. The basis increases unexpectedly. Which of the following is true?
A. The hedger’s position improves.
B. The hedger’s position worsens.
C. The hedger’s position sometimes worsens and sometimes improves.
D. The hedger’s position stays the same.
2. Futures contracts trade with every month as a delivery month. A company is hedging the
purchase of the underlying asset on June 15. Which futures contract should it use?
A. The June contract
B. The July contract
C. The May contract
D. The August contract
3. On March 1 a commodity’s spot price is $60 and its August futures price is $59. On July 1 the
spot price is $64 and the August futures price is $63.50. A company entered into futures
contracts on March 1 to hedge its purchase of the commodity on July 1. It closed out its position
on July 1. What is the effective price (after taking account of hedging) paid by the company?
A. $59.50
B. $60.50
C. $61.50
D. $63.50
4. On March 1 the price of a commodity is $1,000 and the December futures price is $1,015. On
November 1 the price is $980 and the December futures price is $981. A producer of the
commodity entered into a December futures contracts on March 1 to hedge the sale of the
commodity on November 1. It closed out its position on November 1. What is the effective price
(after taking account of hedging) received by the company for the commodity?
A. $1,016
B. $1,001
C. $981
D. $1,014
5. Suppose that the standard deviation of monthly changes in the price of commodity A is $2. The
standard deviation of monthly changes in a futures price for a contract on commodity B (which
is similar to commodity A) is $3. The correlation between the futures price and the commodity
price is 0.9. What hedge ratio should be used when hedging a one month exposure to the price
of commodity A?
A. 0.60
B. 0.67
C. 1.45
D. 0.90
6. A company has a $36 million portfolio with a beta of 1.2. The futures price for a contract on an
index is 900. Futures contracts on $250 times the index can be traded. What trade is necessary
to reduce beta to 0.9?
A. Long 192 contracts
B. Short 192 contracts
C. Long 48 contracts
D. Short 48 contracts
7. A company has a $36 million portfolio with a beta of 1.2. The futures price for a contract on
an index is 900. Futures contracts on $250 times the index can be traded. What trade is
necessary to increase beta to 1.8?
A. Long 192 contracts
B. Short 192 contracts
C. Long 96 contracts
D. Short 96 contracts
8. Which of the following is true?

A. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope of the best fit line when the spot price (on the y-axis) is
regressed against the futures price (on the x-axis).
B. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope of the best fit line when the futures price (on the y-
axis) is regressed against the spot price (on the x-axis).
C. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope of the best fit line when the change in the spot price
(on the y-axis) is regressed against the change in the futures price (on the x-axis).
D. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope of the best fit line when the change in the futures price
(on the y-axis) is regressed against the change in the spot price (on the x-axis).
9. Which of the following describes tailing the hedge?

A. A strategy where the hedge position is increased at the end of the life of the hedge
B. A strategy where the hedge position is increased at the end of the life of the futures
contract
C. A more exact calculation of the hedge ratio when forward contracts are used for hedging
D. None of the above
10. A company due to pay a certain amount of a foreign currency in the future decides to hedge
with futures contracts. Which of the following best describes the advantage of hedging?
A. It leads to a better exchange rate being paid
B. It leads to a more predictable exchange rate being paid
C. It caps the exchange rate that will be paid
D. It provides a floor for the exchange rate that will be paid
11. Which of the following best describes the capital asset pricing model?
A. Determines the amount of capital that is needed in particular situations
B. Is used to determine the price of futures contracts
C. Relates the return on an asset to the return on a stock index
D. Is used to determine the volatility of a stock index
12. Which of the following best describes “stack and roll”?

A. Creates long-term hedges from short term futures contracts
B. Can avoid losses on futures contracts by entering into further futures contracts
C. Involves buying a futures contract with one maturity and selling a futures contract with a
different maturity
D. Involves two different exposures simultaneously
13. Which of the following increases basis risk?

A. A large difference between the futures prices when the hedge is put in place and when it is
closed out
B. Dissimilarity between the underlying asset of the futures contract and the hedger’s exposure
C. A reduction in the time between the date when the futures contract is closed and its delivery
month
14. Which of the following is a reason for hedging a portfolio with an index futures?
A. The investor believes the stocks in the portfolio will perform better than the market but is
uncertain about the future performance of the market
B. The investor believes the stocks in the portfolio will perform better than the market and the
market is expected to do well
C. The portfolio is not well diversified and so its return is uncertain
D. All of the above
15. Which of the following does NOT describe beta?

A. A measure of the sensitivity of the return on an asset to the return on an index
B. The slope of the best fit line when the return on an asset is regressed against the return on the
market
C. The hedge ratio necessary to remove market risk from a portfolio
D. Measures correlation between futures prices and spot prices for a commodity

A. Hedging can always be done more easily by a company’s shareholders than by the company itself
B. If all companies in an industry hedge, a company in the industry can sometimes reduce its risk by
choosing not to hedge
C. If all companies in an industry do not hedge, a company in the industry can reduce its risk by
hedging
D. If all companies in an industry do not hedge, a company is liable increase its risk by hedging
17. Which of the following is necessary for tailing a hedge?

A. Comparing the size in units of the position being hedged with the size in units of the futures
contract
B. Comparing the value of the position being hedged with the value of one futures contract
C. Comparing the futures price of the asset being hedged to its forward price

A. Gold producers should always hedge the price they will receive for their production of gold over
the next three years
B. Gold producers should always hedge the price they will receive for their production of gold over
the next one year
C. The hedging strategies of a gold producer should depend on whether it shareholders want
exposure to the price of gold
D. Gold producers can hedge by buying gold in the forward market
19. A silver mining company has used futures markets to hedge the price it will receive for
everything it will produce over the next 5 years. Which of the following is true?
A. It is liable to experience liquidity problems if the price of silver falls dramatically
B. It is liable to experience liquidity problems if the price of silver rises dramatically
C. It is liable to experience liquidity problems if the price of silver rises dramatically or falls
dramatically
D. The operation of futures markets protects it from liquidity problems
20. A company will buy 1000 units of a certain commodity in one year. It decides to hedge 80% of its
exposure using futures contracts. The spot price and the futures price are currently $100 and
$90, respectively. The spot price and the futures price in one year turn out to be $112 and $110,
respectively. What is the average price paid for the commodity?
A. $92
B. $96
C. $102
D. $106

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1. The basis is defined as spot minus futures.

A trader is hedging the sale of an asset with a short

8. Which of the following is true?

9. Which of the following describes tailing the hedge?

12. Which of the following best describes “stack and roll”?

13. Which of the following increases basis risk?

15. Which of the following does NOT describe beta?

16. Which of the following is true?

17. Which of the following is necessary for tailing a hedge?

18. Which of the following is true?

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