Structural Framework Workflows

for Petrel 2018

Module 1: Introduction to subsurface

modeling

Schlumberger-Private
© 2019 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.

An asterisk is used throughout this presentation to denote a mark of Schlumberger.

Other company, product, and service names are the properties of their respective owners.

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 Structural framework with Petrel 2018 – Modeling line

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Model
Structural Model Stair-stepped Characteristics
Overview of Fault refinement:
framework boundary 2D seismic structural and workflows
reservoir complexity Create the zone
overview workflow restoration gridding of depogrids
modeling examples model
Petrel modeling Volume-based Model Advanced
Fault framework options in the Quality control
workflows and modeling theory construction Depospace
modeling VBM method on depogrids
grids
overview
Common
Structural input data Reservoir
Fault framework
model issues compartments
modeling
complexity in a depogrid
interface
Quality control
Quality control Advantages and
and model
and fault disadvantages of
optimization
framework stair-stepped and
optimization Depogrid
Horizon
structural grids
attributes

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Elements in the course

Content Task Evaluation

Theory Procedure Exercise Workflow Quiz Review

example

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Rules

◼ Keep your mobile devices in silent mode.

◼ Take any phone call outside the class.
◼ Everyone’s perspective counts.
◼ Let the instructor know if you need a break.
◼ The instructor will help with group work when solving the challenges.
◼ Think simple when you try to solve challenges.

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 Module 1: Introduction to subsurface modeling

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Overview of
reservoir
modeling
Petrel modeling
workflows and
grids

Structural
model
complexity

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Learning objectives

When you complete this module, you will understand:

◼ the concepts of reservoir modeling

◼ the background of structural modeling in Petrel

◼ key differences among model styles

◼ the broad modeling workflow in Petrel

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Introduction to subsurface modeling

Why am I doing this?

What is Structural modeling?
Overview of reservoir Construction of subsurface models
modeling Geological models
Petrel modeling Reservoir engineering (RE) models
workflows and grids Geomechanical models
Structural model Drill and well planning models
complexity Exploration models
Geoscreening

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Why am I doing this?

Frame the study up front with all domain stakeholders to guide model design decisions.

“I need to estimate “Is this new reservoir in “Which of these field

the STOOIP for our communication with development plans is more
new acquisition.” existing producing fields?” commercially viable?”

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Why am I doing this?

▪ A model is a representation of some aspect of the reality.

▪ The purpose of a model is to help understand, describe, or predict how a reservoir
behaves in the real world. You explore a simplified model representation of the reservoir.

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Construction of subsurface models

The goal of the model creation process is to simplify reality while you integrate available
data and capture the key static or dynamic elements of a petroleum system.
▪ Integrates available subsurface data.
▪ Represents the subsurface geological features.
▪ Captures key static and dynamic element of the system.
▪ Implements your conceptual model of the system.
▪ Helps estimate oil and gas reserves.

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Type of subsurface models and workflows

▪ Geological models
▪ Reservoir engineering (RE) models
▪ Geomechanical models
▪ Drill and well planning models
▪ Exploration models
▪ Geoscreening

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Introduction to subsurface modeling

Overview of reservoir Structural modeling in Petrel

modeling Property modeling in Petrel

Petrel modeling Reservoir simulation modeling in Petrel

workflows and grids Structured corner point grids
Structural model Unstructured grids
complexity Dual scale reservoir modeling workflow

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Petrel modeling workflows and grids

Seismic interpretation

Structural Fault framework

and fault
analysis Structural model (VBM) Pillar fault model

Depospace

Depogrid Stairstepped grid Pillar grid

Property modeling

PVT & SCAL modeling

Well and field controls

Flow Simulation

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 Grids you can build in Petrel

CPG CPG
Tartan grid Pillar grid
CPG
Simple grid

UCCG
Depogrid CPG – corner point grid
CPG UCCG – unstructured cut-cell grid
Stair-stepped grid

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Dual scale reservoir modelling workflow

High resolution

Low resolution

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Traditional modelling workflow

High resolution

Low resolution

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Introduction to subsurface modeling

Overview of reservoir
modeling
Petrel modeling Simple structural models
workflows and grids Complex structural models
Structural model Complex extension
complexity Compression
Simple compression/high angle reverse faulting
Complex compression/thrust faults

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What sort of model: complex or simple? (1)

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 What sort of model: complex or simple? (2)

Workflow for complex grid models

Workflow for simple grid models

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What type of model: complex or simple? (3)
Workflow for complex grid models

Structural Simplify model:

framework with Use pillar grid
stair-stepped grid
No No No

Yes Yes Depogrid Yes Do you have Yes Structural

Structural Stair-stepped Overturned support for INTERSECT? framework with
framework faults OK? zones? workflow? Depogrid

No

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Complex extension/Complex compression

Complex extension:
▪ Large number of faults
▪ Multiple phases of deformation
▪ Crossing faults
Complex compression:
▪ Low angle, thrust faults
▪ Significant crustal compression
▪ Folded horizon geometry
▪ Large stratigraphic juxtaposition

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Summary

In this module, you learned about:

◼ subsurface modeling

◼ key differences among model styles

◼ the broad modeling workflow in Petrel

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Learning game: Introduction to subsurface modeling (1)

LEARNING GAME Instructions:

There are several questions.
Select the correct answers.

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Learning game: Introduction to subsurface modeling (2)

In which of the reservoir modelling workflows listed below is a geocellular grid used?
a. Geoscreening, well placement
b. Fault seal analysis, exploration
c. Both a. and b. are correct

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Learning game: Introduction to subsurface modeling (3)

Which characteristics of your reservoir can help you determine if you have a complex
model or simple model?
a. Complex fault relationships, small partial penetration faults, regional thrust fault
b. Multiple tectonic phases, multiple stacked unconformities
c. Big amount of faults, long penetration faults
d. Both a. and b. are correct
e. All the answers above are correct

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Learning game: Introduction to subsurface modeling (4)

What types of grids are well suited for structurally simple models?
a. Simple grid, Tartan grid, Stair-stepped grid
b. Simple grid, Tartan grid, Pillar grid
c. Simple grid, Tartan grid, Depogrid
d. Both a. and b. are correct

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Structural Framework Workflows
for Petrel 2018

Module 2: Structural framework and the

concept of VBM

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 Structural framework with Petrel 2018 – Modeling line

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Model
Structural Model Stair-stepped Characteristics
Overview of Fault refinement:
framework boundary 2D seismic structural and workflows
reservoir complexity Create the zone
overview workflow restoration gridding of depogrids
modeling examples model
Petrel modeling Volume-based Model Advanced
Fault framework options in the Quality control
workflows and modeling theory construction Depospace
modeling VBM method on depogrids
grids
overview
Common
Structural input data Reservoir
Fault framework
model issues compartments
modeling
complexity in a depogrid
interface
Quality control
Quality control Advantages and
and model
and fault disadvantages of
optimization
framework stair-stepped and
optimization Depogrid
Horizon
structural grids
attributes

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 Module 2: Structural framework and the concept of VBM

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Structural
framework
overview

Volume-based
modeling theory

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Learning objectives

When you complete this module, you will understand:

◼ the Structural framework workflow in Petrel

◼ the concept of Volume-based modeling

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Structural framework and the concept of VBM

Structural framework
overview Define the Structural framework

Volume-based
modeling theory

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Structural framework workflow

Seismic interpretation

Structural Fault framework

and fault
analysis Structural model (VBM) Pillar fault model

Depospace

Depogrid Stairstepped grid Pillar grid

Property modeling

PVT & SCAL modeling

Well and field controls

Flow Simulation

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Define the structural framework

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Structural framework and the concept of VBM

Structural framework
overview
Tetrahedral mesh
Volume-based The stratigraphic function
modeling theory
Concept of sequences

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 Volume-based modeling

Input data
Representation of the fault Create background Compute the iso-stratigraphic function*
network and horizons. volume model* that represents the internal stratigraphy of
Fully unstructured, faulted the conformable sequences.
3D tetrahedral mesh (VOI).

Build zone model Subdivide the volume into layers

Volume representation Extract iso-surfaces of the stratigraphic
of geological layers function that correspond to the location of
the original horizon interpretation input.
* Conceptual models

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 Structural models built with VBM (1)

1 2 3

1. Fault network
2. Horizons
3. Zones

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Structural models built with VBM (2)

1
Extensional

2
Compressional

1 Physical (sandbox) model (courtesy Fault Dynamics Research Group, Royal Holloway University of London)
2 Seismic data courtesy Geosciences Australia
3 SEG-EAGE 3D Overthrust Model (Aminzadeh et al., 1997)
4 Thrust belt model (synthetic)

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Volume-based modeling: Proportional layering capabilities

The stratigraphic function is designed to be discontinuous across faults. It guarantees that

the fault throw and stratigraphic thickness on either side of the faults are consistent.

Un-faulted conformable sequence Faulted conformable sequence

Proportional layering capabilities of VBM in un-faulted and faulted zones.

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Concept of sequences (1)

Horizons are separated into sequences that are determined by the horizon type, based on
geological events.
Erosional surface

Conformable horizons

Discontinuous horizons

Conformable horizons

Base horizons

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Concept of sequences (2)

All conformable horizons that belong to a single conformable sequence are modeled
simultaneously by the VBM algorithm as several iso-values of the unique stratigraphic function.

Sequence 1

Sequence 2
Sequence 3
Sequence 4
Sequence 5

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VBM vs. Surface-based modeling

Volume-based modeling: Interdependent horizons built from the inputs inside the volume (VOI)

Surface-based modeling: Interdependent horizons built from the input surface by surface

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Summary

In this module, you learned about:

◼ the Structural framework workflow

◼ the concept of Volume-based modeling

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Learning game: Structural framework and the concept of VBM (1)

LEARNING GAME Instructions:

There are several questions. Select the
correct answers.

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Learning game: Structural framework and the concept of VBM (2)

Which of the following characteristics of a stratigraphic function is correct?

a. It represent the relative age of the horizons
b. It is defined across the whole model extent
c. It is discontinuous at faults
d. It preserves thickness between horizons
e. All the answers above are correct

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Learning game: Structural framework and the concept of VBM (3)

What are sequence boundaries?

a. Conformable, Erosional, Top, Continuous
b. Erosional, Base, Continuous
c. Erosional, Base, Discontinuous
d. Conformable, Base, Discontinuous

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Learning game: Structural framework and the concept of VBM (4)

In which parameters listed below does the resolution of the tetrahedral mesh directly
control?
a. The resolution of the stratigraphic function
b. The accuracy of the horizon/fault intersection lines
c. The accuracy of the horizon/horizon intersection lines
d. All the answers above are correct

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Structural Framework Workflows
for Petrel 2018

Module 3: Fault modeling

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 Structural framework with Petrel 2018 – Modeling line

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Model
Structural Model Stair-stepped Characteristics
Overview of Fault refinement:
framework boundary 2D seismic structural and workflows
reservoir complexity Create the zone
overview workflow restoration gridding of depogrids
modeling examples model
Petrel modeling Volume-based Model Advanced
Fault framework options in the Quality control
workflows and modeling theory construction Depospace
modeling VBM method on depogrids
grids
overview
Common
Structural input data Reservoir
Fault framework
model issues compartments
modeling
complexity in a depogrid
interface
Quality control
Quality control Advantages and
and model
and fault disadvantages of
optimization
framework stair-stepped and
optimization Depogrid
Horizon
structural grids
attributes

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 Module 3: Fault modeling

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Fault
complexity
examples

Fault framework
modeling
overview

Fault framework
modeling
interface
Quality control
and fault
framework
optimization

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Learning objectives

When you complete this module, you will know

◼ different types of fault models you can find in nature

◼ fundamental elements of the Fault frameworks modeling dialog box

◼ how to build a fault framework

◼ multiple ways to assess the quality of the fault model

◼ several ways to edit the result

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Fault modeling

Faulting and damage zones

Normal or extensional faulting
Fault complexity Conjugate or crossing faults
examples Antithetic and synthetic faulting
Foreland folds and thrust belts
Fault framework modeling overview Transpression and transtension (strike slip faulting)
Fault framework modeling interface Flower structures

Quality control and fault framework optimization

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Fault complexity examples (1)

VBM algorithm handles different types of complex fault relationships.

Crossing (X) –
synthetic/antithetic (Y) Reverse or low-angle thrusts

Lambda (λ)

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Fault complexity examples (2)

Faulting and damage zone

Evolution of fault creation and
damage zone affects fault sealing

Interpreted and modeled faults

▪ Represent faults as a single plane
▪ Imply damage zone through
property model

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 Fault complexity examples (3)

Normal or extensional faulting Antithetic and synthetic faulting

Intrabasin
Antithetic faults
Intrabasin
1 Simple border fault system Synthetic faults
1 Brittle upper crust
2 Ductile stretching layer 2 Distributary border fault system Flexure shoulder

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Fault complexity examples (4)

Foreland folds and thrust belts

1. Duplex 6. Listric ramp
2. Hanging wall 7. Roof thrust
3. Backthrust 8. Horse
4. Pop-up 9. Triangle zone
5. Emergent thrusts

Petrel structural framework

model of a thrust belt

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 Fault complexity examples (5)

Strike slip faulting Flower structures

Normal
Reverse

Petrel structural
1 Brittle upper crust framework model of a
2 Ductile stretching layer reverse flower structure

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Fault modeling

Fault complexity
examples
Input data type
Fault framework modeling overview The workflow
Tip loop and fault extrapolation
Fault framework modeling interface
Quality control and fault framework optimization

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Input data type

Each fault is interpreted as an individual planar feature.

▪ The input data must characterize each fault as an individual planar feature.
▪ Input data includes Petrel fault interpretations, imported interpretations, points or surfaces.
Import formats supported
▪ IESX / Charisma* Fault stick interpretation
▪ IRAP
▪ Polyline
▪ Points
▪ Surfaces
▪ Tsurf
Cannot use Fault polygons directly ▪ Fault tops

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Fault framework modeling workflow

1. Build the triangular mesh: Model the faults based on the input data provided.
2. Weld the faults: Calculate the mesh intersection.
3. Truncate faults: Apply the truncation based on the fault relationship.

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Tip loop and fault extrapolation

Convex tip loop style Concave tip loop style

The computation creates a boundary around The computation creates a boundary around fault input
fault input data that obeys geometric constraints to data that matches the geometric irregularity of that data.
remain concave.

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Fault modeling

Fault complexity
examples

Fault framework modeling overview

Fault modeling tab (Demo)
Fault framework modeling interface
Fault relationship tab (Demo)
Quality control and fault framework optimization

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Fault modeling

Fault complexity
examples
Procedure - Run the visual fault model QC
Fault framework modeling overview workflow (Demo)

Fault framework modeling interface QC Manager

Quality control and fault framework optimization Dip / dip direction

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QC Manager (1)

QC Manager provides options that let you investigate specific issues in a structural
framework fault model.

Can’t use Fault polygons directly

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QC Manager (2)

In the 3D window, with the associated error locations, you can select and display fault pairs that
have issues. Error data points also are stored in the Input pane.

Can’t use Fault polygons directly

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Dip / dip direction (1)

The operation analyses and computes the dip and dip direction of fault faces in a
geocellular grid.

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Dip / dip direction (2)

Output of the Dip operation Output of the Dip direction operation

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Exercises and workflow example videos

▪ Exercise: Build the fault framework.

▪ Workflow example video: Build and QC the fault framework.
▪ Exercise: Use the QC Manager to identify problematic areas.
▪ Workflow example video: Use the QC Manager tool to identify problematic areas.
▪ Exercise: Assess the fault-fault intersections.
▪ Workflow example video: Correct problems identified by QC Manager.

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Summary

In this module, you learned about:

◼ the types of faults you can find in nature

◼ the Fault framework modeling workflow in Petrel

◼ quality control and optimization techniques to improve a fault model

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Learning game: Fault modeling (1)

LEARNING GAME Instructions:

There are several questions. Select the
correct answers.

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Learning game: Fault modeling (2)

What are the three steps in Fault framework construction?

a. Model the faults, weld the faults and truncate the faults
b. Input the faults, model the faults and weld the faults
c. Model the faults, truncate the faults and weld the faults
d. None of the answers above is correct

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Learning game: Fault modeling (3)

How do you use multiple sources of input data to define the faults?
a. Add ‘Input’ columns to the Fault relationships tab
b. Add ‘Input’ columns to the Multiple sources data dialog box
c. Add ‘Input’ columns to the Fault framework dialog box
d. All the answers above are correct

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Learning game: Fault modeling (4)

When can you edit the fault relationships in a Fault framework?

a. Before you run the Fault framework process
b. After you run the Fault framework process
c. While you run the Fault framework process
d. Before and after you run the Fault framework process

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Structural Framework Workflows
for Petrel 2018

Module 4: Boundary definition and

model construction

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 Structural framework with Petrel 2018 – Modeling line

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Model
Structural Model Stair-stepped Characteristics
Overview of Fault refinement:
framework boundary 2D seismic structural and workflows
reservoir complexity Create the zone
overview workflow restoration gridding of depogrids
modeling examples model
Petrel modeling Volume-based Model Advanced
Fault framework options in the Quality control
workflows and modeling theory construction Depospace
modeling VBM method on depogrids
grids
overview
Common
Structural input data Reservoir
Fault framework
model issues compartments
modeling
complexity in a depogrid
interface
Quality control
Quality control Advantages and
and model
and fault disadvantages of
optimization
framework stair-stepped and
optimization Depogrid
Horizon
structural grids
attributes

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 Module 4: Boundary definition and model construction

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Model
boundary
workflow

Model
construction

Common
input data
issues

Quality control
and model
optimization

Horizon
attributes

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Learning objectives

When you complete this module, you will know:

◼ how to create a volume of interest of your structural framework

◼ the Model construction workflow

◼ common input data issues and how to address them

◼ how to create and use the Horizon filtering attribute in the Model construction
process
◼ important structural operation tools to quality check your model

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Boundary definition and model construction

Model boundary workflow (Demo)

Model construction
Common input data issues
Quality control and model optimization
Horizon attributes

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Boundary definition and model construction

Input data type

Stratigraphy tab (Demo)
Model boundary workflow (Demo)
Horizon type
Model construction Well tops input data
Common input data issues Isochore input data
Quality control and model optimization Fault activity tab (Demo)

Horizon attributes

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Model construction (1)

Seismic horizons and fault

interpretations are extracted from the
stratigraphic function and then you
generate unrefined horizons.

Input data type: Seismic horizon

interpretation

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Model construction (2)

Start QC and Full

simple iterate model

▪ Major seismic-defined ▪ Clean and filter input Ready for model refinement
horizons ▪ Adjust settings
▪ Low resolution mesh ▪ Add well top horizons
▪ Increase resolution if required

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Model construction (3)

▪ Stratigraphic function fits well tops*

▪ Stratigraphic function does not attempt to fit
non-well top data perfectly.
(Model refinement does attempt to fit perfectly.)
▪ Smoothness parameter controls degree of fit.
▪ One smoothness value per conformable
sequence.

*except when you select Dense well top regularization.

Low smoothness High smoothness

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Input data type

The horizons modeling algorithm accepts most data objects that are used to delineate
stratigraphic intervals in a reservoir.
▪ Seismic horizon interpretation
▪ Points
▪ Polylines
▪ Triangular surfaces
▪ Gridded surfaces
▪ Well tops

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Input data constraints

A ground interpretation is helpful to control

conformable horizons above a base horizon that
undulates across the model.

1 Conformable - Base
2 Base – Discontinuous
3 Conformable horizon reappears
4 Ground interpretation

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Model construction (VBM) – Input Well tops Seismic horizon interpretation
Points Points, surfaces, polylines, etc.
▪ Stratigraphic relationship and
conformable sequences

▪ Conformable horizons do not cross

▪ Intersections allowed only against
unconformities (different sequence)

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Sequences

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Sequences – Angular unconformity

https://www.seismicatlas.org/

Hint:
• If the last horizon is
conformable, there is no 1

need to assign this as ‘base’

2

4
5

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Sequences - Clinoforms

https://www.seismicatlas.org/

Hints:
• Use ground
interpretation to
6 5 4 3 2 1
control truncations
• Sequences are built
from top down

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Sequences – Salt tectonics

https://www.seismicatlas.org/

2
3

5
Hint:
• Pinchouts cannot exist within a conformable sequence
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Sequences - Channelized

Hints:
• Use ground
interpretation to control
truncations
• Sequences are built 2
1

from top down 3

4
5

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Well adjustment option:
Use well tops for seismic-based horizons

▪ Well-based horizons:
— Defined by well tops only

— Well tops always used

▪ Seismic-based horizons:
— Defined by other data

— May include well tops which

can be used in different ways
1 Option not selected
2 Option used with ‘No adjustment’
3 Option used with ‘Local adjustment radius’
4 Option used with ‘Global adjustment’

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Isochore input data

If you use isochores, you must enter the isochore surface and the reference surface.

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Fault activity

The Fault activity tab controls the stratigraphic (vertical) extent of faults.

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Boundary definition and model construction

Model boundary workflow (Demo)

Model construction Wrong sided data
Common input data issues Reduced fault extension

Quality control and model optimization Incorrect sequence identification

Horizon attributes

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Common input data issues

Frequently, the fault interpretation and the horizon interpretation have problems.
▪ There can be subtle features in the seismic data.
▪ Seismic horizon auto-trackers picked an incorrect wavelet on one or both sides of a
fault.
▪ Interpreters are not working with the same vintage data.
▪ Data from the hanging wall or footwall can push through the fault interpretation.

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Wrong sided data

Wrong sided data can distort the stratigraphic function because the algorithm attempts to fit
it to the data. The result is that horizons often are pulled up/down close to the fault.

Impact of wrong sided data to a modeled horizon Correct behavior

1 Model horizon attracted by wrong sided input points 2 Input points filtered around the fault to correct the model
horizon

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Reduced fault extension

The stratigraphic function tries to match the throw across a fault that is implied by input data.

2
1

Impact of inconsistent fault vertical Correct behavior

extent compared to throw
1 Horizon throw in input data not consistent to fault extent 2 Horizon throw in input data consistent to fault extent

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Incorrect sequence identification

Horizons form an angular relationship

with the top horizon.

Incorrect result if the top (erosional)

horizon is not set as a sequence
boundary.

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Boundary definition and model construction

Horizon clean-up
Model boundary workflow (Demo) Horizon filtering attribute (Demo)
Cross-fault thickness change
Model construction Fault throw
Common input data issues Fault displacement
Quality control and model optimization Fault heave
Horizon attributes Throw consistency

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Quality control and model optimization

For QC, you also can use

functions from the Structural
and fault analysis toolkit.

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Horizon clean-up

1 Near-fault areas clean-up: Select Via

This simple and powerful distance from fault or Via distance from
tool allows you to fault and attributes. You can combine a
method with the Surface difference option.
accurately and rapidly
clean up a seismic horizon 2 General areas clean-up: Do not
consider the location of faults.
interpretation that is close 1

to faults or away from 3 Polygon region: Enter a region to

compute a method inside a specified
them. polygon.
2
3

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Horizon filtering attribute (1)

▪ Use this option with the Model construction

process to disregard filtered data points without
deleting them from the original interpretation.
▪ You can generate different amounts of filtering
distances around faults.

Note: The HFA can be created only on seismic horizon

interpretation objects. It cannot be created for other
inputs, such as point sets, surfaces, and polylines.

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Horizon filtering attribute (2)

1 Data between two closely spaced faults (red) is set to be filtered out.
It is not included in the Model construction process.
1

2 With the Selection paintbrush tool, paint the areas you do not want to filter.
Selected points appear in yellow.
2

3 When you click anywhere outside of the display, the picked points change to
unfiltered data and appear in blue. Now, the points are included in Model
construction process. 3

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Cross-fault thickness change

Identify where rapid changes in stratigraphic thickness

are present across faults.
▪ Do the thickness changes make geological sense?
▪ Syn-depositional faulting?
▪ Do horizons need to be fixed? +1 = thickness doubled
–1 = thickness halved

No calculation or estimate

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Fault throw/displacement/heave

▪ Is variation across fault consistent with theory?

▪ Is displacement size consistent with fault size?
▪ Insight into fault tip location.

(After Fossen, 2010)

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Throw consistency

▪ Identify areas of the faults where the

throw sense changes.
▪ Throws in the specified tolerance appear
in a gray color.
▪ A useful tool for rapid QC of large models.

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Boundary definition and model construction

Model boundary workflow (Demo)

Model construction
Common input data issues Edge detection
Quality control and model optimization Anomaly identifier
Horizon attributes Confidence classification

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Horizon attributes

Several useful attributes are available for

seismic interpretations that help you identify
inconsistencies during interpretation.

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Edge detection

▪ Highlights lateral extent of the fault network.

▪ Identifies potential low throw structures not
discernible in seismic sections.
▪ Strong red colors identify edges in the data
that correspond to know locations of
mapped faults.

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Anomaly identifier

▪ Assess the degree of geometrically

anomalous data (mis-picks).
▪ Assess the high degree of variability in
the seismic wavelets (noise).
▪ Filter the result to remove geometric or
noise anomalies without manually edit
original interpretation.

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Confidence classification

▪ Create a combined confidence map with

areas of high, mid-range and low stability.

▪ Omit low confidence data and generate a

new interpretation object containing only
high and mid-range confidence results. High stability

Mid-range stability

Low stability

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Exercises and workflow example videos:

▪ Exercise: Define the boundary for the structural model

▪ Exercise: Build structural model horizons
▪ Exercise: Apply smoothness control
▪ Exercise: Generate the horizon filtering attribute
▪ Workflow example video: Generate and edit the horizon filtering attribute
▪ Exercise: Edit and consume the horizon filtering attribute
▪ Workflow example video: Consume the horizon filtering attribute
▪ Exercise: Use horizon attributes to quality control input data

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Summary

In this module, you learned about:

▪ volume-based modeling used for horizon modeling in the structural framework
▪ common input data issues and how to address them
▪ important structural operation tools to quality check your model
▪ create a volume of interest of your structural framework
▪ create and use the horizon filtering attribute for model construction

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Learning game: Boundary definition and model construction (1)

LEARNING GAME Instructions:

There are several questions. Select the
correct answers.

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Learning game: Boundary definition and model construction (2)

Name three methods you can use to define a structural model boundary.
a. By using a polygon
b. From data object with geometric extent
c. Manually in the dialog box
d. All the answers above are correct
e. Both a. and b. are correct

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Learning game: Boundary definition and model construction (3)

What type of data objects can you use to define the structural model horizons?
a. Seismic interpretations and surfaces
b. Point sets, fault tops and isochores
c. Well tops and polylines
d. All the answers above are correct
e. Both a. and c. are correct

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Learning game: Boundary definition and model construction (4)

Where do you generate the horizon filtering attribute?

a. In the Horizon filtering attribute dialog box
b. In the Horizon clean-up dialog box
c. In the Model construction dialog box

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Structural Framework Workflows
for Petrel 2018

Module 5: Enhanced quality checks

and modeling

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 Structural framework with Petrel 2018 – Modeling line

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Model
Structural Model Stair-stepped Characteristics
Overview of Fault refinement:
framework boundary 2D seismic structural and workflows
reservoir complexity Create the zone
overview workflow restoration gridding of depogrids
modeling examples model
Petrel modeling Volume-based Model Advanced
Fault framework options in the Quality control
workflows and modeling theory construction Depospace
modeling VBM method on depogrids
grids
overview
Common
Structural input data Reservoir
Fault framework
model issues compartments
modeling
complexity in a depogrid
interface
Quality control
Quality control Advantages and
and model
and fault disadvantages of
optimization
framework stair-stepped and
optimization Depogrid
Horizon
structural grids
attributes

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 Structural framework with Petrel 2018 – Modeling line

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

2D seismic
restoration

Advanced
options in the
VBM method

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Learning objectives

When you complete this module, you will understand how to:
◼ incorporate the 2D reconstruction tool with horizon modeling in the structural
framework
◼ use advanced options of the Volume-base modeling algorithm for horizon
modeling

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Enhanced quality checks modeling

2D seismic Structural interpretation quality control

reconstruction Incremental interpretation using
reconstructed space (Demo)
Advanced options in
the VBM method

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2D Seismic reconstruction

▪ Assess the fault and horizons input data

▪ Mechanically slide, stretch, squeeze to
align horizons
Present day
▪ Use principles of unfaulting to determine geological space
the correct seismic wavelet
▪ Identify wrong sided data
2D reconstruction
of the seismic line

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Enhanced quality checks modeling

2D seismic Complexity and size of the model

reconstruction Vertical resolution enhancement
Coarsening factor far from data
Advanced options in
Well tops advanced options
the VBM method
Allow large thickness variations
Use of isochores

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Complexity and size of the model

▪ For initial investigations,

select a lower complexity
and then refine your
model as needed.

▪ Reduced computation
time during initial input
data and parameters
validation.

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Vertical resolution enhancement

Images captured in a 3D window

with 5X vertical exaggeration

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Coarsening factor far from data

Input data

No data
2 8

Dense data

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Well tops adjustment options (1)
Dense well tops regularization

▪ Force the exclusion of well tops from the mesh.

▪ Use in densely spaced well tops (both vertically and
laterally) to minimize the impact of inconsistencies.
For example, there can be duplication
or computation in erroneous locations.

▪ Only available at the un-refined stage of model

construction.

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 Well tops adjustment options (2)
Use in geo mod

▪ Precise control over the well tops

▪ Allow to include the top in your model
▪ Auto-filter well tops close to faults

Dense well tops; Spikes are

some are wrong removed with the
sided ‘Use in geo mod’
option

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Allow large thickness variations (1)

Well
Where does it make sense? (input to thickness map
▪ Many horizons
▪ Well-top only horizons
▪ Thin layer models

Convergent interpolation: Inverse distance:

Use for sparse data Use for dense and noisy data

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Allow large thickness variations (2)

▪ Account for global thickening or thinning trends in the data

▪ Generate a consistent thickness across all faults in the
model to prevent inconsistencies in the final model
▪ Calculate internal TVT thicknesses from input

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Allow large thickness variations (3)
Examples

Syn-rift tectonic environment Fluvial or delta top depositional systems

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Use of isochores

▪ Create shifted input data

▪ Use in Model construction as any other input
▪ Original or shifted data close to faults (gray
points) are filtered out

1. Shifted input
2. No isochore – No shifted input
3. Reference
4. Shifted input

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Exercises:

▪ Exercise: Construct a 2D reconstruction and update the interpretation using

flattened and un-flattened workspace
▪ Exercise: Add extra horizons to the 2D reconstruction model
▪ Exercise: Add non-well-tied horizons to assist interpretation and model QC

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Summary

In this module, you learned about:

◼ the 2D seismic reconstruction workflow

◼ advanced options for horizon modeling of the VBM method

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Learning game: Enhanced quality checks and modeling (1)

LEARNING GAME Instructions:

There are several questions. Select the
correct answers.

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Learning game: Enhanced quality checks and modeling (2)

Which mesh setting can help you improve the modeling of closely spaced horizons?
a. Complexity/Size
b. Allow large thickness variations
c. Vertical resolution enhancement
d. Coarsening factor
e. Optimize calculation for dense dataset

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Learning game: Enhanced quality checks and modeling (3)

How can I ensure that well tops from wells close to the fault are used in my horizon
model?
a. Edit the Use in geo mod option for the well tops on that well
b. Enter the well tops in the Input column in the Model construction dialog box
c. The use of well tops from wells next to the fault is not recommended
d. Both a. and b. are correct

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Learning game: Enhanced quality checks and modeling (4)

Which thickness trend calculation option should you use for sparse well top data?
a. Inverse distance
b. Convergent interpolation
c. Divergent interpolation
d. Direct distance

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Structural Framework Workflows
for Petrel 2018

Module 6: Model refinement and

Depospace calculation

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 Structural framework with Petrel 2018 – Modeling line

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Model
Structural Model Stair-stepped Characteristics
Overview of Fault refinement:
framework boundary 2D seismic structural and workflows
reservoir complexity Create the zone
overview workflow restoration gridding of depogrids
modeling examples model
Petrel modeling Volume-based Model Advanced
Fault framework options in the Quality control
workflows and modeling theory construction Depospace
modeling VBM method on depogrids
grids
overview
Common
Structural input data Reservoir
Fault framework
model issues compartments
modeling
complexity in a depogrid
interface
Quality control
Quality control Advantages and
and model
and fault disadvantages of
optimization
framework stair-stepped and
optimization Depogrid
Horizon
structural grids
attributes

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 Module 6: Model refinement and Depospace calculation

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Model
refinement:
Create the zone
model

Depospace

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Learning objectives

When you complete this module, you will know how to:
◼ refine and construct zones for the structural framework model

◼ calculate isochores from zones in the model

◼ build a depositional space

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Model refinement and Depospace calculation

Model refinement:
Refinement options
Create the zone model

Depospace

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Model refinement (1)

▪ The algorithm generates a finer

resolution of the model with
geological zones.
▪ Horizons are generated at the
resolution defined in the
underlying tetrahedral mesh.
▪ At this stage, horizons fit all input
data points. Tetrahedra in the un-refined model Resulting tetrahedra at the
built with Complexity/Size refined stage.
parameter Simple.

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Model refinement (2)

Overburden

Underburden

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 Refinement options

1. Model resolution 4. Keep only blocks with input data

Average triangle edge Removes zone patches without corresponding horizon interpretation
length of refined horizons
5. Enforce constant zone thickness
2. Smoothing Minimizes the crossing between refined horizons
The remeshed and fitted model horizon can be smoothed in a post-
processing with a smoothing factor [1,100]. A high smoothing value
tends to remove noise but decreases the fit to input data points.
1 4

3. Ignore outlier further than 2

Input data points located outside of this 3D distance to the corresponding 5
3
non-refined horizon are disregarded in the model refinement to avoid spikes.

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Model refinement and Depospace calculation

Model refinement:
Create the zone model
Depospace general settings (Demo)
Depospace
Depospace versus Structural reconstruction

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Concept of Depospace

Construction of a virtual and physically consistent depositional space controlled by the

chronostratigraphic environment at the time of deposition.

Geospace Depospace

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Geospace versus Depospace distances

The calculation ensures that the

distances are considered properly
when you unfold and unfault the
conformable horizons.

1. Euclidean distance
2. Geodesic distance

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Depospace calculation

Each sequence has

its own Depospace

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Visualize the result

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Depospace versus Structural reconstruction

There are significant differences between the Depospace and the reconstruction workflows
▪ In Depospace, all the horizons of the structural model are deformed in a single step. As a
result, it is not possible to differentiate between several tectonic events. Usually, the
Reconstruction workflow identifies the difference.
▪ In Depospace, all conformable horizons are flattened. Paleo-topography is not included.
▪ Unlike Structural reconstruction, Depospace does not preserve the zone thicknesses or
volumes and it does not use decompaction.

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Exercises and workflow example videos:

▪ Exercise: Run Model refinement and QC result

▪ Workflow example video: Create horizon model and add well tops to build zones
▪ Exercise: Calculate isochores and use result to build surfaces
▪ Exercise: Calculate Depospace and apply boundary conditions.
▪ Workflow example video: Build Depospace and QC results

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Summary

In this module, you learned how to:

◼ refine the structural model

◼ calculate isochores from zones in the model

◼ build a depositional space

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Learning game: Model refinement and Depospace calculation (1)

LEARNING GAME Instructions:

There are several questions. Select the
correct answers.

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Learning game: Model refinement and Depospace calculation (2)

What is Depospace?
a. A structural restoration of the VBM model to the time of deposition
b. A virtual space in which the stratigraphic function is unfolded and unfaulted
c. A property population calculation space
d. Both b. and c. are correct
e. All the answers above are correct

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Learning game: Model refinement and Depospace calculation (3)

What are the alternative depospace transform creation algorithms and when do you use
them?
a. Mechanical and Geometrical: try Mechanical first unless highly compressive model regime
b. Mechanical and Geometrical: try Geometrical first
c. Geomechanical and Elastic deformation: try Geomechanical first unless highly
compressive regime
d. Elastic and Mechanical: try Mechanical first
e. Geometrical and Elastic deformation: try Geometrical first

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Learning game: Model refinement and Depospace calculation (4)

How do you display a structural framework model in Deopospace?

a. Select the dedicated simbox in the mini toolbar
b. Select the Depospace button for the model in the Models pane
c. Both a. and b. are correct

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Structural Framework Workflows
for Petrel 2018

Module 7: Structural gridding

for stair-stepped grids

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 Structural framework with Petrel 2018 – Modeling line

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Model
Structural Model Stair-stepped Characteristics
Overview of Fault refinement:
framework boundary 2D seismic structural and workflows
reservoir complexity Create the zone
overview workflow restoration gridding of depogrids
modeling examples model
Petrel modeling Volume-based Model Advanced
Fault framework options in the Quality control
workflows and modeling theory construction Depospace
modeling VBM method on depogrids
grids
overview
Common
Structural input data Reservoir
Fault framework
model issues compartments
modeling
complexity in a depogrid
interface
Quality control
Quality control Advantages and
and model
and fault disadvantages of
optimization
framework stair-stepped and
optimization Depogrid
Horizon
structural grids
attributes

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 Module 7: Structural gridding for stair-stepped grids

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Stair-stepped
structural
gridding
Learning objectives

When you complete this module, you will know how to:
◼ construct a stair-stepped corner point grid from a structural framework

◼ generate the stair-stepped grid using the Depospace transform

◼ create alternative segmentations of your stair stepped grid

◼ use a stair-stepped grid in a dual-scale reservoir model (coarse-fine-coarse)

workflow

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Structural gridding for stair-stepped grids

The workflow (Demo)

Stair-stepped Layer maps
structural gridding Depospace for Property modeling
Segments on a stair-stepped grid

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Stair-stepped structural gridding

The workflow quickly generates stair-stepped corner point grids ready for simulation without
the need for the Pillar gridding workflow.

Use the same dialog box to

create unstructured depogrids

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Layer maps (1)

In a single column of cells, there may be repeated geological

sequences. Repeats are most obvious and intuitive when there are
reverse faults, but they also can occur at geologically normal faults
if block rotation causes the fault to go past the vertical.
◼ Need extra layers to honor this behavior
◼ Layer map (I,J, geological layer L) <-> (I,J, grid K)

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Layer maps (2)
Examples

Repeated geological layers across reverse faults in a synthetic thrust model 1. Reverse thrust faulting
2. No Layer map (no extra layers) L = K
3. With Layer map (extra layers) L =/ K

Repeated geological layers in a rotated normal fault block model

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Layer maps (3)
Switch between L and K slices using the Property player

L layers K slices

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Depospace for Property modeling

Generate a stair-stepped grid using the internal depositional

space mapping for property modeling. Simulated properties
are modeled in Depospace.

1 Structural model based on VBM

2 Depospace calculation
3 Structural grid based on VBM structural model using
the option Use depospace for property modeling.

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Segments on a stair-stepped grid

Use to define reservoir compartments or regions for geomodeling and reservoir

simulation workflows.

Region fault block property Region all zones property

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User defined segments on a stair-stepped grid

Created as volumes, bounded by extrapolation in 3D of

the selected stair-stepped faults.

1 Fault block property: 3D volumes are

structurally isolated by faults and grid properties

2 Segment property: user-defined by extrapolation

of the selected faults in 3D

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Exercises:

▪ Exercise: Build a full stair-stepped grid

▪ Exercise: QC the generated full stair-stepped grid
▪ Exercise: Build a single zone stair-stepped grid
▪ Exercise: Build a dual scale reservoir model on a stair-stepped grid

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Summary

In this module, you learned how to:

◼ construct a stair-stepped corner point grid from a structural framework

◼ generate the stair-stepped grid using the Depospace transform

◼ create alternative segmentations of your stair stepped grid

◼ use a stair stepped-grid in a dual-scale reservoir model (coarse-fine-coarse)

workflow

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Learning game: Structural gridding for stair-stepped grids (1)

LEARNING GAME Instructions:

There are several questions. Select the
correct answers.

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Learning game: Structural gridding for stair-stepped grids (2)

What are the advantages of using Depospace for property modeling?

a. More accurate population of depositional properties
b. Repeated values in shadow of reverse faults
c. Better geodetic distance preservation of variogram construction
d. All the answers above are correct
e. Both a. and c. are correct

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Learning game: Structural gridding for stair-stepped grids (3)

What is a Fault block property for a stair-stepped grid?

a. 3D structural isolated volume bounded by grid faults and model boundary
b. 3D volumes bounded by the extrapolation in 3D of user selected grid faults
c. 3D volumes bounded by grid horizons to create a non-structurally isolated
regions property
d. Both a. and b. are correct

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Learning game: Structural gridding for stair-stepped grids (4)

What is a Segment property for a stair-stepped grid?

a. 3D volumes bounded by grid horizons to create a non-structurally isolated
regions property
b. 3D structural isolated volume bounded by grid faults and model boundary
c. 3D volumes bounded by the extrapolation in 3D of user selected grid faults
d. All the answers above are correct

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Structural Framework Workflows
for Petrel 2018

Module 8: Structural gridding

for depogrids

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 Structural framework with Petrel 2018 – Modeling line

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Model
Structural Model Stair-stepped Characteristics
Overview of Fault refinement:
framework boundary 2D seismic structural and workflows
reservoir complexity Create the zone
overview workflow restoration gridding of depogrids
modeling examples model
Petrel modeling Volume-based Model Advanced
Fault framework options in the Quality control
workflows and modeling theory construction Depospace
modeling VBM method on depogrids
grids
overview
Common
Structural input data Reservoir
Fault framework
model issues compartments
modeling
complexity in a depogrid
interface
Quality control
Quality control Advantages and
and model
and fault disadvantages of
optimization
framework stair-stepped and
optimization Depogrid
Horizon
structural grids
attributes

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Agenda
Structural framework– Day 3
9.00-12.00 12.00-12.30 12.30-16.30 16.30-17.00

Structural gridding for stair-stepped grids Lunch Structural gridding for depogrids Review
and recap

Structural
KEYWORDS

gridding Quality
Dual scale
control
reservoir
model

Stair-
stepped Segments
Depogrids
grids

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 Module 8: Structural gridding for depogrids

Introduction Boundary definition Enhanced quality Model refinement Structural gridding Structural gridding
Structural framework
to subsurface Fault and model checks and and Depospace for stair-stepped for depogrids
and the concept of
modeling modeling construction modeling calculation grids
VBM

Characteristics
and workflows
of depogrids

Quality control
on depogrids

Reservoir
compartments
in a depogrid

Advantages and
disadvantages of
stair-stepped and
Depogrid
structural grids

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Learning objectives

When you complete this module, you will know how to:
◼ build a depogrid from a structural framework model

◼ run property modeling on a depogrid

◼ create alternative segmentations of a stair-stepped grid

◼ create segmentations of a depogrid

You also will know the advantages and disadvantages of stair-stepped grids
and depogrid structural grids

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Structural gridding for depogrids

Property modeling in depogrids

Characteristics and Split cells in cell-based algorithms
workflows of depogrids Split cells in object-based facies modeling
The workflow (Demo)
Quality control on depogrids
Reservoir compartments in a
depogrid
Advantages and disadvantages of
stair-stepped and Depogrid structural grids

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Depogrid workflow

Deformed (x, y, z) Undeformed (u, v, w)

Geospace 2 Depospace

3
1

1 Structural model
2 Depospace mesh
3 Regular grid in Depospace
5 4 Structured part
4 5 Unstructured cells (cut cells)
6 Depogrid
6

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Characteristics of Depogrids

Depogrid pillars are

orthogonal to the horizons
Polyhedral cells and and hence non-vertical
unstructured topology and non-aligned with faults
from cut cells across
faults

Pillar grid
Depogrid construct grids within each sequence independently pillars
-> Grid column offset across sequence boundaries

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Property modeling in Depogrids (1)

▪ Property modeling methods are enhanced to handle splits cells

▪ The simbox used is the uncut grid in Depospace
▪ Each cut cell is mapped to a unique regular simbox cell
Split cells in cell-based algorithm

1 Depogrid
2 Bijective map
3 Depospace

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Property modeling in Depogrids (2)
Split cells in object-based facies modeling

Object-based facies modeling methods on

Depogrids produce results that are similar
to pillar grids or stair-stepped grids.

1 Upscaling
2 Pre-processing
3 Modeling
4 Post-processing

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Structural gridding for depogrids

Characteristics and
workflows of depogrids
Relative rotation angle
Quality control on depogrids Orthogonality assessment
Compaction and dilation
Reservoir compartments in
a depogrid
Advantages and disadvantages of
stair-stepped and Depogrid structural grids

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Relative rotation angle (1)

Compares the direction of local cell axes in Geospace and globally

defined cell axes in Depospace. 1

1 Global v and u axes in Depospace

2 Local cell v and u axes in Geological space
3 Comparison of v and u axes in Depospace
3
and in Geological space

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Relative rotation angle (2)

Highlights area with differences between the two axes.

As part of the QC phase, ask yourself:
▪ Is there a geological reason for the result?
▪ Is there a local rotation due to Depospace
flattening?
▪ Are small-scale individual rotations caused by input
data or modeling decisions when you constructed
the structural framework?

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Orthogonality assessment (1)

In Depospace, the cells are a perfect cube, so the local u,

v, w cell axes are mutually orthogonal.
▪ Orthogonality angle 3D property compares each local
cell axis directions in Geospace with the vector cross
product of the other two axes directions.
▪ Orthogonality angle 2D property measures the angle
between each pair of u, v, or w local axes and returns
the deviation from 90 degrees.

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Orthogonality assessment (2)

Deviations from orthogonality (rotations) may have an impact

on directional properties.
▪ Are local distortions of cells due to input data/structural
model/Depospace issues?
▪ Larger areas have more impact on simulation.

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Compaction and dilation

Compaction of dilation of each cell is the ratio of the geological

space length to the depospace/simbox length.
As part of the QC phase, ask yourself:
▪ Is there a geological reason for the result?
▪ Is there a general location dilation due to
Depospace unfolding?
▪ Are local distortions of cells due to input
data/structural model/depospace issues?

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Structural gridding for depogrids

Characteristics and
workflows of depogrids Structural framework modification to create isolated fault blocks
Fault-fault connection
Quality control on depogrids Fault-boundary connection

Reservoir compartments in Vertical extent

a depogrid User-defined segments

Advantages and disadvantages of

stair-stepped and Depogrid structural grids

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Depogrid output

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Reservoir compartments in a Depogrid (1)

Use to define reservoir compartments or regions for geomodeling and reservoir

simulation workflows.

Regions fault blocks User-defined segments

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Reservoir compartments in a Depogrid (2)

Is there a lack of fault blocks?

▪ Inspect to see if gaps or leaks are present in the fault-fault connections.
— ‘Discontinuous fault intersection’ report in QC manager
— ‘Fault/fault proximity’ report in the QC manager
▪ Inspect if poor connection is present between faults and model boundary
▪ Inspect the vertical extent of the faults

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Reservoir compartments in a Depogrid (3)

Case 1 - You realize the faults are

correct and you want to structurally
isolate one part of the reservoir
from another.

You must modify the structural

framework to create isolated fault
blocks.
1 Base of faults
2 Base of the model
3 No separated segment generated

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Reservoir compartments in a Depogrid (4)

Case 2 - You are confident

the structural model and
the grid structure are
correct.

Define segments at a finer

granularity for use in the Creation of additional
downstream modeling and Inconsistent fault connections
segment boundaries with
in the model generate a wrong
simulation workflows. compartmentalization
the Segments tool

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Structural gridding for depogrids

Characteristics and
workflows of depogrids

Quality control on depogrids

Reservoir compartments in
a depogrid
Advantages and disadvantages of stair-stepped grids
Advantages and disadvantages of
Advantages and disadvantages of depogrids
stair-stepped and Depogrid structural grids

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 Stair-stepped grid and Depogrid: comparison

Stair-stepped grid Depogrid

▪ Structured corner point grid ▪ Limited structural operations support*
▪ Extensive Petrel functionality ▪ INTERSECT flow simulator required
supported ▪ Honors structural geometry exactly
▪ Honors well-tops close to fault
and fault-ties
▪ Supports all flow simulators
▪ Faults look non-geological
▪ Handling well tops near faults
▪ Fault juxtaposition area approximations ▪ Faster grid creation
▪ Limited structural operations support* ▪ Volumes largely resolution independent
▪ Volumes depend on cell resolution ▪ Well completions on correct side of fault

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Exercises and workflow example videos:

▪ Exercise: Build and QC a full Depogrid

▪ Workflow example video: Build a Depogrid
▪ Exercise: Build a Depogrid of selected zones from the structural framework
▪ Exercise: Segment your Depogrid
▪ Exercise: Modify a segment model
▪ Workflow example video: Segment your Depogrid and combine segments and
regions

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Summary

In this module, you learned how to:

◼ build a Depogrid from a structural framework model

◼ create alternative segmentations of your stair-stepped grid

◼ create your own segmentations of a Depogrid

You also learned about the advantages and disadvantages of Stair-stepped grids and
Depogrid structural grids.

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Learning game: Structural gridding for depogrids (1)

LEARNING GAME Instructions:

There are several questions. Select the
correct answers.

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Learning game: Structural gridding for depogrids (2)

How do you fix grid quality issues seen in a Depogrid?

a. Identify problems in Depospace
b. Identify geological/geomechanical/structural inconsistencies in the framework
model
c. Use Structural geology knowledge
d. Examine input data and interpretation
e. All the answers above are correct

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Learning game: Structural gridding for depogrids (3)

What is the simbox for a Depogrid?

a. It represents the unfaulted structural model from which the Depogrid is created
b. It represent the unfolded structural model from which the Depogrid is created
c. There is no simbox in a Depogrid
d. Both a. and b. are correct

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Learning game: Structural gridding for depogrids (4)

How can you define the compartments you want on a Depogrid?

a. With the default Regions fault block property
b. With user-defined segments
c. With the Property calculator
d. All the answers above are correct
e. Both a. and b. are correct

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