PRACTICE - CAM 13 - TEST 1 - PASSAGE 3

Artificial Artists

Can computers really create works of art?

The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, so their
makers claim, possess creative talents. Classical music by an artificial composer has had
audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the
score. Artworks painted by a robot have sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in
prestigious galleries. And software has been built which creates art that could not have
been imagined by the programmer.

Human beings are the only species to perform sophisticated creative acts
regularly. If we can break this process down into computer code, where does that leave
human creativity? 'This is a question at the very core of humanity,' says Geraint Wiggins,
a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of London. 'It scares a lot
of people. They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means
to be human.'

To some extent, we are all familiar with computerised art. The question is: where
does the work of the artist stop and the creativity of the computer begin? Consider one
of the oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has had paintings exhibited in London's
Tate Modern and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Aaron can pick up a
paintbrush and paint on canvas on its own. Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more
than a tool to realise the programmer's own creative ideas.

Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting Fool, is keen to make sure his creation
doesn't attract the same criticism. Unlike earlier 'artists' such as Aaron, the Painting Fool
only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for
material. The software runs its own web searches and trawis through social media sites.
It is now beginning to display a kind of imagination too, creating pictures from scratch.
One of its original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, depicting trees and sky. While
some might say they have a mechanical look, Colton argues that such reactions arise
from people's double standards towards software-produced and human-produced art.
After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without
referring to a photo. 'If a child painted a new scene from its head, you'd say it has a
certain level of imagination, he points out. 'The same should be true of a machine.'
Software bugs can also lead to unexpected results. Some of the Painting Fool's paintings
of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical glitch. This gives the work
an eerie, ghostlike quality. Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth Kelly are lauded for
limiting their colour palette - so why should computers be any different?

Researchers like Colton don't believe it is right to measure machine creativity

directly to that of humans who have had millennia to develop our skils. Others, though,
are fascinated by the prospect that a computer might create something as original and
subtle as our best artists. So far, only one has come close. Composer David Cope
invented a program called Experiments in Musical intelligence, or EMI. Not only did EMi
create compositions in Cope's style, but also that of the most revered classical
composers, including Bach, Chopin and Mozart. Audiences were moved to tears, and EMI
even fooled classical music experts into thinking they were hearing genuine Bach. Not
everyone was impressed however. Some, such as Wiggins, have blasted Cope's work as
pseudoscience, and condemned him for his deliberately vague explanation of how the
software worked. Meanwhile, Douglas Hofstadter of Indiana University said EMI created
replicas which still rely completely on the original artist's creative impulses. When
audiences found out the truth they were often outraged with Cope, and one music lover
even tried to punch him. Amid such controversy, Cope destroyed EMI's vital databases.

But why did so many people love the music, yet recoil when the discovered how it
was composed? A study by computer scientist David Moffat of Glasgow Caledonian
University provides a clue. He asked both expert musicians and non-experts to assess six
compositions. The participants weren't told beforehand whether the tunes were
composed by humans or computers, but were asked to guess, and then rate how much
they liked each one. People who thought the composer was a computer tended to dislike
the piece more than those who believed it was human. This was true even among the
experts, who might have been expected to be more objective in their analyses.

Where does this prejudice come from? Paul Bloom of Yale University has a
suggestion: he reckons part of the pleasure we get from art stems from the creative
process behind the work. This can give it an 'irresistible essence', says Bloom.
Meanwhile, experiments by Justin Kruger of New York University have shown that
people's enjoyment of an artwork increases if they think more time and effort was
needed to create it. Similarly, Colton thinks that when people experience art, they
wonder what the artist might have been thinking or what the artist is trying to tell them.
It seems obvious, therefore, that with computers producing art, this speculation is cut
short - there's nothing to explore. But as technology becomes increasingly complex,
finding those greater depths in computer art could become possible. This is precisely
why Colton asks the Painting Fool to tap into online social networks for its inspiration:
hopefully this way it will choose themes that will already be meaningful to us.
 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

27. What is the writer suggesting about computer-produced works in the first
paragraph?

A. People's acceptance of them can vary considerably.

B. A great deal of progress has already been attained in this field.

C. They have had more success in some artistic genres than in others.

D. The advances are not as significant as the public believes them to be.

28. According to Geraint Wiggins, why are many people worried by computer
art?

A. It is aesthetically inferior to human art.

B. It may ultimately supersede human art.

C. It undermines a fundamental human quality.

D. It will lead to a deterioration in human ability.

29. What is a key difference between Aaron and the Painting Fool?

A. its programmer's background

B. public response to its work

C. the source of its subject matter

D. the technical standard of its output

30. What point does Simon Colton make in the fourth paragraph?

A. Software-produced art is often dismissed as childish and simplistic.

B. The same concepts of creativity should not be applied to all forms of art.

C. It is unreasonable to expect a machine to be as imaginative as a human being.

D. People tend to judge computer art and human art according to different criteria.

31. The writer refers to the paintings of a chair as an example of computer art
which

A. achieves a particularly striking effect.

B. exhibits a certain level of genuine artistic skill.

C. closely resembles that of a well-known artist.

D. highlights the technical limitations of the software.

 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G below.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet.

32. Simon Colton says it is important to consider the long-term view when

33. David Cope's EMI software surprised people by

34. Geraint Wiggins criticized Cope for not

35. Douglas Hofstadter claimed that EMI was

36. Audiences who had listened to EMI's music became angry after

37. The participants in David Moffat's study had to assess music without.

List of Ideas

A. generating work that was virtually indistinguishable from that of humans.

B. knowing whether it was the work of humans or software.

C. producing work entirely dependent on the imagination of its creator.

D. comparing the artistic achievements of humans and computers.

E. revealing the technical details of his program.

F. persuading the public to appreciate computer art.

G. discovering that it was the product of a computer program

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 38 - 40 on your answer sheet, write

YES - if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO - if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN - if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

38. Moffat's research may help explain people's reactions to EMI.

39. The non-experts in Moffat's study all responded in a predictable way.

40. Justin Kruger's findings cast doubt on Paul Bloom's theory about people's
prejudice

towards computer art.