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Force

Questions on force

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DEBASHISH MAHANTA
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35 views9 pages

Force

Questions on force

Uploaded by

DEBASHISH MAHANTA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Moment of a Force

 It is the turning effect produced by a force, on the body, on which it acts.


 The moment of a force is equal to the product of the force and Perpendicular
distance between the point, about which the moment is to be calculated and
the line of action of the force.
 The point about which the moment is to be calculated is called the moment
centre.
 The units of moment is : N-m, , Dyne-cm ,N-mm etc.
 The moment of a force about a point is a vector which is directed
perpendicular to the plane containing the moment centre and the force.

Mathematically, moment M = F × d
Where F = Force acting on the body, and
d = Perpendicular distance between the point, about which the
moment is to be calculated and the line of action of the force.

Geometrical Interpretation of Moment

The moment of a force about any point is equal to twice the area of the triangle,
whose base is the line that represents the force and whose vertex is the point about
which the moment is taken.

Consider a force F represented, in magnitude and direction, by the line AB. Let O
be a point, about which the moment of this force is to be found out.

From O, draw OC perpendicular to AB. Join OA and OB.


Now moment of the force F about O, M = F × OC = AB × OC
The area of triangle ABO=1/2 (AB × OC)=1/2 M
Thus M=2 X area of triangle ABO
TYPES OF MOMENTS

Broadly speaking, the moments are of the following two types:


1. Clockwise moments. 2. Anticlockwise moments.
 If the moment of a force turns or rotates the body, about a point in the
clockwise direction, it is called clockwise moment.
 If the moment of a force turns or rotates the body, about a point in the
anticlockwise direction, it is called anticlockwise moment.

Note. The general convention is to take anticlockwise moment as positive and


clockwise moment as negative.

Varignon’s Principle of Moments (Law of Moments)

It states, “If a number of coplanar forces are acting simultaneously on a particle,


the algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces about any point is equal to the
moment of their resultant force about the same point.”

A force of 15 N is applied perpendicular to the edge of a door 0.8 m wide as shown


in Figure (a). Find the moment of the force about the hinge.
If this force is applied at an angle of 60° to the edge of the same door, as shown in
Figure (b), find the moment of this force.

Ans: Given: Force applied (F) = 15 N and width of the door (d) = 0.8 m
(a) Moment when the force acts perpendicular to the door
We know that the moment of the force about the hinge,
= F × d = 15 × 0.8 = 12.0 N-m Ans.

(b)Moment when the force acts at an angle of 60° to the door


This part of the example is solved by finding the perpendicular distance between
the hinge and the line of action of the force as shown in Figure

From the geometry of Fig. we find that the perpendicular distance between the line
of action of the force and hinge,
OC = OB sin 60° = 0.8 × 0.866 = 0.693 m
∴ Moment = F × d = 15 × 0.693 = 10.4 N-m Ans.

A uniform plank ABC of weight 30 N and 2 m long is supported at one end A and
at a point B 1.4 m from A as shown in Fig. Find the maximum weight W, that can
be placed at C, so that the plank does not topple.

Weight of the plank ABC = 30 N


Length of the plank ABC = 2 m
distance between end A and a point B on the plank (AB) = 1.4 m.
We know that weight of the plank (30 N) will act at its midpoint, as it is of uniform
section.
This point is at a distance of 1 m from A or 0.4 m from B as shown in the figure.

We also know that if the plank is not to topple, then the reaction at A should be
zero for the maximum weight at C.
Now taking moments about B and equating the same, 30 × 0.4 = W × 0.6

Application of Moment: to find the position of the resultant force.

Find the magnitude, direction and position of the resultant force for the given
system

The system of given forces is shown in fig.


Let R be the resultant of the given system.
And RH and RV be the horizontal and vertical component of the resultant.
Resolving all the forces horizontally

∑H = – 1500 cos 60º – 1000 cos 45º – 500 cos 30º

∑H = –1890 N .......(i)

Resolving all the forces vertically

∑V = –1000 sin 90º – 1500 sin 60º – 1000 sin 45º – 500 sin 30º

∑V = –3256N .........(ii)

Since, R = √(∑H) 2 +(∑V)2

R = √(1890)2 + (3256)2
R = 3764 N

Let θ = Angle makes by the resultant


tan θ = ∑V/∑H = 3256/1890
⇒ θ = 59.86º

For position of the resultant


Let, d = Distance between P and the line of action of the resultant force.
Apply varignon’s theorem
RSinθ.d + Rcosθ.0 = 1000 sin 90º × 0 + 1500 sin 60º × 4 + 1000 sin 45º × 8 + 500
sin 30º × 12
3764Xd = 13852
d = 3.67 m.

PARALLEL FORCES

 The forces, whose lines of action are parallel to each other and all of them
act in the same direction as shown in are known as like parallel forces.
 The forces, whose lines of action are parallel to each other and all of them
do not act in the same direction are known as unlike parallel forces.
Two like parallel forces of 50 N and 100 N act at the ends of a rod 360 mm
long. Find the magnitude of the resultant force and the point where it acts.

Magnitude of the resultant force


Since the given forces are like and parallel, therefore magnitude of the resultant
force, R = 50 + 100 = 150 N

Point where the resultant force acts


Let x = Distance between the line of action of the resultant force (R) and A

Now taking clockwise and anticlockwise moments of the forces about C and
equating the same

Couple

 A pair of two equal, opposite and parallel forces is known as a couple.


 A couple is unable to produce any translatory motion (i.e., motion in a
straight line). But it produces a motion of rotation in the body, on which it
acts.
 The rotational effect of a couple is measured by its moment which is defined
as the product of either of the forces and the perpendicular distance between
the forces.
 The perpendicular distance (a), between the lines of action of the two equal
and opposite parallel forces, is known as arm of the couple.

Moment of a couple = P × a

Where P = Magnitude of the force, and


a = Arm of the couple.
Examples of a couple:
 Opening or closing of a water tap
 Unscrewing the cap of an ink bottle
 locking or unlocking of a key

CHARACTERISTICS OF A COUPLE
A couple (whether clockwise or anticlockwise) has the following characteristics:

1. The algebraic sum of the forces, constituting the couple, is zero.


2. The algebraic sum of the moments of the forces, constituting the couple, about
any point is the same, and equal to the moment of the couple itself.
3. A couple cannot be balanced by a single force. But it can be balanced only by a
couple of opposite sense.
4. Any no. of coplanar couples can be reduced to a single couple, whose magnitude
will be equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of all the couples
Find the magnitude, direction, and position of the resultant of the force system
shown in Fig acting on a lamina of equilateral triangular shape. (8 marks)

 

Fx = 80 – 120 cos 30° – 100 cos 60° = – 73.92 N


Fy = -80 - 120 sin 30° + 100 sin 60°=-53.4N

 

Let x be the distance from A at which the resultant cuts AC. Then taking A as
moment centre, 






Rcos.0+ Rsin.x = 80 × (100/2) + 80 × 503 +120 sin 30° × 100
53.40x = 80 × 50 + 80 × 503 +60 × 100
x = 317.008 mm 

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