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31.
 Contents
4 Codding your World
6 Alg
gorithms in Action
8 Onees and Zeros
10 Min
nd your Language
12 Lan
nguages for Learning
14 Scra
atch!
16 Acc
curate Algorithms
18 Gett in Step
20 Deccisions, Decisions
22 Go with the Flow
24 Goiing Loopy
26 A Buug’s Life
28 Codding Careers

30 Glo
ossary
31 Furt
Further
ther Resources
32 Index
 Co d i n g HELP!
H

your
Wo rl d ?
Computters are everywhere. Helping ha
ands
Whenev ver you heat food
in a micrrowave, watch an Althou ugh computters may seem m veryy
animated movie or play with powerrful, thhey neeed people too lend
da
a smartpphone, you are using hand. Computers can’t act on n their
compute er technology. But all own and allways need a seriess of
hnology won’t work
this tech in
nsttruc
ctions to tell them wh
hat to
o do.
unless yyou
ou tell it what to do
do. These instructions are calleed program ms.
Writingg programs is called coding
and is c
an carried ouut by peop
ple known
as cod ders, or programmers.
d
IT S
IT’S
With a program installed, comp puterss’
YOUR
biig bra
ains ca
a an ru
un sup
per-sm
mart code e
TURN
to do aamazing things. For exam mple,
in 19977, IBM
7 M’s Deep Blue comp puter
runningg a chess-playing progra am be eat
the Wo orld Champ
o pion chesss pla
ayer,
Garry KKasparov. Result!

4
 I thinnk there
is a world be
may
market for uters.
ve comp
fiiv

TRUE STORY

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5
 r i t h m s
Algo i o n Sh
hare the sweets!

in Ac t Yo
You also
l use algorithms
l ith tto solve
l
prroblems. Say you’ve been given
ab big bag of sweets, but have to
share them equally. You need to finnd
a way to share the sweets out. Herre
A comp
All puter programs rely are two algorithms for doing this:
on algorrithms. These are sets
of step-b
by-step instructions to
performm tasks or solve problem ms.
Coders use algorithms to help
them plaan out their programs. Sweet Sh haring:
1
Algorit m n e
e in a circle
g e eve ryo
1. Arran
weet to
ne sw
2. Hand out o rn u
in tu
each person weet,
Ever
E veryday
ryday
y algoritthms h e n e v e ry one has a sw
3. W 2
iive y o u rs e lf one
g
You use algorithms all the time, pro
obably e p e a t st e p s 2–3 until all
4. R
re gone
without even knowing it. Recipes foor the sweets a
making different foods and drinks aare
types of algorithm. For example, wwhen
you make a glass of squash, you kn now to
open the squash bottle, pour the ssquash
into a glass and then add water. Thhe
algorithm for this task might be written
n as:
a
as Sweet Shari
Alggorithm 2ng:
1. Count all t
he sweets
2. Count how
ttle top
1. Remove squash bo th
here are
many people
s
2. Pour squash into glas 3. Divvid
de number o
f sw
weets
3. Turn on tap by number o
f people e
ter 4. Givve each pers
4. Fill glass up with wa same numb
on thhe
off tap er of sweets
5. When glass full, turn as thhe answer
6. Drink!
 Diffferent method
ds,, ickla l yer:
same target Robot Bhrm 1
Algorit ne up
o to b ri cks and pick o
1. G
Just like the sweet-sharing algorithms, all
2. Return to w
there are many computer algorithms on wall
3. Place brick o
that can do the same job. Programme ers ps 1–3 until n
4. Repeat ste
spend lots of time thinking through theeir
bricks left
algorithms, trying to come up with the e
fastest or most efficient way to perform
m
a task.

Here are two different algorithms to

o
tell a robot how to build a brick wa
all.
all.
Which algorithm do you think will
get the wall built most quickly?
Robot
AlgoritBhrm
icklayer:
2
1. Go to whe
e lbarrow
and push to
bricks
2. Filillll wheelb
arrow with
all the bricks
3. Push whee
llb
barrrow to
t wall
4. Place brick
on wall
5. Repeat ste
p 4 until no
bricks left

Write Instr
t uctions My
for a Recip
Can you an
making a m
make the re
d a friend ea
eal that you
b
e
ch write an a
oth like? Use
lgorithm for
lots of steps
Recipes
cipe really c to
o
lear. Compa
re your result
s:
Did your frie
nd come up
you didn’t th with someth
ink of? ing that

Can you thin

k of another
would give y recipe meth
ou the same od that
result?
7
 All computers are packe ed

n e
O ross and with electrical circuits. These
carry tiny pulses of elec
that act like a code, send
ctricity
ding

Ze data
d ata as streams of just tw
numbers – 1 and 0.
n
wo

Number systems

You use the decimal, or base 10, number Binary iss another number system. It uses
system every day when you are counting only two o numbers – 1 and 0. When you
or doing sums. The decimal system want to go higher than 1 in a column, you
contains 10 different digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, put a 1 in the next column on the left and
6, 7, 8 and 9). When you want to count then sta art counting from 0 again in the
higher, you add an extra column on the first colu
umn on the right. Below is a table
left and continue counting – 10, 11, 12. showing g the binary numbers up to 15.

DECIMAL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

BINARY 0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100
1101 1110 1111

STRETCH F
YOURSEL 17
Chan ge De cim al to Binary en see if you can work out
9, th
16
od on page
he meth binary? ht) are in
Look at th cim a l numbers (rig
re e d e
what these th

   
      
  
 
  
 21
    
       .

u m b e r 1 5 a s an example
done n imal
r 1111 is dec
n page 31

n u m b e
So, binary
1 = 1 5 number 15
.
16 8 4 2 ach
u can use e
Answers o

1 b e r y o
1 1 1 Reme m
ly once!
8 number on
 Have a look at thes
e examples:
C l
Column calculation
l l ti ns Convert binary
y numbe
er 101 to a decim
c al numb
beerr::
Binary can be turned into Columns
decimal numbers, and vice versa. Decimal 16 8 4 2 1 HELPFUL TIP::
The binary numberrs
You just need to remember that Binary
1 0 1 show which decimaal
values to add
each column of a binary numbe er together!
=4+1=5
is worth twice as much as the
previous column. So, the first five Add together the de
d cim
i all numb
bers that h
have a 1
columns of binary numbers equa al beneath them.
1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 if they are written
n So, binary number 1 0
1 equals decimal numbe
as decimal numbers. The first r5
column is always on the right, Convert binary numbe
r 10010 to a decimal nu
and you add new ones on mber:
the left. Columns
Decimal 16 8 4 2 1
If you write a binary number Binary 1 0 0 1 0
underneath the columns of
decimal values, you can work = 16 + 2 = 18
out the value of the binary Add together the decim
number. All you need to do is al numbers tth
haatt have
a 1 beneath them.
add together the decimal So, binary number 1 0
0 1 0 equals decimal
numbers that have a number 18
1 beneath them.

STRETCH
YOURSELF
Bec
Be co
omme
e a Binary Spy! Here are some examp
Make a secret number system ple
les:
on your
left hand by using washable ink
to +    -/
/
      "#"$

%     "
" ; <  = ->
; >
16
6 on your thumb.
Answers on page 31

@   
@   
You now have a binary code
Y 
-$'%A$A#*
-
  & '  
*
sticking up equals a binary 1. Ca B   E 
n you  
tell a friend (without speaking) you need to hold up to make
what 6, 10, 13
number you are thinking of just and 20?
by
using your hand?
 Early computers were
programmed d using
i long
l

d your series of binary numbers.

Min age
These took ages to key
in
n and also to check if a

Langu mistake was made! The

in
nvention of the compiler
alllowed programming
lannguages to be created,
which
wh h made coding easier.

Compute
ter talk
t lk

A programming language iss made BASIC

up of commands or instructions Your parents probably used this when
that are like building blocks. Coders computers first entered homes inn the
arrange these blocks in diffe
erent 1970s and 1980s. BASIC used Engglish
ways to build code and prog grams. language commands, with each h
The language takes care of tiny but command placed on a numberred line.
important details such as hoow to add For example, the program below w will
up two numbers or where to o store display rows of ‘Hello Mum’ messsages on
data. Some well-known com mputer a computer screen:
languages are described he ere.

10 Print ‘He
llo Mum’
Hello Mum Printmeans displa
y on
the comput
Hello Mum er’s screen.
20 GOTO 10
Hello Mum GOTO is a BA
SIC
Mum command tto
Hello to a differen
o jump
t line
number.
JAVA
This is ussed to write
e small games and
programs for smartphones, table ets an
nd
computers. Java is also used d for makking
animate ed cartoonsns on webb pagges.

C+++
This advanced d and very
powerful language has bee en
SQ
SQL
QL used to write many famous
Thiss lang
g ua
age was developed by IBM M commputer program ms. These
and d is used to create databases. A incllude Microsoft Office and d
dattaba ase is an applica
ation that stores bro
owser prog gramss such as
largge amounts of information in an Google Chrome and Apple
orgganised way, so that you can find Saffari that arre used forr
it again easily. viewing web pages.
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11
 Every programming
language has its own

u a ge s commands and ways

Lang of doing things. Some

languages aren’t that
for
a r n i n g diffcult and are designed

L e for people to learn

coding… including you!

STRETCH
YOURSELF
S aki
Spea king LOGO!!
Control the Turtle
The LOGO language use
The LOGO language was s simple commands
to make the turtle draw
different shapes.
inveented d by an American Try using LOGO to work ou
t the answers
scientist called Seymour Papert to these questions:
in 1967. It let children program
a little robot called a turtle to Which one of the follow
W
ing shapes
mov ve aroound the floor. Typing w uld this LOGO progra
wo
m draw?
a command such as Forward
20 steps would make th he robot Forward 100 steps a b
move forward 20 steps, whilst Left 120 degrees
Forward 100 steps
typiing Left 180 degrees wou uld
Left 120 degrees
make it turn round 180 degrees c d
Forward 100 steps
(half a circle)). Some turtle robotss
carried a pen so you could TThis LOGO program makes the
turtle draw a
proogram them to draw on paper.   +    
  
to make it draw a square instea
d?

120 steeps
Forward
deg es
r e
Right 90 s
100 step
Forward
Answers on page 31

deg r e es
Right 90 s
r d 120 step
Forwa re e s
deg
Right 90 s
a r d 100 step
Forw

12
 Othe
er fun langaua
langauages
ages

Other programming languages include e

Kodu, Python and Scratch (see pages
14–15). Kodu uses pictures as programm ming
commands to make fun cartoons and
Inffa
fant K–1 Roamer simple games on some personal comp puters
and the Xbox 360 games console. Pyth hon
is a text-based programming language e
that uses familiar-sounding words. Altho
ough
The robotts Python can take longer to learn, you can
are comin
ng! use it to write many types of program.

Many schools have mobile e roboots

such as Roamers or Bee-Bo ots thaat
you can program to move e. You
press buttons on top of the
e roboot to You can program th
his
fun Lego Mindstorm
ms
enter a series of command ds. Theese
robot to move arou
und..
commands form a simple progra am.
When you press ‘Run’ or ‘G
Go’, thee
robot carries out the commmandss you
entered in their exact orde
er.

STRETCH
YOURSELF

ch Challenge
Robot Rocket Laun  
   
I 
e robot has to make
eight movements th
rocket. Can you
to follow a path to his
g nine commands
work out the remainin
h his rocket?
he must follow to reac

forrw
5. Move fo
5 war
ardd 1 space
forrwwar
ard d 1 space
Answers on pa

1. Move fo
1 n to the tleft
ef
to the r igh
ig htt 6 Tur
6. urn
2 Tur
2. n
urn war
forrward d 2 spaces
for
fo w
rw ard
ar d 1 space 7. Move fo
3. M
Moov
ove
to th
the left 8. Turn to the t
8 e
lef
4. Turn
age 31

13
 Scratch is one of the

at ch ! most popular learning

languages used in

cr
schools. Scratch lets you
u

S mix sounds and picturess

to create fun games and
animated cartoons.
d

Sprite
e right

Scratch programs are called scripts. Palette

They feature pictures of little c
characters point in direction
n 90

called sprites. You can progra am a sprite point towards

p

to move, change appearanc ce, say Stage go to x: 0 y:: 0

wait
go to mouse-pointer
ointer

little messages in speech bub bbles or do

o glide
e 1 secs to x: 0 y: 0
repeat
p
peat

forever

something when they touch tthings or chang

ge
e x by 110
0

set x to
i t
0

come across other sprites. change y by 110

0

set y to 0
Scripts are
rea
if on edge, bounce move
mov 110
0 step
st

The first sprite you’ll see in thiss language

e
ps

play drum 4 for 0

0.2 beat
beats
ts
set roation style
style left-ri
left
eft right

is a cat called Scratch. Otherr sprites x posaition

n Next, say something
g.

include dinosaurs, bears and ghosts,

y position

direction

or you can draw your own.

Scratch sc
creen
Sc
cratch the Cat

A Scratch
S screen has three main n parts:
the
e palette, scripts area and stage. The
paalette stores all the Scratch insttructions
(caalled blocks) that you can use e. You
caan pick and move the blocks from
the
e palette to the scripts area, wwhere
yo
ou snap the blocks together to build
a script
s to create your program. Your
Sc
cratch program is then displaye ed on
the
e stage.
14
 Sc
cratch
t h bllocks
k TRUE STORY
M
Many types
t off block
bl k are usedd in Scratch.
S
These are all colour-coded. You snnap A Big Hit 7
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together the different blocks to build
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Motion
Motion
Blo
ocks like these make the sprites move
accross the stage and change diirection. STRETCH
YOURSELF
PLAY SOUND MEOW
Expl
E p ore Scratch!
Look at this Scratch
program of a
Sounds DJ cat mixing sounds
. You can add
These blocks play sounds. You ca
an pick a to these sounds by pr
essing some of
sound, such as a drum or cat’s m
meow, or the keys on your keyb
oard. Just type
this address into a w
record and add your own. eb browser:

http://tinyurl.com/watchdjcat
WAIT 3 SECS

Check out other peop

Ev
vents le’s Scratch
programs by typing
Theese blocks control when parts of the this address into
a web browser:
scrript run, such as repeating som
me of the
scrript or waiting a few seconds ffirst. http://tinyurl.com/starter-proj
ects

Click on each screen

FOR 2 SECS to load the program
HELLO
SAY and then on the
 K 
N   
Looks what blocks were
These bllocks show differe
ent things such used to make each
as a spe
eech
ch bubble or a change
chang of program by clicking
costumee for your sprite on the screen. on See Inside.
 Computers need more

A c c u r at e precise instructions than

you. A computer will only

i t h m s do what it is told and so

A l go r needs to be instructed
very carefully. This can
ttake lots and lots of steps.

Be
B e precis
pr
recise
se Here
e e iss a
another
o e example
e a p e of
o an
a aalgorithm,
go ,
this time for brushing
gyyour teeth:
People have to be very acc curate
when creating algorithms. M Missing
issing out 1. Turn on ta
ap
important steps or getting one wrong 2. Squeeze toothpaste tube
can mean the program doe esn’t work. 3. Use brush to clean teeth
For example, an algorithm fo or a robot 4. Put cap on toothpaste
to walk forwards needs to contain
steps that tell the robot to sttop if it The algorithmm does
doesn’t
sn t say what
whhat sort oof
reaches a cliff edge. Othe
Otherw
e wise, it will brush to use, to takee the cap off the ttube
continue
ue walkin
walkingng and fall offf! before squeezing it,, or to turn off the
tap. Oops! What ste eps could you add d to
make
m ake this algoritthm
thm w
work bett
better?

TRUE STORY

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 STRETCH
YOURSELF

A-Maze-ing Algorit
hms Now, ask yourself thes
Build a maze with bo e questions:
xes and cushions.
   
  == 
movements you wou    

ld have to make   
to travel through the d d you have to mak
di
maze without e any changes?
bumping into any of
the obstacles.
D you need to add
Do
extra steps and
Blindfold a friend or commands to your al
c
parent and read gorithm?
out the commands
in order and one
at a time. They have How many runs of yo
H
to do exactly ur algorithm did
what you command. y u need before it w
yo
orked perfectly?

An aans
nswer
swer
f everything
for thi

Coders have to think through

every possibility in their algorithm
m.
This includes what they would lik ke
to happen, but also all the things
that could happen. For example e,
a quiz game algorithm may only y
need ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers. But if tthe
user types in a different word, the e Breakingg
algorithm would have to say tha at it
things dowwn
only accepts ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answerrs
and ask the question again. Many tasks are made up of much smaller
on
nes. A good algorithm breaks a task k
do
own into as small a series of steps ass
po
ossible. This is called decomposing.
Fo
or example, you could break down
an
n algorithm for making breakfast into o
sm
maller tasks such as make toast, pour
glass of juice and boil egg. Each of th
hese
ca
an be broken down into smaller step ps.

17
 The steps in an algorithm have
in
Get
to be not only precise, bu ut also
in the right order. If you get the

S t ep steps in the wrong order, then

the algorithm is unlikely to
work properly.
o

1. @  -/
Jumping around 2. Player shooots
3.     
Keeping track of the steps inn an 4. If a goal wasn’t scored, go to liine 2
algorithm can become more e 5. If a goal was scored, addd one to Score
and g go to
o line 1
complicated if it is designed to jump
back to an earlier point. This simple
algorithm (right) keeps trackk of a This algorithm almost works,
work ks butt every
footballer taking shots at a g
goal. But time line 5 adds one to the score, it jumps
the score isn’t going up each time back to line 1, which sets the score to
he scores. Can you work outt what is zero again! The solution is simple: line 5
wrong with the algorithm? should end with ‘go to line 2’.

STRETCH
YOURSELF g
plug
1. Put in bath p

ctions? 2. Get dressed

You Fix the Instru
Can Y
ctions for
H re are some instru
He ater
having a bath, but th
ey’re all 3. Fill bath with w
3
put them
Can you p
mbled up. C
jum
d r?
t e right orde
in th 4. Get into the bath
4

5 Wash
5.

g
plug
6. Take out bath p
Answers on page 31

Get out of th
7. G
7 b th
he ba

8. Get undressed
8
18
 STRETCH
YOURSELF

Make Lightbot Move!

If you have Internet access, wh
y not
visit and play with Lightbot? This
fun
game lets you choose from a
series of
simple commands to build a pro
gram
that will make the little robot mo
ve.
The tasks start off easy but get
harder,
so you really have to think throu
gh what
commands to use and in what
order.

You
ou can visit Lightbot by typ
ping this
address into a we eb browser: http://tinyurl.com/light-robo
t-game

Subroutin
nes

Some parts of an algorithm m,

succh as displaying a messa age HIGH SCORE
on
n screen, may be needed 768.987.000
ag
gain and again. But this
meeans that the algorithm can
ge
et very long. So, clever cooders
wrrite these parts as sections
ca
alled subroutines.

Co oders only have to write a

subbroutine once and then n
dirrect the program to jump to
it when it needs to use it. This In this game, when a
plaayer shoots a spider,
ma akes writing complicated th
he program goes to
proograms easier and faste er. a subroutine to show
an explosion and then
another
th subroutine
b ti to t
add points to the score
displayed on screen.
 Most computer
programs have to

i o n s , make decisions along

Decisions the way. Although some

decisions are simple,

D e c i s more complicated ones

need to be broken
down into lots of
small decisions.

If…
f Th
Then
n

M
Many programs askk a computer t toto make car-racing game below, the game’s
decisions based on the information n that code has to make lots of different
they receive using an IF statementt. This decisions. Then, when the program for
states that IF something is true, THEN the the race decides that the game should
program will respond and do some ething. end, it runs a particular piece of code to
give the player a final score and printss
In computer programs, decisions a l i
are ‘Game Over’ on the computer screen n.
made all the time. For example, in the This is called code selection.

If the car bumps int

i o another
tor, car, then slow the
p la e
ye r ess the accelera
esssse
pre
the car down
If th e and makke crash
e car up hin
ng sound
then speed th

If the carr ru
uns out of fuel,
then
n gam me over

If the p
playe
y r’s ca
c r is in first place,
the en disp
play message
If the player presses the brakess, ‘You’
u re in
n the lead!’
l
then slow the car down
20
 More
r or
r less Sortt it ou
ut

Some decisions are made in progra ams n be

using different symbols to compare sorted out by making decisions. For
data. These include the greater than > example, a program might com mpare
and lesser than < symbols, which are e different numbers to work out which
used to compare numbers. For exam mple, are bigger and which are sma aller.
a program to grade the results out of 10
in a child’s spelling test might look like this: A series of decisions can be sh
hown in a
branching tree diagram. The one below
shows the decisions an algorith
hm could
make when sorting out a list off objects.

Spelling Test Code

est score <4,

If spelling te
Try Again!’
then print ‘T
and End Program
est score >8 8,
If spelling te
t!’ Is it a toy?
then print ‘Brillian
and End Program

ut Keep Trying’
Print ‘Good Bu
Yes No
and End Program
Does it Does it have
have legs? a handle?

No Yes No Yes

Challenge:
Answers on page 31

Which scores out of 10

would earn the ‘Good But
Keep Trying’ mark in the
above code and which
would earn a ‘Brilliant!’?

It’s a ball It’s a teddy It’s a cushion It’s a mug

 Flow Chart Symbo
ls
i th
G wo w
th F
e l o Terminator

Oval shapes show th

GAME
OVER

e start or end
of a whole program
or just part of
a program.

Programmers need to think

through all the possible things
that can happen in an algoritthm 2 +2=4
or program and check that all Process
the parts work in the right way
and in the right order. R ctangular shapes
Re
sh
hoow thatt
something happens,
such as
numbers being adde
d together.

Follo
ow the
flow chart
Decision
?
Many coders use a diagram m called a Diamond sh hapes show where a
flow chart to map out their a
algorithm program makes a de
cision. This is
or program. This helps them tto find usually a simple deci
sion such as
errors and make improveme ents. ‘yes’ or ‘no’ or ‘true’
or ‘false’.

A flow chart can contain fouur

different shapes or symbols, including TER
PLEASE ENT
an oval, rectangle, diamond d and UR
YOU NAME
R NAM
parallelogram. These are coonnected
by arrows to show the differe
ent
stages and flow of informatio
on in Inp
In put/Output
a program. Each shape or sy ymbol
Parallelogram shapes
means a different thing. either mean
that the program ac
cepts an input
like the click of a co
mputer mouse
or outputs data such
as displaying a
message or picture
on screen.
22
 STRETCH
Flow
w charts
i action
in ti
YOURSELF
Here is a simple flow chart Fix the Flow Chart
IK   
to show an algorithm for how     

out why a lamp isn’t
a player makes a move in a working. There are so
 K   me
game of Snakes and Ladders. +   
pieces of circled text  
go in each gap?

Lamp
Start doesn’t work
Bulb
burned o
ut?
No
Lamp
Throw dice plugged in?

Yes

Yes
Move the
counter Replace bulb

No

lamp
Yes Repair Plug in
lamp
Slide
Landed on down
snake head? the snake
Answers on page 31

No

COMPUT
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Yess Hero!
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 Go i n g Loop
Turn round
Shout: “I’m feeling dizzy”

Lo o p y The
Loop

e instructionss in a loop willl

hap
ppen again an nd again as long
as tthe loop conttinues.

Computers are brillian nt at

performing the same task over Countt on us
C
and over again withou ut making
any mistakes. Lots of computer Loopps are use eful for counting events or
thing
gs, espec
cially when they are used
programs take advanttage of
with variable
es that keep track of how
this to g
get jjobs done. many y times ssomething has happened.

The looop beloow counts down the

ad seco onds untill a rocket lifts off. Each
Loop
L oops
ps an
and
n
variabless tiime the proggram goes through
thhe loop, the value of the variable
The repeating parts of a program SSeconds goe es down by one. The
are called loops. These often use lo
oop ends onn lift-off – this is when the
little stores of data called variables. variable Seco
v onds
on n equals zero.
A variable’s value can alter and b be
used to count things in a program.
Co
ountdown!
Computers use variables in a prog gram
m
Seco
eco
conds = 60
to remember things such as a play yer’s Repeeat
score in a game. A variable is give en Sec
econd
ec conds = Seconds -1
a name and is a sort of box that can Sho ow o
on screen: Seconds
hold information such as a numbe er Until S
Seco
onds = 0
or a series of letters. This is known as a
string. So, a variable to store your age
might be age=9 and another could
be name=’James’. Variables can be
changed by code in the program.

24
 In a loop
p
Ten Items Or Fewer
S
Some loops
l continue
ti for
f as
B-/
long as the program runs.
These are called infinity
N is a variable. It equals the
loops. Other loops, like the number of items scanned. It is set
countdown loop on to
zero to start with because nothing
page 24, are told to repeat has been scanned.
a set number of times.
Loop
Scan item
Conditional loops are another _      " B
 -BA
type of loop. They keep
repeating the steps in the One is added to the
loop until something else number of items scanned.
happens. For example, this
algorithm for a shop checkout If N > 10, ring bell and display
scanner only allows 10 items ‘No more than 10 items!’
or fewer to be scanned. If and Leave Loop
more are attempted,
tt t d th
then th
the Loop Again
scanning loop ends.

STRETCH
YOURSELF
  
Minutes-/ Z   
Fix the Time
Here is a loop that is rs - /   [    
k H ou
part of a digital cloc
program. It’s not wor
king
Lo op Z  -Z  A
sh ow s
properly because it A
[ -[
the time 02:07 as 01 :67 . \Z  ->/""I 
hich
Can you work out w /
of the three numbere
d
  \ [ -#$"I [ -

lines below should
line
replace the circled  
th e prog ra m  \Z  ->/"I 
to get A
-[
working properly? Z  -/[
#\Z  ->/"I
Z  -[ 
]\Z  ->^"I
31
Answers on page
 Only some programs

B u g ’ s work the very first time.

Programmers expect erro ors

A to happen. These errors

are known as bugs. Gettin ng

Life rrid of bugs in a program is

called debu
c ugging.
i

Chec
ck and test

Some programming errors are justt typing

mistakes such as keying in the wro
ong
number or misspelling a command d. These
are often spotted by carefully che
ecking
all the program code. Other errorss,
though, are more complicated an nd may Testing times
take a long time to solve.
Te
esting takes place throughoutt the
Programmers often break their pro ogram time a computer program is be eing
down into small parts and then run d
developed. Sometimes, compu uter users
and test each part to try and find a ask
are ked to test out the progra
ams. They
the proble
problem
em. act as beta testers and report bback any
b gs or problems
bug blems that they ffind
d.

26
 Catch the B
C Bug
IK    

program for playing ‘Tag’ or ‘It’
. But one
of the arrows is in the wrong pla
ce for
the program to work properly.

Can you work out which arrow

is wrong,
and where it should go?

Start
Launch fa
ailure

S
Some bugs
b iin programs can
be devastating. A bug in th he
Choose
guidance computer of an one
person
Ariane 5 space rocket mad de to be the
the rocket veer off target a and chaser
finally self-destruct just a miinute
nute
after
ft lift-off in 1996. Are Yes
you the Chase
chaser? the other
children

N
No

TRUE STORY
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Answer on
o page 31
 Coding Think you might become a
whizz at computer coding

Care e r s when you get older? If so,

then there may be some
great jobs for you when
you grow up.

Work
king toge
ether
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ER
In tthe
he past
past, computer programs and
a COMPUT
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and games need dozens or even n
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28 sey
 Young g co
oders –
Think big
g just like you!

Th programs you use on a com

The mputer Computer coding can be a job b for life.
are often huge projects. A typica al For example, Markus ‘Notch’ Pe ersson
iPhone app may have 30,000 lin nes was a programming whizz-kid. He wrote
of code, while a complex comp puter his first computer game using BA ASIC
game can have over a million! Even when he was only eight years old!
bigger is the Windows 7 operatin ng When he grew up, Markus wrote e games
system, which contains about for Jalbum. He left his job to create his
40 million lines of code. Phew! own hith game – Minecraft.

TRUE STORY
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STRETCH
YOURSELF
ese questionss:
Write a Then, ask yourself th
Computer rate?
ram operra
How would the prog
Program
Can you think  

  
of a computer
tto know?
program that
would make    
  
your life easier?
to use it?
Try to sketch   
t    
out all of its
in advance?
different parts.
 s a r y
G los database A program
that allows people to
parallelogram A shape
with opposite sides that
are parallel and also
store huge amounts of
equal in length.
l orithm A set of steps
alg information on computers
that are followed in order with ease.
programmer A person who
to solve a problem or writes computer code and
debugging To identify
perform a task. programs, either for fun or
and remove errors in a
as a job.
beta tester A person computer program.
who tests a computer smartphone Powerful
program that is almost decimal Also known as
mobile phone that
base 10, decimal is the
finished to try and find contains a mini computer
any bugs or problems. number system that you
which allows users to view
use every day. It contains
videos, listen to music
binary Also known as the digits, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
and run lots of different
base 2, binary is a number 8 and 9.
programs.
system that contains just
two digits: 1 and 0. decomposing Breaking
string A type of variable
down a complicated
(see below) that stores
browser A type of task into smaller parts
one or more letters or
computer program used by or steps, making it easier
other characters.
people to view websites on to understand and
the World Wide Web. write code.
subroutine A section of a
program which performs
coding Writing the lines of flow chart A type of
a task and can be jumped
code in a program that diagram that maps out the
back to as many times as
make a computer or other actions and decisions that
the whole program needs.
device work. occur within a program
or part of a program.
variable A location for
code selection When a storing information in a
program is told to run a input Data or commands
program which can be
particular piece of code that a user enters into
changed by other parts
after making a decision, a computer using a
of the program.
such as running the code keyboard or by pressing
that says ‘Game Over’ and a touchscreen on a tablet.
giving a final score when
the program decides the loop A part of a computer
game has ended. program that repeats the
same steps and instructions
compiler A computer over and over again.
program that converts Many loops are conditional
instructions written in – they continue until a
a programming language condition is met or an
into code that a computer order instructs them to stop.
can understand and
act on. output The results of a
computer’s processing
and work. Output is often
displayed on a screen.
30
 u r t h er s Answers
F o u rc e
Res
page
pag e 18 8
page
pag e8
mal to Can
Ca n YoYou F x th
u Fi the e
nge
ang eD ecim
Dec
Books Cha
Ch
stru
Inst
In u ns?
ions
ctio
ct ? :
Bina
Bi y
narry:
How Things Work: Electrical Gadgets 1. P
Putut in ba batthh plu g
lug
00
000
6 = 100
16 0
by Ade Deane-Pratt (Wayland, 2013) 3. FFilil ba
bat h
th w i
it h wat
wa er
ter
0001
7 = 100
17 01
8. GGet et ndre
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21 = 1 010
101 1
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Quick Expert’s Guide: Computing and Programming 4. G
Get nto
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the batth
e ba h
by Shahneila Saeed (Wayland, 2015) e9 5. W
Wa s
ashh
page
pag
!:
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com e a Bin ary
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6. TTak e out
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Quick Expert’s Guide: Creating an App 6 = Yo
You ur r mid
m d d
dl e and
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ngeger 2 G
2. Get dre esssed
by Chris Martin (Wayland, 2014) our
fo th fin
urth
10 = Y Youour inr dexx an
inde andd
rth h fi nge
fing err page
pag e 21
ourt
ffou
Technology Timelines: Digital Technology ourr in dexx,, m
inde mid de
ddl Spe
Sp elliling estt
ng Tes
13 = YYou
by Tom Jackson (Franklin Watts, 2015) r Cod
Co de e C alllen
ha eng e
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and
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The c
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20 = You our th umb
thum b an
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‘Go
‘G oodod Bu Butt Ke
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Websites .
page
pag e 12 mark rk.
https://www.commonsensemedia.org/lists/coding-apps-
Con
Co trol th
ntro e Tu
the Turt e:
rtle
and-websites e scsco ress 9 a
ore nd 10
and
* The
The LOG
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gra m * Th
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A great page containing links to lots of different computer wou
wo u l d ear
ea n
rn a ‘Bril
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a t!
illilian
wou
wo ld
uld dra
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t he
activities and languages to help you learn about coding. ral tr ngle
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equ
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uila tera
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https://www.helpkidscode.com/ page
pag e2 3
23
h
fth the ow Cha
F x th
Fi e Flow
Fl t:
harrt:
A website for parents, teachers and older children. * ThThe rstt an
e fifirs andd fifift
oth
bot
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liline s
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http://learn.code.org/hoc/1 ‘ or
‘F war
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rec
re t
cta n
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gula r
lar sha
sh p
ape e. .
A video tutorial which helps you use the Blockly coding
page
pag e 13
language to create a simple program. * ‘B burrned out
u b bu
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Rob
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precise instructions 16–17 ps 23
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branching tree diagram 21 Hopper, Grace 11
browser 15, 19, 30 jumping around 18
programs 11 subroutines 19, 30
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beta testers 26 strings 24, 30
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learning 12 countdown 24, 25
column calculations 9 infinity 25
commands 30 and variables 24
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computers moth bugs 27
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data 8, 21, 22, 24, 30 programmers 4, 5, 7, 22, 23, 26,
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debugging 26, 28, 30 program s 4, 6
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decomposing 17, 30
Dorsey, Jack 28

32
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