Science 10 Reviewer

SCIENCE 10 REVIEWER
I. The Layers of the Earth

 The Crust
* The Earth’s crust is the outermost surface.
*It is a very thin layer of solid rock. It is the thinnest layer of the Earth.
*The crust is 5-100km thick beneath the land and 5-10km thick beneath the
oceans.
* The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. The movement
of these plates causes earthquakes.
 The Lithosphere
-On your mantle layer, draw a dotted line around the very edge of the circle. This
is the lithosphere.
-The lithosphere is composed of part of the crust and the upper part of the mantle
(the top 100 km).
-It is composed of hard, brittle rock
 The Asthenosphere
* The asthenosphere is the part of the mantle underneath the lithosphere. Draw
a dashed line about an inch under your dotted line.
* It is made of molten rock and metal so that it “flows” like hot asphalt.
* The 1. asthenosphere is the part of the mantle that moves and causes the
tectonic plates of the crust to move as well.
 The Mantle
* The mantle is the largest layer of the Earth. It is 2900km thick.
*It includes the lithosphere and asthenosphere.
*It is relatively flexible—it flows like very viscous liquid.
*It is very hot—1600°F at the top and 4000°F towards the center of the Earth.
 The Core
* The core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot metals. The core is divided into 2
layers—Outer and Inner.
* The core is SO hot and has SO much pressure that if you were to go there—
you would be squished into something even smaller than a marble.
 The Outer Core

* The outer core is liquid metal iron and nickel with 10% sulfur and/or oxygen.
* It is very hot—
4000-9000°F.
* The outer core is 2,250km thick.
 The Inner Core
* The inner core is solid metal due to the extreme heat and pressure.
* It is composed of iron and nickel. It is responsible for the magnetic field the
Earth generates.
* The inner core is 800km thick and is 9000°F.
 Types of Plate Boundaries

-Convergent boundaries occur when plates collide with each other. Volcanos
and Earthquakes commonly occur along convergent boundaries.
-when plates crash into each other depends on the types of plates involved.
-Because continental crust is lighter than oceanic crust, continental plates ”float”
higher.
-Therefore, when an oceanic plate meets a continetnal plate, it slides under the
lighter plate and down into the mantle. The slab of oceanic rock melts when the
endges get to a depth which is hot enough. A temperature hot enough to melt si
about a thousand degrees!) This process is called subduction. Molten material
produced in a subduction zone can rise to the earth’s surface and cause volcanic
building, mountains, and islands.
-Divergent boundaries occur when plates move away from on another. When
they move apart, water or magma fills the space and creates new land.
-When plates pull away from one another they form a diverging plate boundary,
or spreading zone.
- Transform boundaries are also know as sliding boundaries. They occur when
plates slide creating a break in the earth's surface. This can create a cliff and
often causes earthquakes along faults.
- Sometimes, instead of pulling away from each other or colliding with each other,
plates slip or grind past each other along faults. This process is known as
faulting. One famous example of this is the San Andreas Fault lies on the
boundary between two tectonic plates, the north American Plate and the Pacific
Plate. The two plates are sliding past each other at a rate of 5 to 6 centimeters
each year. This fault frequently plagues California with earthquakes.
The Theory of Continental Drift Theory
In 1912, the German meteorologist and explorer, Alfred Wegener, presented the theory that the
continents were once joined in one big land mass and have, over millions of years slowly drifted
apart and into their positions. He named this super-continent Pangaea, a Greek word meaning.
“all land”. The rest of the Earth’s surface was covered by a massive ocean called Panthalassa.
He looked for further evidence, found it, and, in 1915, published The Origin of Continents and
Oceans. Over time, Pangaea split into two subcontinents. Laurasia in the North contained
present-day Asia, Europe and North America. Gondwanaland in the South included South
America, Africa, India (then separate from Asia), Australia and Antarctica. Wegener’s theory
was fiercely rejected that time. After all, “What did a meteorologist, an outsider, know about
geology?” Since the 1960 however, this theory has gained acceptance amount most earth
scientists. Scientists confirmed some of Wegener's ideas decades later, which are now part of
the widely accepted theory of Plate tectonics.

Science 10 Reviewer - Good Luck - 075137

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Science 10 Reviewer - Good Luck - 075137

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Science 10 Reviewer - Good Luck - 075137

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I. The Layers of the Earth

 The Outer Core

 Types of Plate Boundaries

You might also like