Numpy Tutorial
Numpy Tutorial
Aayushi Johari
A technophile who likes writing about different technologies and spreading knowledge.
In my previous blog, you have learned about Arrays in Python and its various fundamentals like functions, lists vs arrays along
with its creation. But, those were just the basics and with Python Certification being the most sought-after skill in the
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programming domain today, there’s obviously so much more to learn. In this Python NumPy tutorial, you will understand each
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Python NumPy Array: Numpy array is a powerful N-dimensional array object which is in the form of rows and columns. We can
initialize NumPy arrays from nested Python lists and access it elements. In order to perform these NumPy operations, the next
question which will come in your mind is:
Moving ahead in python numpy tutorial, let us understand what exactly is a multi-dimensional numPy array.
Here, I have different elements that are stored in their respective memory locations. It is said to be two dimensional because it
has rows as well as columns. In the above image, we have 3 columns and 4 rows available.
Multi-dimensional Array:
1 a=np.array([(1,2,3),(4,5,6)])
2 print(a)
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O/PLink
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Python NumPy Array v/s List Already have an account? Sign in.
Why NumPy is used in Python?
We use python NumPy array instead of a list because of the below three reasons:
1. Less Memory
2. Fast
3. Convenient
The very first reason to choose python NumPy array is that it occupies less memory as compared to list. Then, it is pretty fast in
terms of execution and at the same time, it is very convenient to work with NumPy. So these are the major advantages that
Python NumPy array has over list. Don’t worry, I am going to prove the above points one by one practically in PyCharm. Consider
the below example:
1 import numpy as np
2
3 import time
4 import sys
5 S= range(1000)
6 print(sys.getsizeof(5)*len(S))
7
8 D= np.arange(1000)
9 print(D.size*D.itemsize)
O/P – 14000
4000
The above output shows that the memory allocated by list (denoted by S) is 14000 whereas the memory allocated by the NumPy
array is just 4000. From this, you can conclude that there is a major difference between the two and this makes Python NumPy
array as the preferred choice over list.
Next, let’s talk how python NumPy array is faster and more convenient when compared to list.
1 import time
2 import sys
3
4 SIZE = 1000000
5
6 L1= range(SIZE)
7 L2= range(SIZE)
8 A1= np.arange(SIZE)
9 A2=np.arange(SIZE)
10
11 start= time.time()
12 result=[(x,y) for x,y in zip(L1,L2)]
13 print((time.time()-start)*1000)
14
15 start=time.time()
Python NumPy Tutorial
A1+A2 – Learn NumPy Arrays With Examples
e! 16 result=
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17 print((time.time()-start)*1000)
O/P – 380.9998035430908
49.99995231628418
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In the above code, we have defined two lists and two numpy arrays. Then, we have compared the time taken in order to find the
sum of lists and sum of numpy arrays both. If you see the output of the above program, there is a significant change in the two
values. List took 380ms whereas the numpy array took almost 49ms. Hence, numpy array is faster than list. Now, if you noticed
we had run a ‘for’ loop for a list which returns the concatenation of both the lists whereas for numpy arrays, we have just added
the two array by simply printing A1+A2. That’s why working with numpy is much easier and convenient when compared to the
lists.
Therefore, the above examples proves the point as to why you should go for python numpy array rather than a list!
Moving forward in python numpy tutorial, let’s focus on some of its operations.
You may go through this recording of Python NumPy tutorial where our instructor has explained the topics in a detailed manner
with examples that will help you to understand this concept better.
1 import
Whatsappnumpy as np Linkedin Twitter Facebook Reddit
2 a = np.array([(1,2,3),(4,5,6)])
3
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print(a.ndim)
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Output – 2
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dtype:
You can find the data type of the elements that are stored in an array. So, if you want to know the data
type of a particular element, you can use ‘dtype’ function which will print the datatype along with the
size. In the below code, I have defined an array where I have used the same function.
1 import numpy as np
2 a = np.array([(1,2,3)])
3 print(a.dtype)
Output – int32
As you can see, the data type of the array is integer 32 bits. Similarly, you can find the size and shape of the array using ‘size’ and
‘shape’ function respectively.
1 import numpy as np
2 a = np.array([(1,2,3,4,5,6)])
3 print(a.size)
4 print(a.shape)
Output – 6 (1,6)
Next, let us move forward and see what are the other operations that you can perform with python numpy module. We can also
perform reshape as well as slicing operation using python numpy operation. But, what exactly is reshape and slicing? So let me
explain this one by one in this python numpy tutorial.
reshape:
Reshape is when you change the number of rows and columns which gives a new view to an object. Now, let us take an
example to reshape the below array:
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As you can see in the above image, we have 3 columns and 2 rows which has converted into 2 columns and 3 rows. Let me
show you practically how it’s done. Become a Certified Professional
1
2
import numpy as np
a = np.array([(8,9,10),(11,12,13)]) Subscribe to our Newsletter, and get personalized recommendations.
×
3 print(a)
4 a=a.reshape(3,2)
5 print(a) Sign up with Google
Output – [[ 8 9 10] [11 12 13]] [[ 8 9] [10 11] [12 13]] Signup with Facebook
slicing:
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As you can see the ‘reshape’ function has showed its magic. Now, let’s take another operation i.e Slicing. Slicing is basically
extracting particular set of elements from an array. This slicing operation is pretty much similar to the one which is there in
the list as well. Consider the following example:
Before getting into the above example, let’s see a simple one. We have an array and we need a particular element (say 3)
out of a given array. Let’s consider the below example:
1 import numpy as np
2 a=np.array([(1,2,3,4),(3,4,5,6)])
3 print(a[0,2])
Output – 3
Here, the array(1,2,3,4) is your index 0 and (3,4,5,6) is index 1 of the python numpy array. Therefore, we have printed the
second element from the zeroth index.
Taking one step forward, let’s say we need the 2nd element from the zeroth and first index of the array. Let’s see how you
can perform this operation:
1 import numpy as np
2 a=np.array([(1,2,3,4),(3,4,5,6)])
3 print(a[0:,2])
Output – [3 5]
Here colon represents all the rows, including zero. Now to get the 2nd element, we’ll call index 2 from both of the rows
which gives us the value 3 and 5 respectively.
Next, just to remove the confusion, let’s say we have one more row and we don’t want to get its 2nd element printed just as
the NumPy
Python image above.
TutorialWhat weNumPy
– Learn can doArrays
in suchWith
case?
Examples
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Consider the below code:
1 import numpy as np
2 a=np.array([(8,9),(10,11),(12,13)])
3 print(a[0:2,1])
Copy LinkAs you can see in the above code, only 9 and 11 gets printed. Now when I have written 0:2, this does not include the second
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index of the third row of an array. Therefore, only 9 and 11 gets printed else you will get all Top
the elements i.e [9 11Explained
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linspace
Become
This is another operation in python numpy whichareturns
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Professional
spaced numbers over a specified interval. Consider the
below example:
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1 import numpy as np
2 a=np.linspace(1,3,10)
3 print(a) Sign up with Google
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a= np.array([1,2,3])
4 print(a.min())
5 print(a.max())
6 print(a.sum())
Output – 1 3 6
You must be finding these pretty basic, but with the help of this knowledge you can perform a lot bigger tasks as well. Now,
lets understand the concept of axis in python numpy.
As you can see in the figure, we have a numpy array 2*3. Here the rows are called
as axis 1 and the columns are called as axis 0. Now you must be wondering what is
the use of these axis?
Suppose you want to calculate the sum of all the columns, then you can make use
of axis. Let me show you practically, how you can implement axis in your PyCharm:
1 a= np.array([(1,2,3),(3,4,5)])
2 print(a.sum(axis=0))
Output – [4 6 8]
Therefore, the sum of all the columns are added where 1+3=4, 2+4=6 and 3+5=8. Similarly, if you replace the axis by 1, then
it will print [6 12] where all the rows get added.
There are various mathematical functions that can be performed using python numpy. You can find the square root,
standard deviation of the array. So, let’s implement these operations:
1 import numpy as np
2 a=np.array([(1,2,3),(3,4,5,)])
3 print(np.sqrt(a))
4 print(np.std(a))
As you can see the output above, the square root of all the elements are printed. Also, the standard deviation is printed for
the above array i.e how much each element varies from the mean value of the python numpy array.
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Addition Operation
Copy LinkYou can perform more operations on numpy array i.e addition, subtraction,multiplication and division of the two matrices.
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Let me go ahead in python numpy tutorial, and show it to you practically:
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1 import numpy as np
2 x= np.array([(1,2,3),(3,4,5)])
3 y= np.array([(1,2,3),(3,4,5)])Become a Certified Professional
4 print(x+y)
ravel
There is one more operation where you can convert one numpy array into a single column i.e ravel. Let me show how it is
implemented practically:
1 import numpy as np
2 x= np.array([(1,2,3),(3,4,5)])
3 print(x.ravel())
Output – [ 1 2 3 3 4 5]
Let’s move forward in python numpy tutorial, and look at some of its special functions.
1 import numpy as np
2 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
3 x= np.arange(0,3*np.pi,0.1)
4 y=np.sin(x)
5 plt.plot(x,y)
6 plt.show()
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Similarly, you can plot a graph for any trigonometric function such as cos, tan etc. Let me show you one more example
where you can plot a graph of another function, let’s say tan.
1 import numpy as np
2 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
3 x= np.arange(0,3*np.pi,0.1)
4 y=np.tan(x)
5 plt.plot(x,y)
6 plt.show()
Output –
Moving forward with python numpy tutorial, let’s see some other special functionality in numpy array such as exponential
and logarithmic function. Now in exponential, the e value is somewhere equal to 2.7 and in log, it is actually log base 10.
When
Whatsappwe talk about natural log i.e log base e, it is referred
Linkedin as Ln. So let’s see how it isFacebook
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1
Copy Link 2
a= np.array([1,2,3])
print(np.exp(a))
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Here, we have calculated natural log which gives the value as displayed above. Now, if we want log base 10 instead of Ln or
natural log, you can follow the below code:
1 import numpy as np
2 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
3 a= np.array([1,2,3])
4 print(np.log10(a))
By this, we come to the end of this python numpy tutorial. We have covered all the basics of python numpy, so you can start
practicing now. The more you practice, the more you will learn.
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Comments 3 Comments
Kishore says:
Jun 23, 2020 at 12:44 pm GMT
Best and most useful article 👍👌 especially for beginners
Reply
V. Kishore says:
Jun 23, 2020 at 12:42 pm GMT
Best and most useful article 👍👌 especially for beginners
Reply
Reply
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