ABSTRACT

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ABSTRACT
The direct current (DC) microgrid exhibits a low level of inertia and is primarily characterized
by the prevalence of power converters. Consequently, the rate at which the direct current (DC)
voltage changes is significantly rapid when subjected to variations in power. This study
proposes the implementation of an incremental conductance maximum power point monitoring
algorithm control to enhance the inertia of the DC microgrid and reduce the rate of change of
the DC voltage. The proliferation of DC loads is currently occurring at a rapid pace, prompting
the consideration of DC microgrids as a viable option for meeting the growing energy demand
while incorporating renewable energy sources. To effectively incorporate diverse energy
sources such as solar, wind, fuel cell, and diesel generators into the direct current (DC) grid, it
becomes imperative to implement efficient power flow management strategies. This work
presents a management technique for the efficient control and optimization of power flows in
DC micro grids that utilize solar and wind power sources. To regulate the DC link voltage, it
is necessary to employ a dedicated converter, as the voltage profile management is essential
for the operation of a standalone device. The optimization of power generation from solar and
wind sources is crucial for supplying the loads connected to the DC bus. However, the
regulation of the DC link voltage is primarily managed by the battery circuit. A novel algorithm,
known as the Incremental Conductance Maximum PowerPoint Monitoring Algorithm, has
been devised for the purpose of regulating three power sources within a DC Microgrid. The
efficacy of the Incremental Conductance Maximum Power Point Monitoring Algorithm in
MATLABSIMULINK is evaluated under diverse load circumstances and fluctuations in solar
and wind power.
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CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION

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1. INTRODUCTION:
The depletion of fossil fuels has prompted individuals to transition towards renewable energy
sources in response to the increasing energy requirements. Recent advancements in
Semiconductor technology have facilitated the utilization of solar and wind energy as viable
sources of electricity. Since most electronic loads necessitate a direct current (DC) power
supply, it is customary to convert alternating current (AC) electricity into DC within the system
to effectively supply the loads. Moreover, a wide range of electronic loads are readily
accessible. It is feasible to directly deliver direct currents (DCs) to buildings and residential
areas. The utilization of a microgrid is deemed appropriate for the structural configuration of a
direct current distribution system. A microgrid refers to a self-contained cluster of distributed
generation units, primarily sourced from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and
hydro power. It also incorporates energy storage systems and local storage systems, operating
at a low voltage level. DC microgrids are often seen as a favorable choice in distribution
networks that include renewable energy sources. Today, there have been significant
advancements in technology, encompassing the latest technical discoveries and emerging
directions. The regulation of electricity has been found to have a significant impact on the
global investment in Distributed Generation (DG) infrastructure. In order to optimize the use
of the existing renewable energy sources, it is important to consistently operate in the
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) mode. In the context of standalone systems, the
preservation of the voltage profile is achieved through the compromise of the maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) mode. This work presents a battery charger discharger circuit that is
employed to adjust the DC link voltage, hence optimizing the utilization of renewable energy
sources. The Management of Power Flow algorithm will ascertain the operational mode for
ensuring consistent and uninterrupted power supply to the load, considering factors such as the
availability of solar and wind power, load demand, and battery voltage. In order to effectively
monitor three sources within the DC Micro grid, a novel Incremental Conductance Maximum
Power Point Tracking Algorithm has been devised.

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CHAPTER – 2
RELATED WORK

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2. RELATED WORK:
The DC Micro grid consists of a solar PV array, a wind energy conversion system, a battery
bank, and a DC bus interface power converter. The DC Micro grid block diagram considered
for the analysis is shown in Fig.1.
Fig. 1 Block diagram of the DC micro grid with Solar and wind energy sources
The wind turbine power is generated by the induction generator. The power generated from the
induction generator is rectified to DC and through a power converter, fed into the DC bus. The
MOSFET is used for the purpose of switching. The output is connected to the DC micro grid
from the DC-DC boost converter where the loads are connected. The battery work is carried
out by a DC-DC boost converter that also regulates the voltage of the DC connection.

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2.1 DISTRIBUTED GENERATOR:

2.1.1 Model of Wind and Solar System
As distributed generators, a solar system and a wind system are introduced. The solar system
is created by a boost converter connected to photovoltaic arrays. The radiance profile, G, is
taken as the input to emulate the PV system, and the output power is calculated to be processed
by the converter control in which the wind speed, Vw, is the input of the wind system. The
created AC power is converted to DC by a rectifier, so the same control process applied to the
PV system is applied to the wind structure. The output power is processed via the control of
the converter.
Fig 2. Distributed generation system (a) PV solar system (b) Wind system

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CHAPTER – 3
MPPT (Maximum power point Tracking)

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3. MPPT (MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING):

The Maximum Power Point Tracker (or MPPT) is a high efficiency DC to DC converter that
provides a solar panel or array with an ideal electrical load and generates a load appropriate
voltage. For a full array, conventional solar inverters perform MPPT. The same current,
determined by the inverter, flows through all panels in the chain in such systems. But since
different panels have distinct IV curves, i.e., different MPPs (due to production tolerance,
partial shading, etc.), this architecture ensures that certain panels can perform below their MPP,
resulting in energy loss. In the DC side, continuous power is avoided assistance in power flow
algorithm management the battery regulates the DC link voltage. Hence maximum power is
extracted from solar and wind energy systems.
3.1 INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE METHOD:

This approach consists of using the slope of the current derivative relative to the voltage to
achieve the maximum power point. In the real world, what value MPPT offers depends on the
collection, its environment, and its seasonal load pattern. Only when the Vpp is more than
about 1V higher than the battery voltage does it give us an important current boost. This might
not be the case in hot weather unless the batteries have a low charge. The Vpp will increase to
18V in cold weather, however. If the use of energy is highest in the winter (typical in most
homes) and the winter weather is cold, when it is most needed, the energy will increase
considerably.
Incremental conductance.
Fig.3: PV System with Power Converter and MPPT Control

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Fig 4: Organigram of incremental Inductance algorithm
MPP can be monitored by comparing instant conductance with incremental conductance.

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CHAPTER – 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The DC Micro grid consists of a wind generator with 700 W PV array and 500 W. A boost
converter links the PV array to the 48V DC bus. A rectifier attaches the induction generator to
the DC bus. The MPPT algorithm is used by Incremental Inductance. A 24V battery connects
to the DC connection through a charger/discharger circuit. The charger circuit regulates the DC
link voltage.
Fig 5 Simulink model of the developed DC Micro grid

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SOLAR POWER GENERATION:
WIND POWER GENERATION:

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MPPT-INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE:
Fig 6: Response of the system for increase& decrease in load power

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Fig 7: Response of the system during change in PPV
Fig 8: Response of the system during change in Pw

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A. Change in load power:

The power from the solar panel (PPV) supplies 630W and the power (PW) from the wind
turbine provides about 380W. If the load current (IL) decreases, i.e. the load demand decreases,
then the excess energy is used to charge the battery in charging mode The power from the solar
panel (PPV) supplies 630W power and the power (PW) from the wind turbine provides about
380W., when the load current (IL) rises, i.e. the demand for load increases, the battery operates
in discharge mode to supply the deficit power.
B. Change in PV power.
The power generated from the solar panel (PPV) is reduced from 630W to 415W and the
wind turbine produces the same power of 380W to research the response of the system to
changes in input power. The battery works in the discharging mode to provide uninterrupted
power to the load.
C. Change in Wind power

As the wind turbine (PW) generated power raises from 380W to 590W and the solar
panel generates 630W of the same power, the additional power generated is used to charge the
battery.

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CHAPTER – 5
CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

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CONCLUSION:
For power flow management and incremental conductance, a maximum power point
monitoring algorithm control algorithm for the DC micro grid with solar and wind power
sources is presented. In this study, an incremental conductance maximum power point
monitoring algorithm control is suggested to increase the inertia of the dc micro grid and
decrease the change rate of the dc voltage. As the scheme involves different intermittent energy
sources and loads that can vary in demand for power flow management and incremental
conductance, a maximum power point monitoring control algorithm for the DC micro grid
must be developed. To provide the loads with unceasing power supply and balance the power
flow between the different sources at any time, a power flow algorithm management and
incremental conductance maximum power point monitoring control algorithm for the DC
micro grid is developed.

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REFERENCES:
[1] F. Katiraei, M. R. Iravani, A. L. Dimeas, and N. D. Hatziar gyriou, "Micro

grids management: control and operation aspects of micro grids," IEEE Power
Energy Mag., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 54-65, MayJun. 2008.
[2] W. Jiang and B. Fahimi, “Active current sharing and source management in
fuel cell-battery hybrid power system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 2,
pp. 752 761, Jan. 2010.
[3] L. Xu and D. Chen, "Control and operation of a DC micro grid with variable
generation and energy storage," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 25 I
3-2522, Oct. 2011.
[4] Jin C, Wang P, Xiao J, "Implementation of hierarchical control in DC
microgrids, "IEEE Transaction of Industrial Electronics, vol.61 (8), pp.4032-
4042, 2014.
[5] L. Xiaonan, J. M. Guerrero, S. Kai, and J. C. Vasquez, "An Improved Droop
Control Method for DC Microgrids Based on Low Bandwidth Communication
with DC Bus Voltage Restoration and Enhanced Current Sharing Accuracy,"
Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.29, pp.1800 1812, 2014.
[6] X. Liu, P. Wang, and P. C. Loh, “Control of hybrid battery ultra capacitor
energy storage for stand-alone Photovoltaic system,” Proc. IEEE ECCE-10, Sep.
2010.
[7] B. Indu Rani, Saravana Ilango, and Nagamani, “Control Strategy of
Management of power flow in the PV system supplies DC loads,” IEEE Trans.
Industrial Electronics, vol60, no.3, Aug.2013, pp. 3185-3194.
[8] Gao Chen, Qiang Yang, Ting Zhang, Zhejing Bao, and Wenjun Yan, "Realtime
wind power stabilization approach based on hybrid energy storage systems," 2013
Sixth International Conference of Computational Intelligence, pp.124-129,
October 2013.
[9] T. Zhang, Z. J. Bao, G. Chen, Q. Yang, W. J. Yan, "Control Strategy for a
Hybrid Energy Storage System to Mitigate Wind Power Fluctuations," Sixth
International Conference of Computational Intelligence, pp.27-32, October 2013.
BIOGRAPHIES p-ISSN: 2395-0072 K.Ramesh completed his PG from SRIT,
ATP, areas of interest are electric vehicles, power systems.

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[10] Lalounia, Rekiouaa, Rekioua, Matagn. Fuzzy logic control in standalone pv

system with battery storage. J Power Sources 2009; 193:
[11] Noroozian, Abedi, Gharehpetian Hosseini. Combined operation in DC
isolated distribution and PV systems for supplying unbalanced AC loads.
RenewableEnergy2009.

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SEMINAR REPORT

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2.1 DISTRIBUTED GENERATOR:

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3. MPPT (MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING):

3.1 INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE METHOD:

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Fig 4: Organigram of incremental Inductance algorithm

MPP can be monitored by comparing instant conductance with incremental conductance.

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Fig 5 Simulink model of the developed DC Micro grid

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SOLAR POWER GENERATION:

WIND POWER GENERATION:

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Fig 6: Response of the system for increase& decrease in load power

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Fig 7: Response of the system during change in PPV

Fig 8: Response of the system during change in Pw

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A. Change in load power:

C. Change in Wind power

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[1] F. Katiraei, M. R. Iravani, A. L. Dimeas, and N. D. Hatziar gyriou, "Micro

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[10] Lalounia, Rekiouaa, Rekioua, Matagn. Fuzzy logic control in standalone pv

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