What Is Meant By Absolutist?

It is Literally, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised. in
history, the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralized, militarized and
repressive.
What Do You Understand By Utopian?
It is a vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.
What Is Plebiscite?
Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
What Is Conservatism?
It is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and
customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.
When Was Zollverein Formed?
Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German States. The
union abolished tariff barriers and reduce the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
What Does Romanticism Refer?
It refers a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of Nationalist sentiment.
One Mark Questions With Answers

1. Which Treaty recognised Greece as an independent Nation?

2. Who was Earnest Renan?
3. What was the allegory of German States?
4. Which priniciple was propounded by Montesquieu?
5. Name the personality related to Vienna Congress?
6. What was zollverein? How was it responsible for economic unification of Germany?
7. Who spearheaded the protestant movement in Ireland?
8. Name the region whose inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs?
9. Which Treaty was signed to bring about an end the changes brought about by Napoleonic
Wars?
10. In which year Vienna Congress was held?

.
Answers Of 1 Mark Questions

1.Treaty of Constantinople. 7. Wolfe Tone. 8. Balkans.

2. French philosopher. 9. Vienna Congress. 10. 1815

3. Germania heroism

4. Separation of powers

5. Duke Matternich

6. It was german custom union that abolished tarrif barriers

1 : Who was Guiseppe Mazzni ?
He was a Italian revolutionary who played a significant role in promoting the idea of a unified
Italian state. He believed that nations were the natural units of mankind, and so Italy (which was
then divided into a number of small states and kingdoms) had to be forged into a single unified
republic. During the 1830s, he strived to put together a coherent programme for such a unitary
Italian Republic. He also set up two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. These
societies helped in the dissemination of his ideas.

2: What
What do you
Do You mean
Know by Count
About CountCamillo
CamilloDe
DeCavour ?
Cavour?
Of the seven states of Italy, only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. When the
revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy, the responsibility to establish a unified
Italy fell upon this Italian state. King Victor Emmanuel II was its ruler and Cavour was the Chief Minister.
Cavour led the movement to unite the separate states of nineteenth-century Italy. He engineered a
careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in
1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.
3 :What
What Waswas
Thethe greek
Greek war
War OfofIndependence?
independence ?
This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829
against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were supported by the West European countries, while poets
and artists hailed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of
1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
4 :What
What do you
Do You know
Know about
About Frankfurt
Frankfurt Parliament ?
Parliament?
It was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and
prosperous artisans belonging to the different German regions. It was convened on 18 May, 1848 in the
Church of St. Paul, in the city of Frankfurt. This assembly drafted a constitution for a German nation to
be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. However, it faced opposition from the aristocracy
and military. Also, as it was dominated by the middle classes, it lost its mass support base. In the end, it
was forced to disband on 31 May, 1849.
5 : What
What WasWas
The the
Rolerole
Of of women
Women In in Nationalist
Nationalist Struggles ?
Struggles?
Artistic representations of the French Revolution show men and women participating equally in the
movement. Liberty is personified as a woman; also, liberal nationalism propounded the idea of universal
suffrage, leading to women’s active participation in nationalist movements in Europe. Although women
had actively participated in nationalist struggles, they were given little or no political rights; an example
being the Frankfurt parliament where women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’
gallery.
6: What
What stepDid
Steps didThe
the French
French Revolutionaries
revolutionaries take
TaketoTo
create a sense
Create of collective
A Sense Identity among
Of Collective
the people of France ?
Identity Among The French People?
The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the
French people. Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) popularised the notion of a
united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag replaced the royal
standard. The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active
citizens. A central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation, and regional dialects
were discouraged in favour of French as the national language.
7: Who were the Marianne and Germania ? What was the importance of the way in Which they
Who Were
were Marianne
Portrayed ? And Germania? What Was The Importance Of The Way In
Which They Were Portrayed?
Marianne and Germania were respective female allegories for the French and the German nation. They
stood as personifications of ideals like ‘liberty’ and ‘the republic’. The importance of the way in which
they were portrayed lay in the fact that the public could identify with their symbolic meaning, and this
would instil a sense of national unity in them.
8: Briefly
Briefly trace
Trace theProcess
The processOfofGerman
unification of Germany .
Unification.
The process of German unification was continued by Prussia after the defeat of the liberal, middle-class
Germans at the hands of the aristocrats and the military in 1848. Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck
carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Over seven years, Prussia
fought three wars with Austria, Denmark and France. These wars culminated in Prussian victory and
German unification. William I, the Prussian king, was proclaimed German Emperor in January 1871, at
Versailles.
9: What
What changes
Changes Diddid the Napolean
Napoleon introduce
Introduce to make
To Make the administrative
The Administrative system
System more efficient in
More
the territories ruled by him ?
Efficient In The Territories Ruled By Him?
Napoleon introduced several changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories
ruled by him. He formulated the Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with
privileges based on birth. This law established equality before law, and also secured the right to
property. Napoleon shortened administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants
from manorial dues and serfdom. Transport and communications were improved too.

Explain What
10: Explain Is Meant
what By The
is meant 1848
by the Revolution
1848 OfofThe
revolution theLiberals.
Liberals.What
WhatWere
were The
the Political, Social
EconomicSocial
Political, IdeasAnd
Supported By The
Economic Liberals
Ideas ?
Supported By The Liberals?
The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated
middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in
Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led
to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian
Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the
creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. In Germany, for example, various political
associations comprising middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together
in Frankfurt to form an all-German National Assembly. This Frankfurt parliament drafted a constitution
for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Though such liberal
movements were ultimately suppressed by conservative forces, the old order could never be restored.
The monarchs realised that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting
concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were clearly based on democratic
ideals. Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification—a nation-state with a
written constitution and parliamentary administration. They wanted to rid society of its class-based
partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished, and economic equality had
to be pursued as a national goal. The right to property was also significant in the liberals’ concept of a
nation based on political, social and economic freedom.
11: Choose
Choose three
Three examples
Examples To to showThe
Show theContribution
contribution Of
of culture
CulturetoTo
the growth
The of nationalism
Growth Of In
The Europe.
Nationalism In Europe.
Apart from wars and territorial expansion, culture also played a crucial role in the development of
nationalism. Romanticism was a European cultural movement aimed at developing national unity by
creating a sense of shared heritage and common history. The Romantic artists’ emphasis on emotions,
intuition and mystical feelings gave shape and expression to nationalist sentiments. The strength of art
in promoting nationalism is well exemplified in the role played by European poets and artists in
mobilising public opinion to support the Greeks in their struggle to establish their national identity.
Folk songs, dances and poetry contributed to popularising the spirit of nationalism and patriotic fervour
in Europe. Collecting and recording the different forms of folk culture was important for building a
national consciousness. Being a part of the lives of the common people, folk culture enabled nationalists
to carry the message of nationalism to a large and diverse audience. The Polish composer Karol
Kurpinski celebrated and popularised the Polish nationalist struggle through his operas and music,
turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
Language also played a distinctive role in developing nationalist feelings in Europe. An example of this is
how during Russian occupation, the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against
Russian dominance. During this period, Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language
was imposed everywhere. Following the defeat of an armed rebellion against Russian rule in 1831, many
members of the clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance. They did so
by refusing to preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction. The
emphasis on the use of vernacular language, the language of the masses, helped spread the message of
national unity.
12: Through
Through A Focus
A Focus On Any
On Any TwoTwo Countries,
Countries, Explain
Explain HowHow Nations
Nations Developed
Developed Over Over The
nineteenth Century.
The Nineteenth Century.
The development of the German and Italian nation states in the nineteenth century
Political fragmentation: Till the middle of the nineteenth century, the present-day nations of Germany
and Italy were fragmented into separate regions and kingdoms ruled by different princely houses.
Revolutionary uprisings: Nineteenth-century Europe was characterised by both popular uprisings of the
masses and revolutions led by the educated, liberal middle classes. The middle classes belonging to the
different German regions came together to form an all-German National Assembly in 1848. However, on
facing opposition from the aristocracy and military, and on losing its mass support base, it was forced to
disband.
In the Italian region, during the 1830s, revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini sought to establish a
unitary Italian Republic. However, the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy.
Unification with the help of the army: After the failure of the revolutions, the process of German and
Italian unification was continued by the aristocracy and the army. Germany was united by the Prussian
chief minister Otto von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. The German
empire was proclaimed in 1871.
The Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont played a role similar to that played by Prussia. Count Camillo de
Cavour (the Chief Minister) led the movement to unite the separate states of nineteenth-century Italy
with the help of the army and an alliance with France. The regions annexed by Giuseppe Garibaldi and
his Red Shirts joined with the northern regions to form a united Italy. The Italian nation was proclaimed
in 1861. The Papal States joined in 1870.
13 : How was The History Of Nationalism In Britain Unlike The rest Of Europe ?
How Was The History Of Nationalism In Britain Unlike The Rest Of Europe?
The history of nationalism in Britain was unlike that in the rest of Europe in the sense that it was forced
down upon the masses. There was no concept of a British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The
region was in fact inhabited by different ethnic groups (English, Welsh, Scot, Irish). Each group had its
own cultural and political tradition. However, as the English state grew in terms of wealth, importance
and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other states of the islands. The English
parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy, played a crucial role in doing away with the
ethnic distinctions and uniting the different groups into a British nation-state, with England at its centre.
The ethnic nationalities were, directly or indirectly, forced to join the English state to form the United
Kingdom of Great Britain. The symbols of new Britain—the British flag, the national anthem and the
English language were widely popularised, while the distinctive identities of the other joining states
were systematically suppressed. English culture dominated the British nation, while the other states
became mere subsidiaries in the Union. Thus, nationalism in Britain did not come about as a result of
the people’s desire to unite or countrywide movements for the same, but from the decisions of the
people in power.
14: Why
Why Did Nationalist
Did Nationalist Tensions
Tensions Emerge
Emerge in Balkans?
In The The Balkans?
Nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic nationalism as
also the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over this area. The different
Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for independent rule. They were jealous of each other
and every state wanted more territory, even at the expense of others. Also, the hold of imperial power
over the Balkans made the situation worse. Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary all wanted more
control over this area. These conflicts ultimately led to the First World War in 1914.