Formulation of Link/Bar Element

• Select the displacement function

• Strain-displacement and Stress-Strain
relationship
• Formulation of element equation
• Assembly of element equation
 Exercise 2
Given:
A1, E1 A1=4×10-4m2
A2, E2
A2=2×10-4m2
Steel Aluminium F E1=200 GPa
E2=70 GPa
1m 0.5 m F=10 kN

• Determine the unknown displacements

 Exercise 3
A1, E1 A2, E2
K
F
1m
1m

• Determine the unknown displacements

Given:
A1=4×10-4m2
A2=2×10-4m2
E1=E2=200 GPa
F=5 kN
K=2000 kN/m
 Exercise 4
Given:
A1=4×10-4m2
5 kN 2 A2, E A2=2×10-4m2
3
E=200 GPa
1 A1 , E 2 Length of all links, L=1 m

5 kN 2 A2, E
4

• Determine the unknown displacement and reactions

Arbitrarily oriented elements
y

D dx C

E dy
F φ B
A
θ
O G x
Oriented Link Element
y

2𝑦, d2y
2
2𝑥 , d2x
1𝑦, d1y 2𝑥

1𝑥 θ 2𝑥
1 1𝑥 , d1x x
1𝑥
 Stiffness matrix in global coordinates

c 2
cs c 2
 cs 
 2
AE  cs s 2
 cs s 
K

L c 2
 cs c 2
cs 
 
  cs s 2 2
cs s 
 Exercise 5
5 kN
Given:
5 kN A1=2×10-4m2
2 E=200 GPa

1 2

1 3

2m

4m
Determine the unknown displacements and the reactions
 Exercise 6
Given:
A=2×10-4m2
A, E 15 kN E=200 Gpa
K=5000 kN/m

45º

A, E

K
 Exercise 7
Given:
F A1=4×10-4m2
E=200 Gpa
2 F=10 kN

A1, E 4m

1 4
A1, E A1, E
3m 3

6m
Plane of symmetry
 Conditions for symmetry
1. The load acting F along the plane is reduced to half
i.e. F/2.
2. The element between the nodes 2 and 3 will have its
cross-sectional area reduced to half.
3. The nodes 2 and 3 in the symmetric plane are
constrained in the x-direction. (In general, the nodes
on the symmetry plane are constrained from having
out-of-plane translational degrees of freedom and in-
plane rotational degrees of freedom).
 Exercise 7
F/2
2

A1/2, E
1
3

1
A1, E

2 3
Stress induced in arbitrarily oriented
bar/link in x-y plane
y

2𝑥

1𝑥 θ 2𝑥
1
x
1𝑥
Exercise 7: Determine the stresses
Given:
F A1=4×10-4m2
E=200 Gpa
2 F=10 kN

A1, E 4m

1 4
A1, E A1, E
3m 3

6m
 Formulation Methods
1. Direct method
2. Energy method
3. Weighted Residual method
4. Isoparametric formulation method
 Potential Energy Method
Principle: Of all the possible geometric shapes
that a body can assume, the true one
corresponding to stable equilibrium of the body,
is represented or identified by the minimum total
potential energy
 Total Potential Energy
Unstable
Total Potential Energy (TPE)

State

Metastable
State
Stable Equilibrium
State
Minimum TPE

Displacement
 p U 

𝜋 = 𝑈 + Ω
𝑇otal potential energy Internal energy potential energy of externally applied load
Example

K dx
F

K=500 N/m
F= 1000 N
For small displacement ' dx' , the incremental strain energy ' dU' is given as
dU  Fdx
But F  Kx
dU  Kxdx
x
1 2
U   Kxdx  Kx
0
2
   Fx...Since work done on the body is negative
1 2
 P  U    Kx  Fx
2
πP

𝑑𝜋
πP=-1000, =0
𝑑𝑥

x
 Formulation of bar/link element by
Energy Method

y C

∆y σx
D
A ∆z
∆x
εx εx+d εx
x
x-face x+∆x face
 Derivation
Displacement of x - face  Δx  ε x
Displacement of x  x - face  Δx  ε x  dε x 
Net displacement in x - direction  Δxdε x
Force on the face ABCD,
F  Stress  Area
F   x yz
We know that
P U  
 Derivation for ‘U’
For the element x  y  z
Elemental Strain energy, dU  Force  Displacement
dU   x yz  xd x
 dU   x d x dV
Total strain energy in the bar
x 
U   dU     x d x dV

 
V V  0 
x 
U    E x d x dV

 
V  0 
1 1
U   E x2 dV   x  x dV
2 V 2 V
 Derivation for ‘Ω’
1

2
 Derivation for ‘Ω’

Energy due to Energy due to concentrated

Energy due to
Surface traction nodal forces
body force

uˆ , uˆ S Displacement functions
Bˆ x Body force per unit volume

Tˆ x
Surface traction per unit area

g ix Nodal forces
 Total Potential Energy

P U 
M
1
 P  ˆ x ˆ x dV   Bˆ x uˆdV   Tˆx uˆ s dS   gˆ ix dˆix
2 V V S i 1
  ˆ  xˆ xˆ  ˆ
u  [ N ] d  1 
 L L 
d

d u  1 1  ˆ
ˆ x  
dxˆ
 
 L L 
d  [ B 
] ˆ
d

x x 
ˆ   Eˆ   [ D][ B] dˆ
Evaluation of Body Force
1

2
Evaluation of Surface Traction Force
Case (i): Uniformly distributed load
1
C

C 2
 Evaluation of Surface Traction Force
Case (ii): Triangular variation along the bar:
1

CL
2
 Evaluation of Surface Traction Force
Case (iii): Parabolic (Non-linear) variation along the bar:
1

2
 Numerical
100+5

A=2×10-4 m2
E= 200 GPa

2m

Determine the unknown displacements with

(a) One element
(b) Two elements
 Numerical
• A bar of length 3 m is suspended vertically as shown
in the figure. It is found to deform under its own
weight. Determine the unknown displacements with
(i) two elements (ii) three elements

A=2×10-4 m2
A, E
3 E= 70 GPa
ρAl=2700 kgm-3
 Exact Solution for bar element
Compare the FE and Exact Solutions for the unknown displacements:
10
A=2×10 m
-4 2

E= 200 GPa
L= 2 m 10

P( )