1. A steam power plant receives heat from a furnace at a rate of 280 GJ/h.

Heat losses to
the surrounding air from the steam as it passes through the pipes and other components
are estimated to be about 8 GJ/h. If the waste heat is transferred to the cooling water at
a rate of 145 GJ/h, determine (a) net power output and (b) the thermal efficiency of this

Ans. The total heat rejected by this power plant is

QL = 145 + 8 = 153 GJ/h
net power output of the plant
Wnet,out = QH −QL = 280 −153 = 127 GJ/h = 35.3 MW
The thermal efficiency of the plant
𝑊net, ou 127
𝜂 = = = 0.454 = 45.4 %
𝑄𝐻 280

2. An automobile engine consumes fuel at a rate of 28

L/h and delivers 60 kW of power to the wheels. If the
fuel has a heating value of 44,000 kJ/kg and a density of
0.8 g/cm3, determine the efficiency of this engine.

Ans. Heating value of the fuel= 44,000 kJ/kg

The mass consumption rate of the fuel,

mfuel = (ρ.V&)fuel = (0.8 kg/L)(28 L/h) = 22.4 kg/h

The rate of heat supply to the car

QH = mfuel. CV = (22.4 kg/h)(44,000 kJ/kg) = 985,600 kJ/h

= 273.78 kW

Thermal efficiency of the car

𝑊net, ou 60 𝑘𝑊
𝜂 = = = 0.219 = 21.9 %
𝑄𝐻 273.78 𝑘𝑊
3. An air conditioner removes heat steadily from a house at a
rate of 750 kJ/min while drawing electric power at a rate of 6
kW. Determine (a) the COP of this air conditioner and (b) the
rate of heat transfer to the outside air.

Ans.
𝑄𝐿 750 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = = 2.08
𝑊net, in 6 𝑘𝑊 𝑥 60
Rate of heat discharge to the outside air

QH = QL +Wnet,in = (750 kJ/min)+ (6× 60 kJ/min) = 1110 kJ/min

4. A household refrigerator that has a power input of 450 W and a

COP of 2.5 is to cool five large watermelons, 10 kg each, to 8°C. If
the watermelons are initially at 20°C, determine how long it will
take for the refrigerator to cool them. The watermelons can be
treated as water whose specific heat is 4.2 kJ/kg · °C. Is your answer
realistic or optimistic? Explain.

Ans.
Specific heat of watermelons, c = 4.2 kJ/kg.oC.

The total amount of heat that needs to be removed from the watermelons

QL = (mcΔT )watermelons = 5× (10 kg)(4.2 kJ/kg.oC)(20 − 8)oC = 2520 kJ

The rate at which refrigerator removes heat

𝑄̇ = (COPR )(Wnet,in )= (2.5)(0.45 kW) = 1.125 kW

The time required to remove 2520 kJ of heat

𝑄 2520 𝑘𝐽
∆𝑡 = = = 2240 𝑠 = 37.3 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑄̇ 1.125 𝑘𝐽/𝑠

Optimistic since heat gain of the refrigerator through its walls, door, etc. is neglected

5. A Carnot heat engine receives 650 kJ of heat from a source of

unknown temperature and rejects 250 kJ of it to a sink at 24°C.
Determine (a) the temperature of the source and (b) the thermal
efficiency of the heat engine.

Ans.
For reversible cyclic devices, =
𝑇 = 𝑇 = 297 𝑥 650/250 = 772.2 K

The thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine

ηth = 1 - =1- .
= 61.5 %

6. A heat engine operates between a source at 550°C and a sink at

25°C. If heat is supplied to the heat engine at a steady rate of 1200
kJ/min, determine the maximum power output of this heat engine.

Ans.
The highest thermal efficiency a heat engine operating between two
specified temperature limits can have is the Carnot efficiency

ηth, max = ηcarnot = 1 - =1- = 63.8 %

Maximum power output of this heat engine

Wnet,out =ηth.QH = (0.638)(1200 kJ/min) = 765.6 kJ/min = 12.8 kW

6-18: A steam power plant receives heat from a furnace at a rate of 280 GJ/h. Heat
losses to the surrounding air from the steam as it passes through the pipes and other
components are estimated to be about 8 GJ/h. If the waste heat is transferred to the
cooling water at a rate of 145 GJ/h, determine (a) net power output and (b) the
thermal efficiency of this power plant.

Answer: The rates of heat supply and heat rejection of a power plant are given.
The power output and the thermal efficiency of this power plant are to be
determined.

Assumptions 1 : The plant operates steadily.

2: Heat losses from the working fluid at the pipes and other
components are taken into consideration.

Analysis (a) The total heat rejected by this power plant is

𝑄̇ = 145 + 8 =153 GJ/h

Then the net power output of the plant becomes

𝑊̇ , = 𝑄̇ − 𝑄̇ = 280 – 153 = 127 GJ/h = 35.3 MW

(b) The thermal efficiency of the plant is determined from its definition,
̇ ,
ƞℎ= ̇
= 127/280 = 0.454 = 45.4 %
6–21: An automobile engine consumes fuel at a rate of 28 L/h and delivers 60 kW
of power to the wheels. If the fuel has a heating value of 44,000 kJ/kg and a
density of 0.8 g/cm3 , determine the efficiency of this engine.

Answer : The power output and fuel consumption rate of a car engine are given.
The thermal efficiency of the engine is to be determined.

Assumptions The car operates steadily.

Properties The heating value of the fuel is given to be 44,000 kJ/kg.

Analysis The mass consumption rate of the fuel is

𝑚̇ = (𝜌𝑉̇ ) = (.8 Kg/L)(28L/h) = 22.4 kg/h

The rate of heat supply to the car is

𝑄̇ = 𝑚̇ 𝑢 = (22.4 kg/h)(44000 kJ/kg) = 985600 kJ/h = 273.78 kW

Then the thermal efficiency of the car becomes

̇ ,
ƞℎ= ̇
= = 0.219 = 21.9%
.
6–40: An air conditioner removes heat steadily from a house at a rate of 750
kJ/min while drawing electric power at a rate of 6 kW. Determine (a) the COP of
this air conditioner and (b) the rate of heat transfer to the outside air.

Answer: The power consumption and the cooling rate of an air conditioner are
given. The COP and the rate of heat rejection are to be determined.

Assumptions The air conditioner operates steadily.

Analysis (a) The coefficient of performance of the air-conditioner (or

refrigerator) is determined from its definition,

𝑄̇ 750 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑘𝑊
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = ∗ = 2.08
𝑊̇ , 6 𝑘𝑊 60 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛

(b) The rate of heat discharge to the outside air is determined from the energy
balance,

𝑄̇ = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ , = (750 kJ/min) + (6× 60 kJ/min) = 1110 kJ/min

6–43: A household refrigerator that has a power input of 450 W and a COP of 2.5
is to cool five large watermelons, 10 kg each, to 8°C. If the watermelons are
initially at 20°C, determine how long it will take for the refrigerator to cool them.
The watermelons can be treated as water whose specific heat is 4.2 kJ/kg · °C. Is
your answer realistic or optimistic? Explain.

Answer: The COP and the power consumption of a refrigerator are given. The
time it will take to cool 5 watermelons is to be determined.

Assumptions 1 The refrigerator operates steadily. 2 The heat gain of the

refrigerator through its walls, door, etc. is negligible. 3 The watermelons are the
only items in the refrigerator to be cooled.

Properties The specific heat of watermelons is given to be c = 4.2 kJ/kg.°C.

Analysis The total amount of heat that needs to be removed from the
watermelons is

𝑄 = (𝑚𝑐∆𝑇) = 5 ∗ (10𝑘𝑔) 4.2 . °𝐶 (20 − 8)℃ = 2520 𝑘𝐽

The rate at which this refrigerator removes heat is

𝑄̇ = (𝐶𝑂𝑃 ) 𝑊̇ , = (2.5)(. 45𝑘𝑊 ) = 1.125 𝑘𝑊

That is, this refrigerator can remove 1.125 kJ of heat per second. Thus the time
required to remove 2520 kJ of heat is

∆𝑡 = ̇
= = 2240 𝑠 = 37.3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
. /

This answer is optimistic since the refrigerated space will gain some heat during
this process from the surrounding air, which will increase the work load. Thus, in
reality, it will take longer to cool the watermelons.
6–72: A Carnot heat engine receives 650 kJ of heat from a source of unknown
temperature and rejects 250 kJ of it to a sink at 24°C. Determine (a) the
temperature of the source and (b) the thermal efficiency of the heat engine.

Answer: The sink temperature of a Carnot heat engine and the rates of heat supply
and heat rejection are given. The source temperature and the thermal efficiency of
the engine are to be determined.

Assumptions The Carnot heat engine operates steadily.

Analysis (a) For reversible cyclic devices we have =

Thus the temperature of the source 𝑇 must be

𝑇 = 𝑇 = ∗ 297 𝐾 = 772.2 𝐾

(b) The thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine depends on the source and the
sink temperatures only, and is determined from

ƞ ℎ,
=1− =1− = 0.615 𝑜𝑟 61.5%
.
 6–73: A heat engine operates between a source at 550°C and a sink at 25°C. If
heat is supplied to the heat engine at a steady rate of 1200 kJ/min, determine the
maximum power output of this heat engine.

Answer: The source and sink temperatures of a heat engine and the rate of heat
supply are given. The maximum possible power output of this engine is to be
determined.

Assumptions The heat engine operates steadily.

Analysis The highest thermal efficiency a heat engine operating between two
specified temperature limits can have is the Carnot efficiency, which is determined
from

Ƞ ℎ,
= ƞ ℎ,
= 1− = 1− = 0.638 𝑜𝑟 63.8%

Then the maximum power output of this heat engine is determined from the
definition of thermal efficiency to be

𝑊̇ , = 𝜂 ℎ 𝑄̇ = ( 0.638 ) (1200 kJ/min) = 765.6 kJ/min = 12.8 kW

6–28 A coal-burning steam power plant produces a net power of 300 MW with an
overall thermal efficiency of 32 percent. The actual gravimetric air–fuel ratio in the
furnace is calculated to be 12 kg air/kg fuel. The heating value of the coal is 28,000
kJ/kg. Determine (a) the amount of coal consumed during a 24-hour period and (b)
the rate of air flowing through the furnace.

Answer: A coal-burning power plant produces 300 MW of power. The amount of

coal consumed during a one day period and the rate of air flowing through the
furnace are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 The power plant operates steadily. 2 The kinetic and potential
energy changes are zero.

Properties: The heating value of the coal is given to be 28,000 kJ/kg.

Analysis (a) The rate and the amount of heat inputs to the power plant are
̇
𝑄̇ = ,
= = 937.5𝑀𝑊
ղ .

𝑄 = 𝑄̇ ∆𝑡 = 937.5 (24 ∗ 3600 𝑠) = 8.1 ∗ 10 𝑀𝐽

The amount and rate of coal consumed during this period are
. ∗
𝑚 = = = 2.893 ∗ 10 𝑘𝑔
/

. ∗
𝑚̇ = = = 33.48𝑘𝑔/𝑠
∆ ∗

(b) Noting that the air-fuel ratio is 12, the rate of air flowing through the furnace is

𝑚̇ = (𝐴𝐹)𝑚̇ = (12 kg air/kg fuel)(33.48 kg/s) = 401.8 kg/s

6–41 A household refrigerator runs one-fourth of the time and removes heat from
the food compartment at an average rate of 800 kJ/h. If the COP of the refrigerator
is 2.2, determine the power the refrigerator draws when running.

Answer: The COP and the refrigeration rate of a refrigerator are given. The power
consumption of the refrigerator is to be determined.

Assumptions The refrigerator operates steadily.

Analysis Since the refrigerator runs one-fourth of the time and removes heat from
the food compartment at an average rate of 800 kJ/h, the refrigerator removes heat
at a rate of

𝑄̇ = 4× (800 kJ/h) = 3200 kJ/h

when running. Thus the power the refrigerator draws when it is running is
̇ /
𝑊̇ , = = = = 0.40𝑘𝑊
.
6–44 When a man returns to his well-sealed house on a summer day, he finds that
the house is at 32°C. He turns on the air conditioner, which cools the entire house
to 20°C in 15 min. If the COP of the air-conditioning system is 2.5, determine the
power drawn by the air conditioner. Assume the entire mass within the house is
equivalent to 800 kg of air for which cv 0.72 kJ/kg · °C and cp 1.0 kJ/kg · °C.

Answer: An air conditioner with a known COP cools a house to desired

temperature in 15 min. The power consumption of the air conditioner is to be
determined.

Assumptions 1 The air conditioner operates steadily. 2 The house is well-sealed so

that no air leaks in or out during cooling. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant
specific heats at room temperature.

Properties The constant volume specific heat of air is given to be cv = 0.72

kJ/kg.°C.

Analysis Since the house is well-sealed (constant volume), the total amount of heat
that needs to be removed from the house is

𝑄 = (𝑚𝑐 ∆𝑇) = (800 kg)(0.72 kJ/kg.℃)(32 − 20)℃ =6912 kJ

This heat is removed in 15 minutes. Thus the average rate of heat removal from the
house is
𝑄 6912𝑘𝐽
𝑄̇ = = = 7.68𝑘𝑊
∆𝑡 15 ∗ 60𝑠
Using the definition of the coefficient of performance, the power input to the air-
conditioner is determined to be
 ̇ .
𝑊̇ , = = = 3.07𝑘𝑊
.

6–46 Determine the COP of a refrigerator that removes heat from the food
compartment at a rate of 5040 kJ/h for each kW of power it consumes. Also,
determine the rate of heat rejection to the outside air.

Answer: The heat removal rate of a refrigerator per kW of power it consumes is

given. The COP and the rate of heat rejection are to be determined.

Assumptions The refrigerator operates steadily.

Analysis The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is determined from its

definition,
̇ /
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = ̇
= = 1.4
, /

The rate of heat rejection to the surrounding air, per kW of power consumed, is
determined from the energy balance,

𝑄̇ = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ , = (5040 kJ/h) + (1× 3600 kJ/h = 8640 kJ/h

6–48 A house that was heated by electric resistance heaters consumed 1200 kWh
of electric energy in a winter month. If this house were heated instead by a heat
pump that has an average COP of 2.4, determine how much money the home
owner would have saved that month. Assume a price of 8.5¢/kWh for electricity.

Answer: A house is heated by resistance heaters, and the amount of electricity

consumed during a winter month is given. The amount of money that would be
saved if this house were heated by a heat pump with a known COP is to be
determined.

Assumptions The heat pump operates steadily.

Analysis The amount of heat the resistance heaters supply to the house is equal to
he amount of electricity they consume. Therefore, to achieve the same heating
effect, the house must be supplied with 1200 kWh of energy. A heat pump that
supplied this much heat will consume electrical power in the amount of

𝑄̇ 1200𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑊̇ , = = = 500𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝐶𝑂𝑃 2.4
which represent a savings of 1200 – 500 = 700 kWh. Thus the homeowner would
have saved

(700 kWh)(0.085 $/kWh) = $59.50

6–51 A heat pump is used to maintain a house at a constant temperature of 23°C.
The house is losing heat to the outside air through the walls and the windows at a
rate of 60,000 kJ/h while the energy generated within the house from people,
lights, and appliances amounts to 4000 kJ/h. For a COP of 2.5, determine the
required power input to the heat pump.

Answer: The rate of heat loss, the rate of internal heat gain, and the COP of a heat
pump are given. The power input to the heat pump is to be determined.

Assumptions The heat pump operates steadily.

Analysis The heating load of this heat pump system is the difference between the
heat lost to the outdoors and the heat generated in the house from the people,
lights, and appliances,

𝑄̇ = 60,000- 4,000 = 56,000 kJ/h

Using the definition of COP, the power input to the heat pump is determined to be

𝑄̇ 56000𝑘𝐽/ℎ 1𝑘𝑊
𝑊̇ , = = = 6.22𝑘𝑊
𝐶𝑂𝑃 2.5 3600𝑘𝐽/ℎ
6–53 Consider a building whose annual air-conditioning load is estimated to be
120,000 kWh in an area where the unit cost of electricity is $0.10/kWh. Two air
conditioners are considered for the building. Air conditioner A has a seasonal
average COP of 3.2 and costs $5500 to purchase and install. Air conditioner B has
a seasonal average COP of 5.0 and costs $7000 to purchase and install. All else
being equal, determine which air conditioner is a better buy.

Answer: A decision is to be made between a cheaper but inefficient air-

conditioner and an expensive but efficient air-conditioner for a building. The better
buy is to be determined.

Assumptions The two air conditioners are comparable in all aspects other than the
initial cost and the efficiency.

Analysis The unit that will cost less during its lifetime is a better buy. The total
cost of a system during its lifetime (the initial, operation, maintenance, etc.) can be
determined by performing a life cycle cost analysis. A simpler alternative is to
determine the simple payback period. The energy and cost savings of the more
efficient air conditioner in this case is

Energy savings = (Annual energy usage of A) - (Annual energy usage of B)

= (Annual cooling load)(1/𝐶𝑂𝑃 − 1/ 𝐶𝑂𝑃 )

= (120,000 kWh/year)(1/3.2 - 1/ 5.0)

= 13,500 kWh/year

Cost savings = (Energy savings)(Unit cost of energy)

= (13,500 kWh/year)($0.10/kWh) = $1350/year

The installation cost difference between the two air-conditioners is

 Cost difference = Cost of B – cost of A = 7000 – 5500 = $1500

Therefore, the more efficient air-conditioner B will pay for the $1500 cost
differential in this case in about 1 year.

Discussion A cost conscious consumer will have no difficulty in deciding that the
more expensive but more efficient air-conditioner B is clearly the better buy in this
case since air conditioners last at least 15 years. But the decision would not be so
easy if the unit cost of electricity at that location was much less than $0.10/kWh, or
if the annual air-conditioning load of the house was much less than 120,000 kWh.

6–77 An innovative way of power generation involves the utilization of geothermal

energy—the energy of hot water that exists naturally underground—as the heat
source. If a supply of hot water at 140°C is discovered at a location where the
environmental temperature is 20°C, determine the maximum thermal efficiency a
geothermal power plant built at that location can have.

Answer: The source and sink temperatures of a geothermal power plant are given.
The maximum thermal efficiency is to be determined.

Assumptions The power plant operates steadily.

Analysis The highest thermal efficiency a heat engine operating between two
specified temperature limits can have is the Carnot efficiency, which is determined
from

ղ , =ղ , =1− =1− = 0.291 𝑜𝑟 29.1%

6–78 An inventor claims to have developed a heat engine that receives 700 kJ of
heat from a source at 500 K and produces 300 kJ of net work while rejecting the
waste heat to a sink at 290 K. Is this a reasonable claim? Why?

Answer: An inventor claims to have developed a heat engine. The inventor reports
temperature, heat transfer, and work output measurements. The claim is to be
evaluated.

Analysis The highest thermal efficiency a heat engine operating between two
specified temperature limits can have is the Carnot efficiency, which is determined
from
𝑇 290𝐾
ղ , =ղ , =1− =1− = 0.42 𝑜𝑟 42%
𝑇 500𝐾

The actual thermal efficiency of the heat engine in question is

ƞ = = = 0.429 𝑜𝑟 42.9%

which is greater than the maximum possible thermal efficiency. Therefore, this
heat engine is a PMM2 and the claim is false.
6–80 A geothermal power plant uses geothermal water extracted at 160°C at a rate
of 440 kg/s as the heat source and produces 22 MW of net power. If the
environment temperature is 25°C, determine (a) the actual thermal efficiency, (b)
the maximum possible thermal efficiency, and (c) the actual rate of heat rejection
from this power plant.

Answer: A geothermal power plant uses geothermal liquid water at 160ºC at a

specified rate as the heat source. The actual and maximum possible thermal
efficiencies and the rate of heat rejected from this power plant are to be
determined.

Assumptions 1 The power plant operates steadily. 2 The kinetic and potential
energy changes are zero. 3 Steam properties are used for geothermal water.

Properties Using saturated liquid properties, the source and the sink state
enthalpies of geothermal water are

𝑇 = 160℃

𝑥 =0

ℎ = 675.47 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑇 = 25℃

𝑥 =0

ℎ = 104.83 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Analysis (a) The rate of heat input to the plant may be taken as the enthalpy
difference between the source and the sink for the power plant

𝑄̇ = 𝑚̇ (ℎ − ℎ ) = (440 kg/s)(675.47 −104.83) kJ/kg =

251,083 kW

The actual thermal efficiency is

̇ ,
ƞ = ̇
= = 0.0876 = 8.8%
.
(b) The maximum thermal efficiency is the thermal efficiency of a reversible heat
engine operating between the source and sink temperatures
𝑇 (25 + 273)𝐾
ղ , = 1− =1− = 0.312 𝑜𝑟 31.2%
𝑇 (160 + 273)𝐾

(c) Finally, the rate of heat rejection is

𝑄̇ = 𝑄̇ − 𝑊̇ , = 251.1 − 22 = 229.1 MW

6–86 A Carnot refrigerator operates in a room in which the temperature is 22°C

and consumes 2 kW of power when operating. If the food compartment of the
refrigerator is to be maintained at 3°C, determine the rate of heat removal from the
food compartment.

Answer: The refrigerated space and the environment temperatures of a Carnot

refrigerator and the power consumption are given. The rate of heat removal from
the refrigerated space is to be determined.

Assumptions The Carnot refrigerator operates steadily.

Analysis The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator depends on the

temperature limits in the cycle only, and is determ1ined from

𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = = = 14.5

The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space is determined from the
definition of the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator,

𝑄̇ = 𝐶𝑂𝑃 𝑊̇ , = (14.5)(2 kW) = 29.0 kW = 1740 kJ/min

6–87 A refrigerator is to remove heat from the cooled space at a rate of 300 kJ/min
to maintain its temperature at 8°C. If the air surrounding the refrigerator is at 25°C,
determine the minimum power input required for this refrigerator.

Answer: The refrigerated space and the environment temperatures for a

refrigerator and the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space are given. The
minimum power input required is to be determined.

Assumptions The refrigerator operates steadily.

Analysis The power input to a refrigerator will be a minimum when the

refrigerator operates in a reversible manner. The coefficient of performance of a
reversible refrigerator depends on the temperature limits in the cycle only, and is
determined from
1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = = = 8.03
𝑇 298𝐾
−1 −1
𝑇 265𝐾
The power input to this refrigerator is determined from the definition of the
coefficient of performance of a refrigerator,

𝑄̇ 300𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛 37.36𝑘𝐽
𝑊̇ , , = = = = 0.623𝑘𝑊
𝐶𝑂𝑃 , 8.03 𝑚𝑖𝑛
6–91 An inventor claims to have developed a refrigeration system that removes
heat from the closed region at -12°C and transfers it to the surrounding air at 25°C
while maintaining a COP of 6.5. Is this claim reasonable? Why?

Answer: An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator. The inventor reports

temperature and COP measurements. The claim is to be evaluated.

Analysis The highest coefficient of performance a refrigerator can have when

removing heat from a cool medium at -12°C to a warmer medium at 25°C is
1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = 𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = = = 7.1
𝑇 298𝐾
−1 −1
𝑇 261𝐾
The COP claimed by the inventor is 6.5, which is below this maximum value, thus
the claim is reasonable. However, it is not probable.

6–92 During an experiment conducted in a room at 25°C, a laboratory assistant

measures that a refrigerator that draws 2 kW of power has removed 30,000 kJ of
heat from the refrigerated space, which is maintained at -30°C. The running time of
the refrigerator during the experiment was 20 min. Determine if these
measurements are reasonable.
Answer: An experimentalist claims to have developed a refrigerator. The
experimentalist reports temperature, heat transfer, and work input measurements.
The claim is to be evaluated.

Analysis The highest coefficient of performance a refrigerator can have when

removing heat from a cool medium at -30°C to a warmer medium at 25°C is
1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = 𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = = = 4.42
𝑇 298𝐾
−1 −1
𝑇 243𝐾
The work consumed by the actual refrigerator during this experiment is

𝑊 , = 𝑊̇ , ∆𝑡 = (2 kJ/s) (20*60 s) = 2400 kJ

Then the coefficient of performance of this refrigerator becomes

𝑄 30000𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = = 12.5
𝑊 , 2400𝑘𝐽

which is above the maximum value. Therefore, these measurements are not
reasonable.

6–95 A heat pump is used to maintain a house at 22°C by extracting heat from the
outside air on a day when the outside air temperature is 2°C. The house is
estimated to lose heat at a rate of 110,000 kJ/h, and the heat pump consumes 5 kW
of electric power when running. Is this heat pump powerful enough to do the job?
Answer: A heat pump maintains a house at a specified temperature. The rate of
heat loss of the house and the power consumption of the heat pump are given. It is
to be determined if this heat pump can do the job.

Assumptions The heat pump operates steadily.

Analysis The power input to a heat pump will be a minimum when the heat pump
operates in a reversible manner. The coefficient of performance of a reversible heat
pump depends on the temperature limits in the cycle only, and is determined from
1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = = = 14.75
𝑇 2 + 273𝐾
1− 1−
𝑇 22 + 273𝐾
The required power input to this reversible heat pump is determined from the
definition of the coefficient of performance to be
𝑄̇ 110000𝑘𝐽/ℎ 1ℎ
̇
𝑊 , , = = = 2.07𝑘𝑊
𝐶𝑂𝑃 14.75 3600𝑠
This heat pump is powerful enough since 5 kW > 2.07 kW.
6–96 The structure of a house is such that it loses heat at a rate of 5400 kJ/h per °C
difference between the indoors and outdoors. A heat pump that requires a power
input of 6 kW is used to maintain this house at 21°C. Determine the lowest outdoor
temperature for which the heat pump can meet the heating requirements of this
house.

Answer: A heat pump that consumes 5-kW of power when operating maintains a
house at a specified temperature. The house is losing heat in proportion to the
temperature difference between the indoors and the outdoors. The lowest outdoor
temperature for which this heat pump can do the job is to be determined.

Assumptions The heat pump operates steadily.

Analysis Denoting the outdoor temperature by TL, the heating load of this house
can be expressed as

𝑄̇ = (5400 𝑘𝐽/ℎ ⋅ 𝐾) (294 − 𝑇 ) = (1.5 𝑘𝑊/𝐾)(294 − 𝑇 )𝐾

The coefficient of performance of a Carnot heat pump depends on the temperature

limits in the cycle only, and can be expressed as
1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = =
𝑇 𝑇
1− 1−
𝑇 294𝐾
Or,as
.
̇ ( )( )
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = ̇
=
,

Equating the two relations above and solving for TL, we obtain

𝑇 = 259.7 K = -13.3°C
6–97 The performance of a heat pump degrades (i.e., its COP decreases) as the
temperature of the heat source decreases. This makes using heat pumps at locations
with severe weather conditions unattractive. Consider a house that is heated and
maintained at 20°C by a heat pump during the winter. What is the maximum COP
for this heat pump if heat is extracted from the outdoor air at (a) 10°C,
(b) -5°C, and (c) -30°C?

Answer: A heat pump maintains a house at a specified temperature in winter. The

maximum COPs of the heat pump for different outdoor temperatures are to be
determined.

Analysis The coefficient of performance of a heat pump will be a maximum when

the heat pump operates in a reversible manner. The coefficient of performance of a
reversible heat pump depends on the temperature limits in the cycle only, and is
determined for all three cases above to be

1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = = = 29.3
𝑇 10 + 273𝐾
1− 1−
𝑇 20 + 273𝐾
1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = = = 11.7
𝑇 −5 + 273𝐾
1− 1−
𝑇 20 + 273𝐾
1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = = = 5.86
𝑇 −30 + 273𝐾
1− 1−
𝑇 20 + 273𝐾
6–99 A Carnot heat pump is to be used to heat a house and maintain it at 20°C in
winter. On a day when the average outdoor temperature remains at about 2°C, the
house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 82,000 kJ/h. If the heat pump consumes
8 kW of power while operating, determine (a) how long the heat pump ran on that
day; (b) the total heating costs, assuming an average price of 8.5¢/kWh for
electricity; and (c) the heating cost for the same day if resistance heating is used
instead of a heat pump.

Answer: A Carnot heat pump consumes 8-kW of power when operating, and
maintains a house at a specified temperature. The average rate of heat loss of the
house in a particular day is given. The actual running time of the heat pump that
day, the heating cost, and the cost if resistance heating is used instead are to be
determined.

Analysis (a) The coefficient of performance of this Carnot heat pump depends on
the temperature limits in the cycle only, and is determined from
1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = = = 16.3
𝑇 2 + 273𝐾
1− 1−
𝑇 20 + 273𝐾
The amount of heat the house lost that day is

𝑄 = 𝑄̇ (1 day) = (82,000 kJ/h)(24 h) = 1,968,000 kJ

Then the required work input to this Carnot heat pump is determined from the
definition of the coefficient of performance to be
 𝑄 1968000𝑘𝐽
𝑊 , = = = 120736𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑂𝑃 16.3

Thus the length of time the heat pump ran that day is
𝑊 , 120736𝑘𝐽
∆𝑡 = = = 15092 𝑠 = 4.19 ℎ
𝑊̇ , 8𝑘𝐽/𝑠

(b) The total heating cost that day is

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑊 × 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = (𝑊̇ , × ∆𝑡)(𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒) =(8 kW)(4.19 h)(0.085 $/kWh) = $2.85

(c) If resistance heating were used, the entire heating load for that day would have
to be met by electrical energy. Therefore, the heating system would consume
1,968,000 kJ of electricity that would cost

1𝑘𝑊ℎ 0.085$
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑄 ∗ 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = (1968000𝑘𝐽) = $46.47
3600𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑊ℎ
6–100 A Carnot heat engine receives heat from a reservoir at 900°C at a rate of
800 kJ/min and rejects the waste heat to the ambient air at 27°C. The entire work
output of the heat engine is used to drive a refrigerator that removes heat from the
refrigerated space at -5°C and transfers it to the same ambient air at 27°C.
Determine (a) the maximum rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and
(b) the total rate of heat rejection to the ambient air.

Answer: A Carnot heat engine is used to drive a Carnot refrigerator. The

maximum rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the total rate of heat
rejection to the ambient air are to be determined.

Assumptions The heat engine and the refrigerator operate steadily.

Analysis (a) The highest thermal efficiency a heat engine operating between two
specified temperature limits can have is the Carnot efficiency, which is determined
from
𝑇 300𝑘
ղ , =ղ , =1− = 1− = 0.744
𝑇 1173𝑘
Then the maximum power output of this heat engine is determined from the
definition of thermal efficiency to be

𝑊̇ , = 𝜂 𝑄̇ = (.744) (800 kJ/min)= 595.2 kJ/min

which is also the power input to the refrigerator, 𝑊̇ , .

The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space will be a maximum if a Carnot
refrigerator is used. The COP of the Carnot refrigerator is
1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 , = = = 8.37
𝑇 27 + 273𝐾
−1 −1
𝑇 −5 + 273𝐾
Then the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space becomes

𝑄̇ , = (𝐶𝑂𝑃 , )(𝑊̇ , ) = (8.37) (595.2 kJ/min) = 4982 kJ/min

(b) The total rate of heat rejection to the ambient air is the sum of the heat rejected
by the heat engine ( 𝑄̇ , ) and the heat discarded by the refrigerator ( 𝑄̇ , ),

𝑄̇ , = 𝑄̇ , − 𝑊̇ , = 800 − 595.2 = 204.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑄̇ , = 𝑄̇ , + 𝑊̇ , = 4982 + 595.2 = 5577.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛

And

𝑄̇ = 𝑄̇ , + 𝑄̇ , = 204.8 + 5577.2 = 5782 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛