ME2013D – THERMODYNAMICS

PRACTICE PROBLEMS – Module: 1

1. Water is being heated in a closed pan on top of a range while being stirred by a paddle
wheel. During the process, 30 kJ of heat is transferred to the water, and 5 kJ of heat is
lost to the surrounding air. The paddle-wheel work amounts to 500 N · m. Determine
the final energy of the system if its initial energy is 10 kJ.

Ein – Eout = ΔE
(Qin + Win) – (Qout + Wout) = Efinal – Einitial
Qin = 30kJ
Qout = 5 kJ
Win = 500 J = 0.5 kJ
Wout = 0
Einitial = 10 kJ

(30 + 0.5) – (5 + 0) = Efinal – 10

Efinal = 35.5 kJ

Or

Q – W = ΔE = Efinal – Einitial
Q = (+30) + (-5) = +25 kJ
W = -500 J = -0.5 kJ
25 – (-0.5) = Efinal – 10
Efinal = 35.5 kJ

2. A classroom that normally contains 40 people is to be air-conditioned with window air-

conditioning units of 5-kW cooling capacity. A person at rest may be assumed to
dissipate heat at a rate of about 360 kJ/h. There are 10 lightbulbs in the room, each with
a rating of 100 W. The rate of heat transfer to the classroom through the walls and the
windows is estimated to be 15,000 kJ/h. If the room air is to be maintained at a constant
temperature of 21°C, determine the number of window air-conditioning units required.

Assumptions There are no heat dissipating equipment (such as computers, TVs, or

ranges) in the room.
Total cooling load of the room, Qcooling = Qlights + Qpeople + Qheat gain from outside
Qlights = 10 x 100W = 1 kW
Qpeople = 40 x 360 kJ/h = 40 x 360 x (1/3600) = 4 kW
Qheat gain from outside = 15,000 kJ/h = 4.17 kW
Qcooling = 1 + 4 + 4.17 = 9.17 kW

Cooling capacity of one A/c, QA/c = 5 kW

Qcooling = N x QA/c

Number of A/c required = 9.17/5 = 1.83

Hence a minimum of TWO air conditioning units are required to maintain the temperature.

3. A water pump that consumes 2 kW of electric power when operating is claimed to take
in water from a lake and pump it to a pool whose free surface is 30 m above the free
surface of the lake at a rate of 50 L/s. Determine if this claim is reasonable.

Power consumed by Pump = 2 kW

Assumption: 100% efficiency for pump and motor
Power consumed by pump is used to raise the energy of the fluid
Power required to pump fluid to the pool = mgz
Mass flow rate of water, m = density x volume flow rate
= 1000 x 50 x 10-3 = 50 kg/s
The height to which water is lifted , z = 30 m

Power required to pump fluid to the pool = 50 x 9.81 x 30

= 14.715 kW

Since the power input to the pump is less than 14.715 kW the claim is wrong

4. The driving force for fluid flow is the pressure difference, and a pump operates by
raising the pressure of a fluid (by converting the mechanical shaft work to flow energy).
A gasoline pump is measured to consume 5.2 kW of electric power when operating. If
the pressure differential between the outlet and inlet of the pump is measured to be 5
kPa and the changes in velocity and elevation are negligible, determine the maximum
possible volume flow rate of gasoline.

.
Assumptions 1 The gasoline pump operates steadily. 2 The changes in kinetic and potential
energies across the pump are negligible. 3. 100% efficiency for pump and motor. 4. No heat
transfer 5. Temperature fluid is constant between inlet and exit. 6. Fluid is incompressible

Control volume encloses the pump-motor unit

Ein = Eout
Win + Qin + min(uin + Pinvin + kein + pein) = Wout + Qout + mout(uout + Poutvout + keout + peout)

Win + Qin + min(uin + Pinvin) = Wout + Qout + mout(uout + Poutvout)

Win + min (Pinvin) = mout (Poutvout)

m (Poutvout - Pinvin ) = Win
mv (Pout - Pin ) = Win

V(Pout - Pin ) = Win

Volume flow rate = Win / (Pout - Pin )
Pressure difference between inlet and exit, (Pout - Pin ) = 5 kPa = 5000 Pa
Power input , Win = 5.2 kW

Volume flow rate = 5200 / 5000 = 1.04 m3/s

5. A 75-hp (shaft output) motor that has an efficiency of 91.0 percent is worn out and is
to be replaced by a high efficiency motor that has an efficiency of 95.4 percent. The
motor operates 4368 hours a year at a load factor of 0.75. Taking the cost of electricity
to be $0.08/kWh, determine the amount of energy and money saved as a result of
installing the high-efficiency motor instead of the standard motor. Also, determine the
simple payback period if the purchase prices of the standard and high-efficiency motors
are $5449 and $5520, respectively.

6. A glycerin pump is powered by a 5-kW electric motor. The pressure differential

between the outlet and the inlet of the pump at full load is measured to be 211 kPa. If
the flow rate through the pump is 18 L/s and the changes in elevation and the flow
velocity across the pump are negligible, the overall efficiency of the pump is?

7. The pump of a water distribution system is powered by a 15-kW electric motor whose
efficiency is 90 percent. The water flow rate through the pump is 50 L/s. The diameters
of the inlet and outlet pipes are the same, and the elevation difference across the pump
is negligible. If the pressures at the inlet and outlet of the pump are measured to be 100
kPa and 300 kPa (absolute), respectively, determine the mechanical efficiency of the
pump.

Efficiency of electric motor, ηmotor = 0.9

Electric power consumer, Pelectric = 𝑊 ̇ = 15 kW
Mechanical power available to the motor , Pmech = 𝑊 ̇ = ηmotorx 𝑊 ̇
= 0.9 x 15 = 13.5 kW
Energy balance for the pump
Ein = Eout
Win + Qin + min(uin + Pinvin + kein + pein) = Wout + Qout + mout(uout + Poutvout + keout + peout)

Win + Qin + min(uin + Pinvin) = Wout + Qout + mout(uout + Poutvout) + Elost

Win + min (Pinvin) = mout (Poutvout) + Elost

m (Poutvout - Pinvin ) + Elost = Win

V(Pout - Pin ) + Elost = Wmech

Hydraulic energy gained by fluid + Energy lost = Mechanical Enegry input to Pump
Hydraulic energy gained by fluid = V(Pout - Pin ) = 50 x 10-3 x (300x103 – 100x103)
= 10 kW

Efficiency of Pump, ηmotor = =

= 10/13.5 = 0.7407 = 74.07 %

8. An oil pump is drawing 35 kW of electric power while pumping oil with density of 860
kg/m3 at a rate of 0.1 m3/s. The inlet and outlet diameters of the pipe are 8 cm and 12
cm, respectively. If the pressure rise of oil in the pump is measured to be 400 kPa and
the motor efficiency is 90 percent, determine the mechanical efficiency of the pump.

9. In a hydroelectric power plant, 100 m3/s of water flows from an elevation of 120 m to
a turbine, where electric power is generated. The overall efficiency of the turbine–
generator is 80 percent. Disregarding frictional losses in piping, estimate the electric
power output of this plant

Hydraulic energy available at inlet, 𝑊 ̇ = 𝑚̇𝑔z = 100x9.81x120 = 117.72 kW

Overall efficiency of turbine-generator, ηturb-gen = 0.8

ηturb-gen =
̇ = 0.8 + 117.72 = 94.176 kW
Electrical energy output = ηturb-gen x 𝑾𝒉𝒚𝒅

10. A 2-kW pump is used to pump kerosene (density of kerosene = 0.820 kg/L) from a tank
on the ground to a tank at a higher elevation. Both tanks are open to the atmosphere,
and the elevation difference between the free surfaces of the tanks is 30 m. The
maximum volume flow rate of kerosene is

11. Consider an electric motor with a shaft power output of 20 kW and an efficiency of 88
percent. Determine the rate at which the motor dissipates heat to the room it is in when
the motor operates at full load. In winter, this room is normally heated by a 2-kW
resistance heater. Determine if it is necessary to turn the heater on when the motor runs
at full load.
 12. Electric power is to be generated by installing a hydraulic turbine–generator at a site 70
m below the free surface of a large water reservoir that can supply water at a rate of
1500 kg/s steadily. If the mechanical power output of the turbine is 800 kW and the
electric power generation is 750 kW, determine the turbine efficiency and the combined
turbine– generator efficiency of this plant. Neglect losses in the pipes.

Properties of Pure Substances

13. The combustion in a gasoline engine may be approximated by a constant volume heat
addition process. There exists the air–fuel mixture in the cylinder before the combustion
and the combustion gases after it, and both may be approximated as air, an ideal gas. In
a gasoline engine, the cylinder conditions are 1.8 MPa and 450°C before the combustion
and 1300°C after it. Determine the pressure at the end of the combustion process.

=
For constant volume process
=
P1 = 1.8 MPa = 1.8 x 106 Pa
T1 = 450 oC = 450 + 273 = 723 K
T2 = 1300 oC = 1300 + 273 = 1573 K

Substituting, P2 = (1.8 x 106 x 1573)/(723) = 3.916 MPa

Pressure at end of combustion = 3.916 MPa

14. A rigid tank contains an ideal gas at 300 kPa and 600 K. Now half of the gas is
withdrawn from the tank and the gas is found at 100 kPa at the end of the process.
Determine (a) the final temperature of the gas and (b) the final pressure if no mass was
withdrawn from the tank and the same final temperature was reached at the end of the
process.

𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑚 𝑅𝑇 (1)
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑚 𝑅𝑇 (2)
Case (a)
𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎
T1 = 600 K
P2 = 100 kPa
Since it is a rigid container V1 = V2
m2 = m1/2

Second equation can be written as

 (3)
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑚 𝑅𝑇 /2

Dividing (3) by (1) we get

𝑃 𝑇
=
𝑃 2. 𝑇
𝑇 = = 400 𝐾 =

Case (b)
𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎
T1 = 600 K
T2 = 400 K
Since it is a rigid container V1 = V2
m2 = m1
𝑃 𝑇
=
𝑃 𝑇
P2 = 400 x 300 x 103/600
= 200 kPa

15. A 1.8-m3 rigid tank contains steam at 220°C. One-third of the volume is in the liquid
phase and the rest is in the vapor form. Determine (a) the pressure of the steam, (b) the
quality of the saturated mixture, and (c) the density of the mixture.

Volume, V = 1.8 m3
T = 220 oC
Vf = V/3 = 0.6 m3
Vg = 2V/3 = 1.2 m3
Since the tank contains a mixture of water and liquid, it is assumed as saturated liquid vapour
mixture
From Table A-4 for Tsat = 220 oC
Psat = 2319.6 kPa
vf = 0.001190 m3/kg
vg = 0.086094 m3/kg
mf = Vf/vf = 0.6/0.001190 = 504.2 kg
mg = Vg/vg = 1.2/0.086094 = 13.938 kg
m = mf + mg = 518.14 kg

For the steam-water saturated mixture of quality ‘x’

Quality, x = mg/ m
= 13.938 /518.14
= 0.0269

Density of mixture = mass/volume = m/V = 518.14/1.8 = 287.86 kg/m3

16. A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.2 kg of steam at 200 kPa and 300°C. Now,
the steam is cooled at constant pressure until it is at 150°C. Determine the volume
change of the cylinder during this process.

@ 200 kPa, Tsat = 120.21 oC

 Hence the steam is in superheated condition at state 1 and 2
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 (1)
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 (2)
T1 =300 oC = 573 K
T2 =150 oC = 423 K
T1 =200 kPa
Mass of steam = 0.2 kg
Gas constant for steam = 0.4615 kJ/kg K
V1 = mRT1/P1
= 0.2 x 461.5 x 573/200 x 103
= 0.264 m3

𝑉 𝑇
=
𝑉 𝑇
V2 = 0.264 x 423/573
= 0.1948 m3

17. A 4-L rigid tank contains 2 kg of saturated liquid–vapor mixture of water at 50°C. The
water is now slowly heated until it exists in a single phase. At the final state, will the
water be in the liquid phase or the vapour phase? What would your answer be if the
volume of the tank were 400 L instead of 4 L?
This is a constant volume process (v = V /m = constant), and thus the final specific
volume will be equal to the initial specific volume
v2 = v1
Critical specific volume of water = 0.003106 m3/kg
If final specific volume is smaller than this it will be liquid , else vapour
For 4 L tank, v = 0.004 / 2 = 0.002 m3/kg –> liquid
For 400 L tank, v = 0.4 / 2 = 0.2 m3/kg –> vapour

18. Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. In the last column
describe the condition of steam as compressed liquid, saturated mixture, superheated
vapor, or insufficient information; and, if applicable, give the quality.
P, kPa T, oC v, m3/kg u, kJ/kg Condition
description and
quality (if
required)
200 30 0.001061 504.50 Compressed
liquid
270.3 130 Insufficient
information
200 400 1.5493 2967.2 Superheated
300 133.52 0.5 2068.1 Saturated liquid
– vapour
mixture
500 472.77 0.68546 3084 Superheated

v = vf + x vfg
x = (v – vf)/vfg = (0.5 – 0.001073)/(0.65732 – 0.001073)
= 0.7603
u = uf + x.ufg = 561.11 + 0.7603 x 1982.1
= 2068.1 kJ/kg

T1 = 400 oC = 673
T2 = 500 oC = 773
u1 = 2963.7
u2 = 3129
v1 = 0.61731
v2 = 0.71095
𝑢− 𝑢 𝑣− 𝑣 𝑇− 𝑇
= =
𝑢 −𝑢 𝑣 −𝑣 𝑇 −𝑇
3084 − 2963.7 𝑇 − 673
=
3129 − 2963.7 773 − 673
T = 745.77 K = 472.77 oC
v = 0.68546 m3/kg

19. A 300-m3 rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid–vapor mixture of water at 200 kPa.
If 25 percent of the mass is liquid and 75 percent of the mass is vapor, the total mass in
the tank is.

m = mf + mg
P = 200 kPa
From Table A-5
Tsat = 120.21
vf = 0.00161 m3/kg
vg = 0.88578 m3/kg

Total volume, V = 300 m3

m = mf + mg
mf = 0.25 m
mg = 0.75 m
x = mg/m = 0.75m/m = 0.75
specific volume of the mixture, v= vf + x (vg –vf)
= 0.00161 + 0.75 (0.88758 – 0.00161)
= 0.6660875 m3/kg
Total mass, m = V/v = 300/0.6660875 = 450.4 kg

20. A piston–cylinder device contains 0.8 kg of steam at 300°C and 1 MPa. Steam is cooled
at constant pressure until one-half of the mass condenses.
(a) Show the process on a T-v diagram.
(b) Find the final temperature.
(c) Determine the volume change.
 T1 = 300 oC
P1 = 1 MPa
m = 0.8 kg
Tsat = 179.88 oC at 1 MPa
Since T1 > Tsat, the steam is in superheated
condition
From Table A-6
v1 = 0.25799 m3/kg
V1 = v1.m = 0.25799 x 0.8 = 0.20639 m3

P2 = 1 MPa
Since at state 2 half of the steam is in liquid state it should be a saturated – liquid vapour
mixture
T2 = Tsat @ P2 = 179.88 oC
mf2 = m/2 = 0.4 kg
mg2 = m/2 = 0.4 kg
x2 = mg/m = 0.5
From Table A-5
vf = 0.001127 m3/kg
vg = 0.19436 m3/kg
specific volume at state 2, v2 = vf + x.(vg-vf) = 0.001127 + 0.5(0.19436 – 0.001127)
= 0.0977435 m3/kg
Volume at state 2, V2 = v2xm = 0.0977435 x 0.8 = 0.0782 m3 = 78.2 L
Volume change = V2 – V1 = 0.0782 – 0.20639 = - 0.1282 m3

21. A rigid tank contains water vapor at 250°C and an unknown pressure. When the tank is
cooled to 150°C, the vapor starts condensing. Estimate the initial pressure in the tank.

T1 = 250 oC
T2 = 150 oC
Since the tank is rigid this is a Constant Volume cooling process.
Hence, V1 = V2 and since it is a closed system m1 = m2
Hence v1 = v2
At state 2 since the condensation is beginning the fluid is a saturated vapour at this state
From Table A-4
P2 = Psat = 476.16 kPa at T2 = 150 oC
vg = 0.39248 m3/kg

v2 = vg = 0.39248 m3/kg = v1

From Table A-6

For T1 = 250 oC and v1 = 0.39248 m3/kg
We get the Initial Pressure P1 = 0.6 MPa

22. A piston–cylinder device initially contains 50 L of liquid water at 40°C and 200 kPa.
Heat is transferred to the water at constant pressure until the entire liquid is vaporized.
(a) What is the mass of the water?
(b) What is the final temperature?
 (c) Determine the total enthalpy change.
(d) Show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation
lines.

Initially the cylinder contains compressed liquid (since P >

Psat@40°C) that can be approximated as
a saturated liquid at the specified temperature (Table A-4)
For T1 = 40 oC
v1 = vf = 0.001008 m3/kg
h1 = hf = 167.53 kJ/kg

Mass = V1/v1 = 0.05/0.001008 = 49.61 kg

At the final state, the cylinder contains saturated vapor and thus the final temperature
must be the saturation temperature at the final pressure,
T = Tsat@200 kPa = 120.21°C

The final enthalpy is h2 = hg @ 200 kPa = 2706.3 kJ/kg

Total enthalpy change , ΔH = m(h2 − h1 ) = (49.61 kg)(2706.3 −167.53)kJ/kg
= 125,943 kJ

23. A rigid tank with a volume of 2.5 m3 contains 15 kg of saturated liquid–vapor mixture
of water at 75°C. Now the water is slowly heated. Determine the temperature at which
the liquid in the tank is completely vaporized. Also, show the process on a T-v diagram
with respect to saturation lines.
This is a constant volume process (v = V /m = constant),
V1 = 2.5 m3
m = 15 kg
T1 = 75 oC
At state 1, specific volume, v1 = V1/m = 2.5 / 15
= 0.1667 m3/kg

When the liquid is completely vaporized the tank will

contain saturated vapor only
At state 2, v2 = v1 = 0.1667 m3/kg

Specific volume of saturated vapour at state 2, vg = v2 = 0.1667 m3/kg

The temperature at state 2 is the saturation temperature corresponding to vg = 0.1667
m3/kg
From Table A-4
Ta = 185 oC = 458 K for vga = 0.17390
Tb = 190 oC = 463 K for vgb = 0.15636

To get the value of T2 at vg = 0.1667 we need to do a linear interpolation

=

0.1667 − 0.17390 𝑇 − 458

=
0.15636 − 0.17390 463 − 458
 Temperature at which complete vaporization occur, T2 = 460 K = 187 oC

24. Water is being heated in a vertical piston–cylinder device. The piston has a mass of 20
kg and a cross-sectional area of 100 cm2. If the local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa,
determine the temperature at which the water starts boiling.

The pressure in the cylinder is determined from a force balance on the

piston,
PA = PatmA + W
Pressure , P = (100 kPa) + (20 x 9.81 / 0.01)
= 119.61 kPa
The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to
this pressure
From Table A-5, by interpolation between pressures of 10.325 kPa and 125 kPa

T = [email protected] kPa = 104.7°C

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

25. A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m3 of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa and
120°C. The nitrogen is now expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa and 100°C.
Determine the boundary work done during this process.

Gas constant for nitrogen is 0.2968 kJ/kg.K

m = P1V1/(RT1) = (130 x 103 x 0.07) / (296.8 x 393) = 0.07802 kg
V2 = mRT2/P2 = (0.07802 x 296.8 x 373) / 100 x 103 = 0.08637 m3
P1V1n = P2V2n
We get, n = 1.249
Work = (P2V2 – P1V1)/(1 – n) = 1. 86 kJ

26. A mass of 2.4 kg of air at 150 kPa and 12°C is contained in a gas-tight, frictionless
piston–cylinder device. The air is now compressed to a final pressure of 600 kPa.
During the process, heat is transferred from the air such that the temperature inside the
cylinder remains constant. Calculate the work input during this process.

27. A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 0.42 m3 to a final volume of 0.12 m3.
During the quasi-equilibrium process, the pressure changes with volume according to
the relation P = aV + b, where a = -1200 kPa/m3 and b = 600 kPa. Calculate the work
done during this process (a) by plotting the process on a P-V diagram and finding the
area under the process curve and (b) by performing the necessary integrations.
The process is quasi-equilibrium
(a) The pressure of the gas changes linearly with volume,
and thus the process curve on a P-V
diagram will be a straight line. The boundary work during
this process is simply the area under the process curve,
which is a trapezoidal.

P1 = aV1 + b = (-1200 kPa/m3)(0.42 m3) + (600 kPa)

= 96 kPa
 P2 = aV2 + b = = (-1200 kPa/m3)(0.12 m3) + (600 kPa)
= 456 kPa
Work, W = Area = (P1 + P2)(V2 – V1)/2 = - 82.8 kJ

The boundary work can also be determined by integration

W = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ (𝑎𝑉 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑉 = 𝑎 + 𝑏(𝑉 − 𝑉 )
. .
= (−1200) + (600 )(0.12 − 0.42) = -82.8 kJ

28. Carbon dioxide contained in a piston–cylinder device is compressed from 0.3 to 0.1
m3. During the process, the pressure and volume are related by P = a V -2, where a =
8 kPa · m6. Calculate the work done on the carbon dioxide during this process.

29. Determine the boundary work done by a gas during an expansion process if the pressure
and volume values at various states are measured to be 300 kPa, 1 L; 290 kPa, 1.1 L;
270 kPa, 1.2 L; 250 kPa, 1.4 L; 220 kPa, 1.7 L; and 200 kPa, 2 L.

30. A well-insulated rigid tank contains 5 kg of a saturated liquid–vapor mixture of water

at l00 kPa. Initially, three quarters of the mass is in the liquid phase. An electric resistor
placed in the tank is connected to a 110-V source, and a current of 8 A flows through
the resistor when the switch is turned on. Determine how long it will take to vaporize
all the liquid in the tank. Also, show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines.

The tank is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero.
The device is well-insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible.
The energy stored in the resistance wires, and the heat transferred to the tank itself is
negligible.
We take the contents of the tank as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters
or leaves. Noting that the volume of the system is constant and thus there is no boundary
work, the energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
Ein – Eout = ΔEsystem
We,in = ΔU = m(u2 – u1) -> (Since Q =0, ΔKE = ΔPE = 0)
VIΔt = m(u2 – u1)

Initially at state 1 it is saturated liquid water mixture

P1 = 100 kPa
From Table A-5
vf = 0.001043 m3/kg
vg = 1.6941 m3/kg
uf = 417.4 kJ/kg
ufg = 2088.2 kJ/kg
Total mass, m = 5kg
mf1 = 0.75 x 5 = 3.75 kg
mg1 = m – mf1 = 1.25 kg
Quality at state 1, x1 = mg1/m = 1.25/5 = 0.25

v1 = vf1 + x1(vg1 - vf1) = 0.001043 + (0.25)(1.6941 – 0.001043) = 0.42431 m3/kg

u1 = uf1 + x1.ufg1 = 417.4 + (0.25)(2088.2) = 939.4 kJ/kg

After the constant volume process, at state 2 fluid is completely vaporized and hence is a
saturated vapor
v2 = v1 = 0.42431

From Table A-5 we can see that vg = 0.42431 is coming between saturation pressures of 400
and 450 kPa
The corresponding ug values for 400 and 450 kPa are 2553.1 kJ/kg and 2557.1 kJ/kg
The corresponsing vg values for 400 and 450 kPa are 0.46242 and 0.41392
BY interpolation we get,
u2 = ug = 2556.2 kJ/kg

Substituting,
VIΔt = m(u2 – u1)
110 x 8 x Δt = 5(2556.2 – 939.4)

Δt = 9186 s = 153.1 min

31. An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a constant

pressure of 175 kPa. Water is stirred by a paddle wheel while a current of 8 A flows for
45 min through a resistor placed in the water. If one-half of the liquid is evaporated
during this constant pressure process and the paddle-wheel work amounts to 400 kJ,
determine the voltage of the source. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram with
respect to saturation lines.
 32. A piston–cylinder device contains steam initially at 1 MPa, 450°C, and 2.5 m3. Steam
is allowed to cool at constant pressure until it first starts condensing. Show the process
on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines and determine (a) the mass of the
steam, (b) the final temperature, and (c) the amount of heat transfer.

33. A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.8 m3 of saturated water vapor at 250 kPa.
At this state, the piston is resting on a set of stops, and the mass of the piston is such
that a pressure of 300 kPa is required to move it. Heat is now slowly transferred to the
steam until the volume doubles. Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines and determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the work done during this
process, and (c) the total heat transfer

Assumptions
1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero.
2 There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work.
3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible.
4 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.

We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters
or leaves.

Initially the piston is at rest when cylinder pressure is less than 300 kPa. When cylinder is
getting heated its pressure rises from 250 kPa to 300 kPa at constant volume. Once it reaches
300 kPa any further heat addition will tend to rise the pressure. But since above 300 kPa the
weight of piston cannot balance the force in the upward direction due to steam pressure the
volume will increase until it doubles. Since the energy is utilized to increase the volume
(boundary work done by the system) this will be a constant pressure process.

Process 1-2: Constant volume heating (V1 = V2) from 250 kPa to 300 kPa
Process 2-3: Constant pressure heating at 300 kPa and doubling the volume (V3 = 2.V2)

Total Energy Balance

Ein – Eout = ΔEsystem

Qin - Wout = ΔU = m(u3 – u1) -> (Since ΔKE = ΔPE = 0)

V1 = 0.8 m3 = V2
P1 = 250 kPa
P2 = P3 = 300 kPa
V3 = 2.V2 = 1.6 m3

At state 1 fluid is a saturated vapour

From Table A-5, @250 kPa
v1 = vg = 0.71873 m3 /kg
u1 = ug = 2536.8 kJ/kg

m = V1/v1 = 0.8/0.71873 = 1.113 kg

v3 = V3/m = 1.6/1.113 = 1.4376 m3/kg

At state 3: P3 = 300 kPa and v3 = 1.4376

From Table A-5:
@ 300 kPa, vg = 0.60582 m3/kg < v3
Hence the state of fluid at 3 is a superheated steam

From Table A-6: for P3 = 300 kPa and v3 = 1.4376

v3a = 1.34139 m3/kg
v3b = 1.49580 m3/kg
u3a = 3301.6 kJ/kg
u3b = 3479.5 kJ/kg
T3a = 600 oC
T3b = 700 oC

By interpolating we get
u3 = 3411.4 kJ/kg
T3 = 662 oC

Work done, W1-3 = W1-2 + W2-3

W1-2 = 0 (constant volume)
W1-3 = W2-3 = P(V3 – V2) = 300x103 (1.6 – 0.8) = 240 kJ

Heat Transfer, Q1-3 = m(u3 – u1) + W1-3

= 1.113 (3411.4 x103 - 2536.8x103) + 240 x103
= 1213 kJ

34. Determine the enthalpy change Δh of nitrogen, in kJ/kg, as it is heated from 600 to 1000
K, using (a) the empirical specific heat equation as a function of temperature (Table
A–2c), (b) the cp value at the average temperature (Table A–2b), and (c) the cp value at
room temperature (Table A–2a).
(a) Using the empirical relation for 𝑐 (𝑇) from Table A-2c,
𝑐 (𝑇) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 + 𝑑𝑇
 where a = 28.90, b = -0.1571×10-2, c = 0.8081×10-5, and d = -2.873×10-9.
∆ℎ = 𝑐 (𝑇)𝑑𝑇 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 + 𝑑𝑇 ) 𝑑𝑇
𝑘𝐽
= 12,544
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝒉
∆𝒉 = 𝑴𝑾
= 𝟏𝟐,544/28.013 = 447.8 kJ/kg

(b) Using the constant cp value from Table A-2b at the average temperature
Average Temp, Tavg = (T1 + T2)/2 = (600 + 1000)/2 = 800 K
𝑘𝐽
𝑐 , = 𝑐 @800𝐾 = 1.121
𝑘𝑔
∆𝒉 = 𝒄𝒑,𝒂𝒗𝒈 (𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 ) = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟏 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎) = 𝟒𝟒𝟖. 𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

(c) Using the constant cp value from Table A-2a at room temperature
𝑘𝐽
𝑐 , = 𝑐 @300𝐾 = 1.039
𝑘𝑔
∆𝒉 = 𝒄𝒑,𝒂𝒗𝒈 (𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 ) = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟗 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎) = 𝟒𝟏𝟓. 𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈

35. A 3-m3 rigid tank contains hydrogen at 250 kPa and 550 K. The gas is now cooled
until its temperature drops to 350 K. Determine (a) the final pressure in the tank and
(b) the amount of heat transfer.

Assumptions:
1. Hydrogen is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its
critical point values of -240°C and 1.30 MPa.
2. The tank is stationary, and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible
Properties The gas constant of hydrogen is R = 4.124 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).
The constant volume specific heat of hydrogen at the average temperature of 450 K is ,
cv,avg = 10.377 kJ/kg.K (Table A-2).

Analysis (a) The final pressure of hydrogen can be determined from the ideal gas relation
𝑃𝑉 𝑃𝑉
=
𝑇 𝑇
But , V2 = V1

So,
𝑃 𝑃
=
𝑇 𝑇
𝑃
𝑃 =𝑇 = 159.1 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇
We take the hydrogen in the tank as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters
or leaves.
The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as

Ein – Eout = ΔEsystem

(Qin + Win ) - (Qout + Wout )= ΔU = m(u2 – u1) -> (Since ΔKE = ΔPE = 0)
But, Qin = Win = Wout = 0

-Qout = ΔU = m(u2 – u1) = mcv(T2 – T1)

Qout = mcv(T1 – T2)

m= = .
= 0.3307 kg

Qout = mcv(T1 – T2)

Qout = (0.33307 )(10.377 x 103)(550 - 350) = 686.2 kJ