AZAMGARH PUBLIC SCHOOL

KOTILA CHECK POST, AZAMGARH

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CLASS X
Theory Notes (2024-25)

Owned & Maintained by

NAME: ________________________________________

Class: ________ Sec: ______

Roll No: _________________
Email ID:__________________________
 INDEX

SN TOPIC PG
PART-A
1 Communication Skills – II 1
2 Self Management Skills - II 4
3 ICT Skills – II 9
4 Entrepreneurial Skills - II 12
5 Green Skills - II 14

PART-B
6 Digital Documentation (Advanced) 17
7 Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced) 18
8 Database Management System 22
9 Maintain Health, Safety and Secure Working 27
Environment
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (SUBJECT CODE - 402)
CLASS – X (Session 2024-2025)

NO. OF HOURS MAX. MARKS

UNITS for Theory and for Theory
Practical and Practical
Employability Skills
Unit 1: Communication Skills-II 10 2
Unit 2: Self-Management Skills-II 10 3
Unit 3: ICT Skills-II 10 1
Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills-II 15 3
Unit 5: Green Skills-II 05 1
Total 50 10
SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS Theory Practical Marks
Unit 1: Digital Documentation (Advanced) 12 18 8
Unit 2: Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced) 15 23 10
Unit 3: Database Management System 18 27 12
Unit 4: Maintain Health, Safety and Secure 15 22 10
Working Environment
Total 60 90 40
PRACTICAL WORK
Practical Examination
● Advanced Documentation 5 Marks
20
● Advanced Spreadsheets 5 Marks
● Databases 10 Marks
● Viva Voce 10 Marks 10
Total
30
PROJECT WORK/FIELD VISIT
Any Interdisciplinary Real World Case Study to 10
be taken. Summarized data reports of same can
be presented in base. Input should be taken
using forms and output should be done using
reports using base. Documentation of the case
study should be presented using writer.

PORTFOLIO/ PRACTICAL FILE: 10

(Portfolio should contain printouts of the practical
done using Writer, Calc and Base with minimum
5 problems of each)
Total 20

GRAND TOTAL 200 100

402 – Information Technology Class X - 2024-2025 Page 3 of 13

 CLASS X IT 402 NOTES (2024-25) AZAMGARH PUBLIC SCHOOL

1. COMMUNICATION SKILLS - II
Definition

Communication skills refer to how we convey information to others, including talking, writing, and
expressing views. Effective communication enhances personality development.

Session 1: Methods of Communication

Key Points

 Communication comes from the Latin word commūnicāre, meaning "to share."
 It involves three main parts:
1. Transmitting: The sender delivers the message.
2. Listening: The receiver understands the message.
3. Feedback: The receiver responds to complete the communication cycle.

Communication Process Elements

 Sender: Initiates the communication.

 Message: The information to be conveyed.
 Channel: The medium through which the message is sent.
 Receiver: The person receiving the message.
 Feedback: Response from the receiver.

Methods of Communication

 Face-to-face, e-mail, notices, posters, business meetings, phone calls, newsletters, blogs, etc.

Choosing the Right Method

 Consider target audience, cost, type of information, and urgency.

Session 2: Verbal Communication

Definition

Verbal communication involves sounds, words, and speech to express emotions effectively.

Types of Verbal Communication

1. Interpersonal: One-on-one conversation, formal or informal.

2. Written: Letters, reports, manuals, SMS, social media chats, etc.
3. Small Group: Communication among more than two people.
4. Public: One person addressing a large group.
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Advantages

 Quick exchange of ideas with immediate feedback.

Disadvantages

 Misunderstandings may arise if unclear words are used.

Mastering Verbal Communication

 Think before you speak.

 Be clear, concise, and confident.
 Maintain good body language and eye contact.

Session 3: Non-Verbal Communication

Definition

Non-verbal communication is the exchange of information without using words.

Importance

 55%: Body movements.

 38%: Voice tone and pauses.
 7%: Words.

Types

 Facial expressions, posture, gestures, touch, space, eye contact, paralanguage (tone, speed,
volume).

Session 4: Visual Communication

Definition

Visual communication uses images, symbols, and graphics to convey information and ideas.
Example: An infographic that shows how to cook a recipe step-by-step with pictures.

Advantages

 Makes complex information easier to understand quickly and clearly.

Disadvantages

 May not be accessible to people with visual impairments.

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Session 5: Communication Cycle & Feedback
Definition

The communication cycle is the process

where a sender transmits a message, the
receiver understands it, and then provides
feedback to complete the interaction.

Importance of Feedback

 Acknowledges message receipt and enhances communication.

Types of Feedback

 Positive, negative, no feedback.

Characteristics of Good Feedback

 Specific: Use examples.

 Timely: Prompt feedback is more effective.
 Polite: Use respectful language.
 Supportive: Offer ongoing help.

Importance

 Validates listening, boosts motivation, learning, and performance.

Session 6: Effective
Communication & its Barriers
Definition

Effective communication follows

professional communication principles, commonly
known as 7C’s of communication.

Barriers

It refers to any obstacle that creates a problem in

having effective communication. Its types are:

1. Physical: Environmental factors like distance.

2. Linguistic: Language differences causing misunderstandings.
3. Interpersonal: Misinterpretation of messages.
4. Organisational: Hierarchies affecting communication flow.
5. Cultural: Misunderstanding due to cultural differences.

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Overcoming Barriers

 Use simple language.

 Avoid assumptions based on culture or geography.
 Communicate in person.
 Use visuals and translators if needed.
 Be respectful.

Session 7: Writing Skills — Parts of Speech

Writing Skills

Include e-mails, letters, blogs, SMS/chat, etc.

Basic Parts of Speech

 Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, interjections.

Punctuation

 Full stop, comma, question mark, exclamation mark.

Session 8: Writing Skills — Sentences

Types of Sentences

1. Declarative: Makes a statement.

2. Interrogative: Asks a question.
3. Exclamatory: Shows emotion.
4. Imperative: Gives an order or request.

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2. SELF MANAGEMENT SKILLS - II

Self-management skills is the ability to control thoughts, feelings, and actions to maximize productivity and
performance in your career. These skills aid in managing a career path and overcoming challenges.

Key Skills for Success

 Self-awareness: Seek feedback and reflect on your actions.
 Responsibility: Take ownership of tasks and report issues if any.
 Time Management: Prioritize tasks and eliminate distractions.
 Adaptability: Stay updated with new information and prepare for changes.

Session 1: Stress Management

 What is Stress?

Stress is the emotional, mental, physical, or social response to demands or threats, known as stressors.
Example: Feeling unprepared for exams or experiencing loss.

 Stress Management

Stress management involves balancing life, work, and relationships to cope with pressures.

 ABC of Stress Management:

The ABC of Stress Management is a method to understand how stress affects us and how we can
control it:

 A: Adversity – This is the problem or stressful situation, like a tough exam or argument.
 B: Beliefs – These are your thoughts or feelings about the problem, such as feeling anxious or
thinking you can't handle it.
 C: Consequences – These are the results of your thoughts, like getting upset or avoiding the
problem.

By changing how we think (our beliefs), we can handle stress better and change the outcome
(consequences).

 Stress Management Techniques

 Time Management: Plan your time effectively.

 Physical Exercise: Engage in activities like yoga or walking for better relaxation.
 Healthy Diet: Balanced meals like dal, roti, and fruits reduce stress.
 Sleep: Get at least 7 hours of sleep.
 Family Time: Break from routine with holidays.

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Ability to Work Independently
Working independently means:

1. Being self-aware, monitoring, and correcting yourself.

2. Taking initiative without instruction.
3. Recognizing mistakes and learning from them.

Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage your own emotions and understand others' emotion. It
involves:

 Emotional Awareness: Identifying your emotions.

 Harnessing (using) Emotions: Using emotions for problem-solving.
 Managing Emotions: Regulating emotions when needed.

Steps to Improve Emotional Intelligence:

 Understand and observe your emotions.

 Make rational decisions.
 Practice mindfulness, yoga, or meditation.

Session 2: Self-awareness – Strength and Weakness Analysis

Identifying Strengths

 Think of areas where you are consistently successful.

 Reflect on what others appreciate about you.

Identifying Weaknesses

 Focus on areas where you struggle and accept feedback as an opportunity to improve.

Difference between Interests and Abilities

 Interests: Things you enjoy and are curious about.

 Abilities: Skills you have developed to perform tasks.

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Session 3: Self-motivation
Self-motivation is the internal drive that helps you achieve goals.

Qualities of Self-motivated People:

1. Know what they want.

2. Stay focused and dedicated.

Building Self-motivation:

 Speak the truth to identify your strengths.

 Set clear goals and develop a plan to achieve them.

Session 4: Self-regulation – Goal Setting

What are Goals?

Goals are dreams with deadlines, such as saving money for a phone.

SMART Goals

 Specific: Clearly define what, why, and how.

 Measurable: Set goals with trackable progress.
 Achievable: Break large goals into smaller, doable steps.
 Realistic: Ensure goals are practical and attainable.
 Time-bound: Set deadlines to create urgency.

SMART Goals Breakdown

1. Specific
A specific goal answers the following:
 Who is involved?
 What do I want to achieve?
 Where will I start?
 When will I start and finish?
 Which resources or methods will I use?
 Why am I doing this?
Example:
 Not specific: “I want to learn English.”
 Specific: “I will learn English fluently by joining coaching classes every day after school and
participate in a debate competition in six months.”

2. Measurable
A measurable goal answers:
 How much?
 How many?

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 How do I know I’ve achieved it?
Example:
 Not measurable: “I want to be rich.”
 Measurable: “I want 5 times more money than I have today by the end of this year.”

3. Achievable
Breaking down big goals into smaller parts makes them more achievable.

Example:
 Bigger Goal : “I want to become a doctor.”
 Achievable Goal: Break it down into steps like completing medical school, internships, and
gaining necessary certifications..

4. Realistic
A realistic goal is one that can be achieved with the available time, resources, and effort.
Example:
 Unrealistic: “I will read the entire syllabus in one day and get good marks.”
 Realistic: “I will study for 3 hours daily to revise and score well in exams.”

5. Time-bound
A SMART goal should have a deadline to encourage action.
Example:
 Not time-bound: “I want to lose 10 kg someday.”
 Time-bound: “I want to lose 10 kg in the next 6 months.”

Session 5: Self-regulation – Time Management

Importance of Time Management

Effective time management helps complete tasks on time and organize daily activities.

Four Steps for Time Management

1. Organize: Plan daily activities.

2. Prioritize: Rank tasks by importance.
3. Control: Manage your time and tasks.
4. Track: Monitor how time is spent.

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3. ICT SKILLS - II
Session 1: Basic Computer Operations

ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is the technology used for communication and managing
information, like computers and the internet.

ICT Skills are the abilities to use these technologies, such as sending emails or creating presentations.

In simple terms, ICT is the tool, and ICT skills are how we use the tool.

1. Importance of ICT Skills

 ICT helps in communication, business, and staying connected.

 Everyone needs to develop ICT skills to stay updated.

2. Computer Hardware and Software

 Hardware: Physical parts (keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.).

 Software: Programs that make hardware work (e.g., Windows, MS Office).

3. Operating System (OS)

 Software that runs when you turn on the computer.

 Common OS: Ubuntu, Windows, Mac OS, Apple iOS and Google Android

4. Starting a Computer

 Press the power button to start.

 BIOS(Basic Input/Output System) runs a self-test and loads the OS.

5. Login and Logout

 Login with your ID and password to access the computer.

6. Shutting Down a Computer

 Click Start, then Shut Down. The OS will close apps and turn off the computer.

7. Using the Keyboard

 Function Keys (F1-F12): Perform specific functions.

 Control Keys: CTRL, SHIFT, ALT, CAPS LOCK, TAB.
 Enter Key: Moves cursor to a new line.
 Punctuation Keys: Include colon (:), semicolon (;), question mark (?).
 Navigation Keys: Arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN.
 Command Keys: INSERT, DELETE, BACKSPACE.
 Windows Key: Opens Start menu.

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8. Using a Mouse

 Roll Over/Hover: Shows file details by hovering.

 Point and Click: Selects files by clicking.
 Drag and Drop: Moves items by holding and moving the mouse.
 Double-click: Quickly click twice to open files.

Session 2: Performing Basic File Operations

1. Files and Folders

 Files store information and have extensions (e.g., .txt, .jpg).

 Folders group and store multiple files.

2. Basic Shortcuts
 CTRL+z: Undo  CTRL+x: Cut  CTRL+p: Print
 CTRL+y: Redo  CTRL+c: Copy  CTRL+s: Save
 CTRL+a: Select all  CTRL+v: Paste

Session 3: Computer Care and Maintenance

1. Importance of Maintenance

 Proper care ensures devices work efficiently without hanging (lagging).

2. Basic Care Tips

 Keyboard: Clean with a soft brush.

 Screen: Wipe with a soft cloth.
 Handle with Care: Avoid drops or hits.
 Cooling: Ensure fans work to prevent overheating.
 Battery: Avoid overcharging to extend battery life.
 Gentle Plugging: Insert USB drives gently.
 Run Limited Programs: Running too many slows down the computer.

3. Maintenance Schedule

 Daily: Clean inbox, save attachments.

 Weekly: Clean keyboard, monitor, CPU, printer. Backup data.
 Monthly: Organize photos, clean downloads, uninstall unused apps, run virus scans.
 Yearly: Update OS, renew anti-virus, clean up contacts.

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4. Backup Your Data

 Save data to another device (e.g., CD, external drive) to recover in case of crashes.

5. Virus Protection

 Install anti-virus to prevent and clean viruses.

6. Increasing Computer Performance

 Regularly remove unnecessary files to improve speed.

7. Remove Spam

 Delete unwanted emails regularly and avoid responding to Spam.

Session 4: Computer Security and Privacy

1. Threats to Computer

 Theft: Physical, identity, or software piracy.

 Virus: Damages data (Worms, Trojan Horse).
 Online Predators (Unethical person like hackers): Mislead users into inappropriate activities.
 Internet Scams: Fake lottery or offers to steal money.

2. Protecting Your Data

 Use Passwords: Combine letters, numbers, and symbols for strong passwords.
 Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Monitor and protect your system.
 Encrypt Data: Prevent unauthorized access by encryption.
 Use Secure Sites: Ensure sites start with "https://" before sharing sensitive data.

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4. ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS - II
Session 1: Entrepreneurship and Society

Entrepreneur: A person who sets-up and runs a business while taking risk to make profit.

 Example: Steve Jobs was an entrepreneur who co-founded Apple.

Entrepreneurship: The process of setting-up and managing a new business usually with innovative idea.

 Example:Launching a small online store selling handmade crafts, from planning and creating
products to setting up a website and handling sales.

Enterprise: A business or organization, especially one that is new or innovative.

 Example: Tesla is an enterprise focused on electric vehicles and energy solutions.

Entrepreneurial Skill: Abilities that help an entrepreneur succeed, like problem-solving and risk-taking.

 Example: Effective marketing is an entrepreneurial skill that helps businesses attract customers.

What do Entrepreneurs Do?

 Fulfill Customer Needs:

Entrepreneurs identify demands and use creativity to meet them with their business ideas.
Example: Creating new products people want.
 Use Local Materials:
They use local resources to make products at a lower cost.
 Help Society:
Entrepreneurs often contribute positively by supporting social causes like environmental protection
or funding schools and hospitals.
Example: Donating part of profits for community development.
 Create Jobs:
As businesses grow, entrepreneurs hire more people and buy more materials, leading to job creation.
 Lower Price of Products:
More competition from entrepreneurs drives down prices.
Example: The price of mobile phones dropped as more companies started selling them.

Story: Bharti, the Jewellery Queen

Bharti, from Bihar, noticed girls liked earrings. She started a business making jute earrings, hired local
women, and as orders increased, she expanded her business. This helped both the women working for her
and the local farmer who supplied jute, improving the area's economy.

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Session 2: Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur

Qualities of an Entrepreneur:

 Risk-taking  Leadership skills

 Creative thinking  Confident
 Critical thinking  Patient
Functions of an Entrepreneur:

 Make business decisions  Divide income

 Identify opportunities  Take risk
 Manage resources  Create new method, idea, product

Session 3: Myths about Entrepreneurship

Misconceptions:

1. Myth: Every business idea needs to be unique.

Reality: Many successful businesses are improvements on existing ideas.
2. Myth: You need a lot of money to start.
Reality: Many entrepreneurs start small and grow gradually.
3. Myth: Only big business owners are entrepreneurs.
Reality: Small business owners are also entrepreneurs.
4. Myth: Entrepreneurs are born, not made.
Reality: Entrepreneurship skills can be learned.

Session 4: Entrepreneurship as a Career Option

A career can be in self-employment (working for yourself) or wage employment (working for others).

Stages of an Entrepreneur’s Career:

 Enter:
Starting a new business in the market.
Example: Sanjana opens a small grocery store.
 Survive:
Competing with others and staying in business.
Example: Sanjana’s store thrives despite competition, expanding to more floors.
 Grow:
Expanding the business to new locations or services.
Example: Sanjana opens four more stores after five years and plans to expand to new cities.

Benefit to Society:

Entrepreneurs run businesses in a market where people buy and sell products and services. This creates a
cycle where both buyers and sellers benefit, helping grow the economy and society.

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5. GREEN SKILLS - II
Session 1: Society and Environment

What is Sustainable Development?

Sustainable development is a type of development practice that meets present needs without compromising
needs (economic, environment, social well-being) of future generations’.

Importance of Sustainable Development

Sustainable development, as defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987),
ensures that current needs are met without compromising future needs. For example, sustainable agriculture
uses eco-friendly methods (like organic farming, crop rotation, agroforestry, sprinkler for water
management etc.) to produce crops without harming soil, water, or biodiversity.

Problems Related to Sustainable Development

1. Food: Decreasing fertile land, and soil nutrient depletion due to intense use of chemical fertilizers.
2. Water: Pollution of rivers and ponds from garbage, leading to a future shortage of clean water.
3. Fuel: Deforestation for fuel and construction affects climate and increases extreme weather conditions.

Sustainable Development Includes

 Reducing resource use and enhancing conservation

 Recycling and reusing waste materials
 Managing renewable resources scientifically
 Planting more trees and creating green spaces
 Using eco-friendly or biodegradable materials
 Adopting environmentally friendly technologies

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Launched in 2015, the 17 SDGs aim to address global issues like poverty, gender equality, water use,
energy, climate change, and biodiversity. They guide countries to create policies for a secure, sustainable
economy by 2030.

Sustainable Development Initiatives

 Bio-Degradable Bags: Mr. Avasth Hedge created 100% bio-degradable bags that dissolve in hot water,
reducing plastic waste.
 Edible Cutlery: Narayana Peesapaty developed edible cutlery made from grain, which decomposes and
enriches soil.

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Sustainable Processes

Practices such as:

 Organic Farming: Using natural fertilizers (e.g., cow dung) instead of chemicals to grow crops, maintaining
soil quality.
 Vermi-Composting: Using worms to decompose organic waste into nutrient-rich compost.
 Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting and storing rainwater for future use.

Session 2: Our Role in Sustainable Development

Sustainable development requires individual effort and responsibility. Here are some ways to contribute to
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

1.Quality Education
 Use local educational resources.  Assist friends with their studies.
 Encourage friends to attend school.  Prevent school dropouts.

2.Clean Water and Sanitation

 Build toilets and promote sanitation to eliminate open defecation.

3.Affordable and Clean Energy

 Use solar power to reduce pollution from non-renewable fuels like coal.

4.Decent Work and Economic Growth

 Pursue education for better job opportunities.

 Work hard and contribute to society.
 Develop skills to add value to the community.

5.Reduced Inequalities

 Be supportive and inclusive.

 Treat everyone with kindness and equality.
 Include all individuals, regardless of background, in activities.

6.Sustainable Cities and Communities

 Save energy by turning off lights and fans when not in use.
 Maximize natural light and use energy-efficient appliances.

7.Responsible Consumers and Producers

 Reuse and recycle materials.  Buy seasonal produce from local growers.
 Use cloth bags for shopping.  Repair leaks to save water.
 Donate unused items.  Sort and manage waste properly.

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8.Protect Life Below Water

 Reduce plastic pollution to protect marine life and preserve oceans.

9.Protect Life on Land

 Replant trees to combat soil erosion and restore land for cultivation.

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6. DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION (ADVANCED)

Definition:

Digital documentation refers to word processing which involves creating, editing, and formatting text
documents. It uses word processor software tools like Microsoft Word in Microsoft Office Suite and Writer
in LibreOffice and OpenOffice.

Some of its important features are:

1. Styles and Formatting

Definition: Styles and Formatting is a feature in word processors that allows you to apply predefined or
custom formats to text to maintain a consistent look throughout your document.

 Example: You can use a style called "Heading 1" to format all your main headings in a document,
so they appear in a specific font size and color.

2. Templates

Definition: Templates are pre-designed documents or document parts that you can use as a starting point to
create new documents with a consistent format.

 Example: You might use a resume template to create your own resume with a professional layout
and design, saving time compared to creating it from scratch.

3. Table of Contents

Definition: A Table of Contents (ToC) is a list of headings in a document, with page numbers or links, that
helps readers quickly find sections of interest.

 Example: In a long report, a Table of Contents might list sections like "Introduction," "Methods,"
and "Results," with corresponding page numbers, making it easier to navigate the document.

4. Inserting and Modifying Images

Definition: This involves adding images to a document from various sources and adjusting them by
resizing, cropping, or deleting to fit the document's needs.

 Example: You can insert a company logo into a report and then resize it to make it fit well with the
text, or crop it to remove unwanted parts.

5. Drawing Objects

Definition: Drawing objects are shapes, lines, and other graphical elements you can create and modify
within a document. They can be resized, grouped, and positioned as needed.

 Example: You might create a flowchart using drawing objects to visually represent a process, then
resize and group the shapes for a clear layout.

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7. ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET (ADVANCED)

An electronic spreadsheet is a digital tool used for storing, organizing and processing data in tabular form.
It allows users to perform calculations, create charts, and manage data efficiently.
Example: Microsoft Office Excel, Google Sheets, Calc in LibreOffice etc.

Relevant Topics and Definitions

1. Consolidating Data

 Definition: It combines data from multiple workbooks/spreadsheet or worksheets into a single

summary.
 Example: Merging sales data from different regional offices into one summary sheet to see the total
sales.

2. Creating Subtotals

 Definition: It adds up values in a category within a dataset to provide a subtotal.

 Example: Summing up the sales of different products to get a subtotal for each product category.

Product Category Total Sales Product Category Total Sales

Apples Fruits ₹500 Broccoli Vegetables ₹200
Bananas Fruits ₹300 Carrots Vegetables ₹300
Oranges Fruits ₹240 Potatoes Vegetables ₹200
Subtotal Fruits ₹1040 Subtotal Vegetables ₹700

3. “What If” Scenarios

 Definition: It uses different scenarios to predict outcomes based on changes in variables.

 Example: Adjusting the price of a product to see how it affects total revenue.
If you change the price of a product, What-If Scenario shows how it affects your profit.

4. Goal Seek

 Definition: It is a tool to find the necessary input value to achieve a desired result.
 Example: Finding out how much you need sell to reach a profit goal.
If you want to earn ₹10,000 in profit, Goal Seek tells you how many units to sell to reach that profit.

5. Solver

 Definition: It is an advanced tool used to find optimal solutions for complex problems with multiple
constraints.
 Example: Finding the right combination of products to make the most profit without spending more
than your budget.

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 Imagine you sell cakes and cookies. You want to make the most profit, but you can only spend
₹1000 on ingredients. You use Solver to figure out how many cakes and cookies you should make to
get the highest profit while staying under ₹1000.

6. Setting Up a Spreadsheet for Sharing

 Definition: It means configuring a spreadsheet to allow multiple users to view and edit it
simultaneously.
 Example: Sharing a budget sheet with team members for collaborative updates.

7. Recording Changes

 Definition: It means tracking modifications made to a shared spreadsheet which can be reviewed
and finalized later.
 Example: Noting changes made by different users to a project plan.

8. Reviewing Changes – View, Accept, or Reject Changes

 Definition: It means evaluating modifications in a shared document and deciding whether to keep or
discard them.
 Example: Reviewing proposed changes to a financial report and deciding to accept or reject each
change.

9. Adding, Editing, and Formatting Comments

 Definition: It means inserting notes or feedback in cells, modifying their content, and adjusting their
appearance.
 Example: Adding a comment to explain a formula used in a cell.

10. Merging and Comparing

 Definition: It means combining data from multiple cells or sheets and analyzing differences.
 Example: Merging data from two separate budget sheets and comparing the totals.

11. Macro Recorder

 Definition: It is a tool that records a sequence of actions to automate repetitive tasks.
 Example: Recording steps to format a report so that they can be repeated automatically.

12. Creating a Simple Macro

 Definition: Writing a basic script to perform a specific task automatically.
 Example: It can be used to automatically format a report by bolding text, changing font color to
blue, and setting column width, all with one click.

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13. Using a Macro as a Function
 Definition: It means employing a macro to perform calculations or other functions like a built-
in/readymade formula.
 Example: Using a macro to calculate discounts on sales prices.

14. Passing Arguments to a Macro

 Definition: It means providing input data to a macro to get required output.
 Example: Passing different sales targets to a macro that calculates required result.

15. Passing Arguments as Values

 Definition: It means providing specific input data rather than using default settings.
 Example: Passing different sales targets to a macro that calculates required result.

16. Macros to Work Like Built-In Functions

 Definition: It means designing macros to perform tasks similar to built-in spreadsheet functions.
 Example: Creating a macro that calculates the average of a range of cells, like the AVERAGE
function.

17. Accessing Cells Directly

 Definition: It means writing macros to directly manipulate/edit/change cell data in spreadsheets..
 Example: Directly accessing cell B3 to update a sales figure.

18. Sorting Columns Using Macro

 Definition: It means writing a macro to organize data in columns based on specific condition.
 Example: Creating a macro to sort customer names alphabetically.

19. Setting Up Multiple Sheets

 Definition: It means creating and managing different worksheets within a single workbook to
organize various types of data.
 Example: You might have one worksheet for sales data, another for inventory, and another for
financial calculations within the same workbook/spreadsheet.

20. Creating References to Other Sheets

 Definition: It means linking data from one worksheet to another within the same workbook. This
helps to use or display data from a different worksheet in a single place.
 Example: An annual report card can link to test results from different worksheets. This way, when
the test scores in those worksheets are updated, the report card automatically shows the latest results.

21. Creating References to Another Document

 Definition: It means linking data from one workbook to another, allowing you to access and use
data across different files.
 Example: You might link a separate class test result workbook to a separate student’s annual report
card workbook so that changes in the test scores automatically reflect in it.

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22. Hyperlinks to the Sheet
 Definition: It means creating clickable links within a spreadsheet that direct you to other sheets,
specific locations within the same file or to a website.
 Example: You can create a hyperlink in a summary sheet that takes you directly to the detailed sales
data sheet.

23. Creating Hyperlinks

 Definition: It means inserting clickable links in your spreadsheet that can direct to other sheets,
external documents, or websites.
 Example: You can create a hyperlink in a cell that opens a company’s website when clicked.

24. Editing a Hyperlink

 Definition: It means modifying an existing link’s address or text to update or correct its destination.
 Example: If a hyperlink originally directed to an old report location, you can edit it to point to the
new report location.

25. Linking to Registered Data Sources

 Definition: It means connecting your spreadsheet to pre-defined, registered databases/data-sources
to use its data.
 Example: You might link your spreadsheet to a registered company database to automatically see its
employee information.

26. Relative and Absolute Hyperlinks

 Relative Links:
A relative link in a spreadsheet refers to a location that works based on where the file is stored. If
you move or copy the spreadsheet, the link adjusts automatically and still works as long as the linked
files are in the same relative location.

Example:
You have a file1.xlsx with a relative link to file2.xlsx in the same folder. If you move both files to
another folder, the link in file1.xlsx will still work because the link points to file2.xlsx based on their
position relative to each other.

 Absolute Links:
An absolute link points to a specific, fixed location. If you move or copy the spreadsheet to a
different location, the link may break because it does not adjust its reference.

Example:
You have a file1.xlsx with an absolute link to file2.xlsx stored in a folder called
C:\Documents\file2.xlsx. If you move file1.xlsx to a different folder or computer, the link will break
because it is still trying to find file2.xlsx at the original location (C:\Documents\file2.xlsx), which
may no longer exist. You may also use website address as an absolute link.

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8. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1. Database

 Definition: A database is an organized collection of data that can be easily accessed and managed.
 Example: A school database might store student details such as names, grades, and attendance
records.

2. Database Management System (DBMS)

 Definition: A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that helps in creating,

managing, and maintaining a database, allowing multiple users to access and manipulate data
efficiently.
 Example: Common DBMS software includes LibreOffice Base, MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft
Access.
 Components:

a. Tables (Primary/Basic component):

 Definition: Tables are like spreadsheets with rows and columns, where data is stored.
 Utility: They organize and store information in a structured way. Each row (record) holds
details about one item or person, and each column (field) represents a specific type of data.

b. Forms:

 Definition: Forms are user-friendly interfaces for entering and editing data.
 Utility: They make it easy to input and update information in tables. For example, a form
might be used to add new employee details without directly interacting with the table.

c. Queries:

 Definition: Queries are commands used to retrieve or manipulate data from tables.
 Utility: They help you search, filter, and analyze data based on specific criteria. For example,
a query can find all employees in a particular city.

d. Reports:

 Definition: Reports are formatted presentations of data obtained from tables and queries.
 Utility: They organize and display data in a readable format for analysis or printing. For
example, a report might summarize employee information for monthly performance.

3. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

 Definition: An RDBMS is a type of DBMS where data is stored in related tables, and the
relationships are defined by keys (like primary and foreign keys).
 Example: In a school database, student and class data are stored in separate tables but are linked
using a common field like Class_ID.

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4. Advantages of a Database

 Reduces Data Redundancy: Avoids duplicate data.

 Sharing of Data: Allows multiple users to access the same data.
 Data Integrity: Ensures the data is accurate and consistent (updated everywhere).
 Data Security: Only authorized users can access data.
 Backup and Recovery: Automatically manages data backups and restores lost data.

5. Types of Databases

 Flat File Database: Stores data in a single table, suitable for smaller datasets.
 Relational Database: Stores data across multiple tables that are linked via common fields, useful
for large data.

6. Table

 Definition: A table is a set of data elements organized in rows and columns.

 Example: A table could have columns like Student_ID, Student_Name, and Marks.
 A table can have:
o Record (or tuple) is like a single row in a table where you keep all the details about one
person or item. For example, a record might have all the info for one user, like their name,
email, and address.
o Column (or field) is like a category in that table. Each column holds one type of information
for all records, such as "Email Address" or "Phone Number."

7. Primary Key

 Definition: It is a unique identifier for each record in a table, ensuring each record is distinct.
 Example: In a student table, Roll Number might be the primary key.

8. Foreign Key

 Definition: It is a column in one table that refers to the primary key of another table, establishing a
relationship between them.
 Example: In a database, Class_ID in a student table could refer to a Class_ID in the class table.

9. Data Types

 Definition: Data types define the type of data a field can have in it.
 Examples:
o Numeric Types:
 Integer: Stores whole numbers.
 Decimal: Stores numbers with decimals.
 Float: Stores large or small numbers with decimals.
o Alphanumeric Types:
 Char: Stores fixed-length text, e.g., Char(10) for a string of up to 10 characters.
 VarChar: Stores variable-length text, e.g., VarChar(255) for text up to 255
characters.
o Binary Types:
 Binary: Stores binary data like images or files.
o Date Time Types:

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 Date: Stores date values (year, month, and day).
 Time: Stores time values (hours, minutes, seconds).

10. SQL (Structured Query Language)

 Definition: SQL is a language used to interact with and manage databases.

 Example: SQL commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE are used to
manipulate data.

11. Data Manipulation Language (DML)

 Definition: DML refers to the SQL commands that modify or retrieve data in a database.
 Common DML Commands:
o SELECT: Retrieves data from a database.
o INSERT: Adds new records.
o UPDATE: Modifies existing records.
o DELETE: Removes records.

12. Data Definition Language (DDL)

 Definition: DDL refers to SQL commands used to define and modify database structures, such as
creating or deleting tables.
 Common DDL Commands:
o CREATE: Creates new database objects like tables.
o ALTER: Modifies existing database structures.
o DROP: Deletes database objects.

13. Example of DDL and DML Commands Using a Table

Employee_Info Table:
Employee_ID Employee_Name Phone_Number Address City Country

01 Shanaya 9898765612 Oberoi St Mumbai India

02 Anay 9432156783 House No 23 Delhi India

03 Preeti 9764234519 Queens Rd Bangalore India

DDL Commands:

1. CREATE TABLE:

CREATE TABLE Employee_Info (

Employee_ID INT,
Employee_Name VARCHAR(50),
Phone_Number VARCHAR(15),
Address VARCHAR(100),
City VARCHAR(50),
Country VARCHAR(50)
);

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o Explanation: This command creates a table named Employee_Info with columns like
Employee_ID, Employee_Name, etc.

2. ALTER TABLE:

ALTER TABLE Employee_Info ADD BloodGroup VARCHAR(5);

o Explanation: This adds a new column, BloodGroup, to the existing table.

3. DROP TABLE:

DROP TABLE Employee_Info;

o Explanation: This command deletes the entire Employee_Info table.

DML Commands:

1. INSERT:

INSERT INTO Employee_Info VALUES (02, 'Anay', '9432156783', 'House No 23',

'Delhi', 'India');

o Explanation: This adds a new record to the Employee_Info table.

2. SELECT:

SELECT Employee_ID, Employee_Name FROM Employee_Info;

o Explanation: This retrieves the Employee_ID and Employee_Name columns from the table.

3. UPDATE:

UPDATE Employee_Info SET Employee_Name = 'Aahana', City = 'Ahmedabad' WHERE

Employee_ID = 01;

o Explanation: This updates the name and city for the employee with Employee_ID = 01.

4. DELETE:
DELETE FROM Employee_Info WHERE Employee_Name = 'Preeti';
o Explanation: This deletes the record of the employee named 'Preeti'.

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5. SORT:

a. Sort by Employee_ID in Ascending Order:

SELECT * FROM Employee_Info
ORDER BY Employee_ID ASC;

b. Sort by Employee_Name in Alphabetical Order:

SELECT * FROM Employee_Info
ORDER BY Employee_Name ASC;

c. Sort Employee_Name by City in Alphabetical Order:

SELECT Employee_Name FROM Employee_Info
ORDER BY City ASC;

d. Sort by Employee_ID in Descending Order:

SELECT * FROM Employee_Info
ORDER BY Employee_ID DESC;

e. Sort by Employee_Name in Reverse Alphabetical Order:

SELECT * FROM Employee_Info
ORDER BY Employee_Name DESC;

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9. MAINTAIN HEALTH, SAFETY AND SECURE

WORKING ENVIRONMENT
This chapter focuses on ensuring a safe and healthy workplace by monitoring environmental factors,
adhering to ergonomic (stay comfortable and avoid injury) practices, and managing accidents and
emergencies effectively.

1. Introduction

Definition: Understanding the basics of maintaining a healthy and secure work environment is essential for
employee well-being.

Examples:

 Companies implement safety measures to protect employees.

 Workers learn safety procedures to avoid accidents.
 Employers provide training on health and safety topics.

2. Air and Water Quality Monitoring Process

Definition: The process involves checking and maintaining the quality of air and water in the workplace to
ensure they are safe.

Examples:

 Technicians test air for pollutants to ensure safety.

 Facilities check water quality to prevent contamination.
 Companies install air filters to improve air quality.

3. Guidelines for Clean Air and Clean Water

Definition: These are recommendations for maintaining high standards of air and water quality.

Examples:

 Employees follow procedures to manage waste properly.

 Offices use air purifiers to remove contaminants.
 Factories monitor water sources to prevent pollution.

4. Importance of Cleanliness at Workplace

Definition: Maintaining cleanliness at the workplace is crucial to avoid health issues and improve
productivity.

Examples:

 Regular cleaning prevents the spread of germs.

 A tidy workspace reduces stress and increases focus.

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 Clean environments help maintain a professional image.

5. Office Ergonomics

Definition: Office ergonomics involves designing workspaces to fit employees' needs and reduce physical
strain.

Examples:

 Workers adjust chair heights to support good posture.

 Desks are set at comfortable heights for typing.
 Screens are positioned to reduce neck strain.

6. Computer Health and Safety Tips

Definition: These tips are best practices to avoid health issues from prolonged computer use.

Examples:

 Employees take breaks every hour to reduce eye strain.

 Monitors are adjusted to prevent glare.
 Workers use ergonomic keyboards to avoid wrist pain.

7. Musculoskeletal Problems

Definition: These are health issues related to muscles and bones caused by poor posture or repetitive tasks.

 Occupational Overuse Syndrome: Pain from repetitive movements.

Examples:

o Typing too much can cause wrist pain.

o Using a mouse excessively can strain the arm.
o Long hours of sitting can lead to back pain.
 Strain in Legs and Feet: Discomfort from sitting or standing for long periods.

Examples:

o Sitting without support can cause leg cramps.

o Standing all day can lead to foot fatigue.
o Improper footwear can cause foot pain.
 Eye Strain: Fatigue from looking at screens for too long.

Examples:

o Staring at a screen for hours can cause headaches.

o Bright screens can lead to dry eyes.
o Improper lighting can worsen eye strain.

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8. To Reduce the Risks of Visual Problems

Definition: Measures aim to prevent eye and other visual problems from computer use.

 Headaches: Caused by poor screen conditions.

Examples:

o Using a screen filter reduces glare.

o Adjusting screen brightness can prevent headaches.
o Taking regular breaks helps reduce eye strain.
 Obesity: Linked to sedentary behavior.

Examples:

o Encouraging physical activity during breaks prevents weight gain.

o Using a standing desk can help reduce sedentary time.
o Promoting healthy eating reduces obesity risks.
 Stress Disorders: Related to excessive screen time and poor ergonomics.

Examples:

o Reducing screen time helps lower stress.

o Practicing relaxation techniques can ease stress.
o Ergonomic workstations reduce physical stress.
 Injuries from Laptop Use: Such as wrist strain from poor typing positions.

Examples:

o Using a laptop stand improves typing posture.

o Using an external keyboard reduces wrist strain.
o Taking breaks helps prevent injuries from laptop use.
 Sleeping Problems: Caused by exposure to screens before bed.

Examples:

o Avoiding screens an hour before sleep improves rest.

o Using blue light filters can reduce sleep disruption.
o Setting a regular sleep schedule helps with restfulness.

9. Health and Safety Requirements for Computer Workplace

Definition: These are standards for maintaining a safe and healthy computer work environment.

Examples:

 Proper lighting helps reduce eye strain.

 Ergonomic chairs support good posture.
 Regular workstation adjustments prevent discomfort.
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10. Cautions while Working on the Computer

Definition: These are precautions to avoid health risks related to computer use.

Examples:

 Adjusting the screen position helps avoid neck pain.

 Maintaining proper lighting prevents eye strain.
 Using a wrist rest reduces wrist strain.

11. Accident and Emergencies

Definition: These are procedures for handling accidents and emergencies at work.

 Notice and Correctly Identify Accidents and Emergencies: Recognize and assess incidents.

Examples:

o Observing an accident scene helps determine the severity.

o Identifying potential hazards prevents further incidents.
o Reporting emergencies quickly ensures prompt response.
 Get Help Promptly and in the Most Suitable Way: Seek assistance as needed.

Examples:

o Calling emergency services for serious injuries.

o Alerting first aid personnel for immediate care.
o Using company emergency contacts for support.
 Follow Company Policies and Procedures for Preventing Further Injury: Adhere to safety
protocols.

Examples:

o Securing the accident area prevents additional harm.

o Following evacuation procedures during a fire.
o Implementing first aid protocols until help arrives.
 Act within the Limits of Your Responsibility and Authority: Respond according to your role.

Examples:

o Providing first aid if trained, otherwise seeking help.

o Not attempting tasks beyond your expertise.
o Following instructions from senior staff.
 Promptly Follow Instructions Given by Senior Staff and Emergency Services: Adhere to
guidance.

Examples:

o Evacuating as directed by emergency coordinators.

o Administering first aid as instructed by medical personnel.
o Following safety procedures given by supervisors.

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12. Types of Accidents

Definition: Different kinds of workplace accidents and their causes.

 Trip and Fall: Accidents from tripping over objects.

Examples:

o Removing obstacles from walkways prevents trips.

o Fixing uneven flooring avoids falls.
o Providing clear pathways reduces accident risk.
 Slip and Fall: Slips on wet or slippery surfaces.

Examples:

o Cleaning spills promptly prevents slips.

o Using non-slip mats in wet areas reduces accidents.
o Maintaining dry floors helps avoid falls.
 Injuries Caused Due to Escalators or Elevators: Accidents involving moving escalators or
elevators.

Examples:

o Regular maintenance ensures escalators and elevators are safe.

o Using handrails on escalators prevents falls.
o Avoiding overcrowding in elevators reduces injury risk.
 Accidents Due to Falling of Goods: Injuries from items falling from shelves.

Examples:

o Securing items on shelves prevents falls.

o Using safety nets or barriers can catch falling objects.
o Stacking items properly reduces the risk of falling.
 Accidents Due to Moving Objects: Incidents involving machinery or vehicles.

Examples:

o Implementing safety guards on machines prevents injuries.

o Using warning signs around moving equipment reduces accidents.
o Training employees on safe equipment use improves safety.

13. Handling Accidents

Definition: Steps to manage and respond to workplace accidents.

 Attend to the Injured Person Immediately: Provide care as needed.

Examples:

o Administering first aid to a cut or bruise.

o Calling for medical help if needed.

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o Comforting the injured person until help arrives.
 Inform Your Supervisor: Report the incident to higher authorities.

Examples:

o Notifying the supervisor about a workplace injury.

o Reporting a spill to prevent further accidents.
o Updating management on an emergency situation.
 Assist Your Supervisor: Help with follow-up actions.

Examples:

o Helping with incident reports.

o Assisting in cleaning up the accident area.
o Supporting investigations into the cause of the accident.

14. Types of Emergencies

Definition: It means various emergency situations and their management.

 First Aid: Basic medical care in emergencies.

Examples:

o Treating minor cuts and bruises.

o Applying bandages to wounds.
o Performing CPR if trained.
 Electrical Safety: Handling electrical hazards safely.

Examples:

o Turning off power before fixing electrical issues.

o Using insulated tools for electrical work.
o Checking for faulty wiring to prevent shocks.
 Evacuation: Procedures for safely leaving the building during emergencies.

Examples:

o Following exit signs during a fire drill.

o Assembling at a designated safe spot.
o Using emergency exits to leave quickly.

15. General Evacuation Procedures

Definition: Steps to safely exit the building during an emergency.

Examples:

 Following emergency exit routes during a fire drill.

 Assembling at a designated safe spot outside.
 Ensuring all employees are accounted for during evacuation.

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16. Fire Hazards in the Workplace

Definition: Potential sources of fire and how to manage them.

Examples:

 Keeping flammable materials away from heat sources.

 Maintaining fire alarms and extinguishers.
 Training employees on fire safety procedures.

17. Fire Prevention

Definition: Measures to prevent fire outbreaks in the workplace.

Examples:

 Regularly inspecting electrical wiring to avoid faults.

 Properly storing chemicals and flammable materials.
 Conducting fire drills to prepare employees.

18. Identification of Material and Ignition Sources

Definition: Recognizing materials and sources that can cause fires.

Examples:

 Identifying flammable materials like solvents and papers.

 Detecting sources of ignition such as electrical faults.
 Properly labeling hazardous materials to avoid accidents.

19. First Aid for Electrical Emergencies

Definition: Basic medical care for injuries caused by electrical accidents.

Examples:

 Turning off the power source before helping an injured person.

 Administering CPR if the person is not breathing.
 Covering electrical burns with sterile dressings.

20. Electrical Rescue Techniques

Definition: Techniques for safely rescuing individuals involved in electrical accidents.

Examples:

 Using a non-conductive object to move the victim away from the source.
 Calling emergency services immediately for severe cases.
 Wearing insulated gloves to avoid electrical shock.

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