Banana export to Ukrain - Soviet Russia

Banana is the common name for any of the very large, tree-like, herbaceous plants comprising the genus Musa of the flowering plant family Musaceae, characterized by an above-ground pseudostem (false stem) with a terminal crown of large leaves, and hanging clusters of edible, elongated fruit. The term also is used for the fruit, which typically has a yellowish or reddish skin when ripe, and is very important commercially. Bananas provide various culinary, commercial, and ecological values. Bananas are cultivated primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent for the production of fiber and as ornamental plants. The fruit can be eaten raw, dried, or cooked. Its unique taste and texture, and the fact that it can be obtained year round, makes it very popular. Ecologically, the plants provide food for various animals, including insects. Bananas are native to the tropical region of Southeast Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia. Today, they are cultivated throughout the tropics.

Banana bunches are sometimes encased in plastic bags for protection. Certain banana cultivars turn red or purplish instead of yellow as they ripen. Nutiritional value of Banana
Banana, raw Nutritional value per 100 g Energy 90 kcal 370 kJ
Carbohydrates - Sugars - Dietary fiber Fat Protein Vitamin A 3 g Thiamin (Vit. B1) 0.031 mg 22.84 g 12.23 g 2.6 g 0.33 g 1.09 g 0% 2%

Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.073 mg 5% Niacin (Vit. B3) 0.665 mg 4%

Top

Banana India Brazil

Producing Nations (in million metric tons)

2005 16.8 6.7 6.4 5.9 5.8 4.5 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.6 72.5

People's Republic of China Ecuador Philippines Indonesia Costa Rica Mexico Thailand Colombia Burundi World Total

Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO 2005).

The above block shows the major banana producing countries in the world Storage and transport :
Banana bunches are sometimes encased in plastic bags for protection. The bags may be coated with pesticides

In the current world marketing system, bananas are grown in the tropics, and the fruit has to be transported over long distances. To gain maximum life, bunches are harvested before the fruit is fully mature. The fruit are carefully handled, transported quickly to the seaboard, cooled, and shipped under sophisticated refrigeration. The basis of this procedure is to prevent the bananas producing ethylene, which is the natural ripening agent of the fruit. This sophisticated technology allows storage and transport for 3-4 weeks at 13 degrees Celsius. On arrival at the destination, the bananas are held typically at about 17 degrees Celsius and treated with a low concentration of ethylene. After a few days, the fruit has begun to ripen and it is distributed for retail sale. It is important to note that unripe bananas can not be held in the home refrigerator as they suffer from the cold. After ripening, some bananas can be held for a few days in the home refrigerator. Some researchers have shown that the use of refrigeration is no longer essential to extend the life of bananas after harvest (Scott et al. 1970; Scott et al. 1971; Scot and Gandanegara 1974). These researchers report that the presence of carbon dioxide (which is produced by the fruit) extends the life and the addition of an ethylene absorbent further extends the life even at high temperatures. This simple technology involves packing the fruit in a polyethylene bag and including an ethylene absorbent, potassium permanganate, on an inert carrier. The bag is then sealed with a band or string. This low cost treatment more than doubles the life at a range of temperatures and can give a life of up to 3-4 weeks without the need of refrigeration. The method is suitable for bunches, hands, and even fingers. The technology has been successfully tested over long distances and has been confirmed by researchers in a number of countries. The longest commercial trial was from North Queensland to New Zealand by unrefrigerated rail and ship over 18 days. The technology, however, has not been widely adopted.
Storage Mature green bananas can be stored for upto 3 weeks in ethylene free air or upto 6 weeks in a controlled atmosphere at 140 C. Packing Wooden or cardboard boxes, rectangular in shape and bamboo baskets are used for packaging and transportation of fruits. In some cases banana bunches are packed in old gunny bags wrapped with banana leaves. Due to poor packing quality the bananas deteriorate and fetch low price.

Costs & Returns A one acre plantation of the crop is a highly viable proposition. The cost components of such a model along with the basis for costing are exhibited in Annexures I. A summary is given in the figure below. The project cost works out to Rs.1.25 lakhs. Figure-I : COST OF PROJECT Project Cost: Sl. No. 1. Component Plantation Expenses (i) Cost of planting material (ii) Manures & fertilizers (iii) Insecticides & pesticides (Amount in Rs.) Proposed Expenditure 11,000 5,000 2,000

(iv) Cost of Labour (v) Others, if any, (Power) 2. Irrigation (i) Tube-well/submersible pump (ii) Cost of Pipeline (iii) Others, if any, please specify Cost of Drip/Sprinkler Infrastructure (i) Store (ii) Labour shed & Pump house (iii) Farm Equipment Land Development (i) Soil Leveling (ii) Digging (iii) Fencing (iv) Others, if any, please specify Land, if newly purchased (Please indicate the year) Grand Total

5,000 2,000 25,000 40,000 40,000 25,000 10,000 1,000 11,000 4,000 20,000 24,000 @ 1,25,000

3. 4.

5.

6.

Packaging cost for transportation purpose should work out about to be around 5% on Plantation expenses (5% of Rs.25,000). The dry banana leaves can be used for packaging purposes.
Packing of hands or dehanded fruits in polythene (about 100 gauge polythene bags with 0.2% holes ) enhance the shelf life under room temperature as well as in cold storage, while polythene bags without perforations develop fungal infections due to high humidity. High quality bananas are generally exported. Firstly, fingers are removed from the bunch and washed in water. Then they are washed in dilute sodium hypochloride solution to remove the latex, dipped in 0.1 % of carbendazime solution and finally air dried. These fingers are graded on the basis of their length & girth and packed in plastic corrugated fibre board (CFB) cartons having capacity of about 13 to 14.5 Kg. A suitable packing material like foam etc. may be used. These boxes are kept at 13-150 C temperature and 80-90% humidity having cold storage. Bananas can be stored in such controlled atmosphere in a cooling chamber for a period of 20-25 days. The bananas are to be exported via cold chain of shipment at 130 C and refrigerated vans in the country. Transportation of Banana Road transport by trucks/lorries is the most popular mode of transport due to easy approach from orchards to the market. For distant markets rail wagons are used.

Storage and transport

Bananas must be transported over long distances from the tropics to world markets. To obtain maximum shelf life, harvest comes before the fruit is mature. The fruit requires careful handling, rapid transport to ports, cooling, and refrigerated shipping. The goal is to prevent the bananas from producing their natural ripening agent, ethylene. This technology allows storage and transport for 34 weeks at 13 C (55 F). On arrival, bananas are held at about 17 C (63 F) and treated with a low concentration of ethylene. After a few days, the fruit begins to

ripen and is distributed for final sale. Unripe bananas can not be held in home refrigerators because they suffer from the cold. Ripe bananas can be held for a few days at home. If the bananas you buy are too green, you can put them in a brown paper bag with an apple or tomato overnight to speed up the ripening process. They can be stored indefinitely frozen, then eaten like an ice pop or cooked as a banana mush. Recent studies have suggested that carbon dioxide (which bananas produce) and ethylene absorbents extend fruit life even at high temperatures. This effect can be exploited by packing the fruit in a polyethylene bag and including an ethylene absorbent, e.g., potassium permanganate, on an inert carrier. The bag is then sealed with a band or string. This treatment has been shown to more than double lifespans up to 34 weeks without the need for refrigeration.

Packaging cost escalation:

The costs that were taken for banana cultivation was based on inflation rate in the year 2005. The table below gives the inflation rate in India and from there the transportation cost need to be calculated. In the year 2005 packing cost was calculated at 5% of total cultivation value i.e. Rs.1250/For year 2011 CPI is seen as 10.56 i.e 11% and the total cultivation cost would get enhanced to 25000 + 25000 x 11/100 = 27750, 5% packing cost would be Rs.1387 or 1400.

Consumer price index - Rate of inflation between 2002 2011

CPI IN recent years
period 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 inflation 10.056 % 9.816 % 11.644 % 9.775 % 6.399 % 6.399 % 3.633 % 4.810 % 2.887 % 4.301 %

September is the period of index calculation of CPI for each of the years above

Related information on banana cultivation, yield /acre and alternative methods of cultivation and usage of banana. Money matters: A tissue culture banana plantation at Agasapalli in Krishnagiri district. Photo: Shows the Tissue culture banana that gives enhanced profit. HOSUR: Tissue culture has benefited banana farmers here doubly - high yield in a short span of time.

While the regular variety takes three months for a harvest, the tissue culture variety can be harvested in a month's time. The average yield is 35 tonnes per acre per year in the tissue culture variety whereas it is 20 tonnes per acre per year in the normal variety. Say Dr. N. Bharathi, Director, Growmore Biotech Ltd.: "The regions of Denkanikottai, Hosur and Thally are the major tissue culture cultivation areas in the district. A salubrious climate, efficient labour and proximity to four tissue culture units in Hosur alone have made farmers in the district opt for tissue culture." Increased yield

It has ensured an increase in plant yield by two to three times in a short period of one year when compared to five years for the conventional variety. While 10 plants can be propagated in the conventional banana variety in one year the same crop through tissue culture ensures one lakh plants in one year. About 160 farmers in Hosur alone have opted for tissue culture banana plantations ranging from one acre to two acres. Of the 3,000 acres under cultivation, 30 per cent of the crop is through tissue culture. However, the average cost of cultivation for a farmer who has opted for tissue culture plants is Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 60,000 per acre when compared to Rs. 20,000 to 25,000 per acre under normal cultivation. The high cost is mainly because of using quality fertilizers and drip and sprinkler irrigation. Mr. Bharathi says the total returns is Rs. 1.75 lakhs to Rs. 2 lakhs in the tissue culture variety compared to Rs. 75,000 to Rs. 1 lakh per acre in the normal variety. The profit, after taking into account all cost of cultivation, is Rs. 1 lakh per acre. On an average a total of three lakh tissue culture banana plants are sold per month to Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and other districts in Tamil Nadu from here. The demand for tissue culture plants has now spread throughout the country, he says. Says Venkatasamy, a farmer: "Tissue culture banana is far better than the regular variety as it is free from diseases, has a uniform growth and can be harvested in one month. It also has a high yield with an average of 25 to 45 tonnes per acre." Mr. Venkatasamy says he is going to plant another five acres of tissue culture banana shortly.

Bananas: World wide actual and projected exports

ACTUAL 1988-1990 average 1998-2000 average(*) 000 tonnes WORLD LATIN AMERICA & CARIB. Ecuador Costa Rica Colombia OTHER LATIN AMERICA Belize Suriname Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Brazil 7 849 6 648 1 791 1 326 975 2 242 29 31 327 868 114 68 720 71 11 654 9 695 3 911 2 032 1 536 1 964 65 34 739 299 98 55 532 74 13 093 10 931 4 888 2 248 1 843 1 919 50 24 1 082 400 42 51 200 70 14 930 12 528 5 770 2 512 2 072 1 996 83 14 1 126 400 42 47 214 69 PROJECTED 2005 2010 GROWTH RATES 1990 to 2000 2000 to 2010

Percent per year 4.0 3.8 8.1 4.4 4.6 -1.3 8.5 1.1 8.5 -10.1 -1.6 -2.0 -3.0 0.4 2.5 2.6 4.0 2.1 3.0 0.2 2.6 -8.5 4.3 3.0 -8.1 -1.6 -8.7 -0.6

Venezuela CARIBBEAN Dominican Rep. Jamaica Former Windward Is. Dominica Grenada Saint Lucia St.Vincent & Grenadines FAR EAST Philippines AFRICA Cameroon Cte d'Ivoire

14 314 4 45 266 59 8 129 69 974 853 226 56 90

61 252 68 52 133 28 1 64 41 1 525 1 356 433 178 210 262 84 50 128 27 1 60 40 1 679 1 679 484 220 230 25 17 1 953 1 953 449 196 215 175 101 21 54 11

15.7 -2.2 33.3 1.6 -6.7 -7.3 -24.6 -6.8 -5.1 4.6 4.8 6.7 12.3 8.9

-33.0 -3.6 4.1 -8.7 -8.7 -8.5 -9.1 -8.9 -8.5 2.5 3.7 0.4 0.9 0.3

(*) figures are slightly underestimated due to unreported exports