A6IGNMENT NO 0

NAME OF THE STUDY OF LAWS OF

ASSI61N MENT THERMODYNAMIeS

1, Give a briet ezplain ation of he first law

of thermodgnamies.
The tixet law f thev modymamtes io gene
be the east demamding to
the
raly tuought to extensiom of tte taw o
it is
qrasp
cvahon of emea meaning -tue
be neither voatod de stroyed. The fivot au
6f tueymodynamies stotes tuat tha total eneray
yemains eonstamt even it is eomve
ystem
a

ted fron o fovm to omoteY. This law

velates the Vios forms sf kinetio and potent
nga in Sgoten to do worh, ewhieh a

Can pevfor m md to tue ansfer st

sqsten somoimes taken as t e dein
haat. Tis law

atiom Qf intevmal enegY amd also intyodaces

Hhe addiional etate vaniable entalpy.
Work against miotion fposing fovee.
an

Raising weigt against tae opposing foree of

aroita voqutres woxk . The magnitude ths
wovk depands masS

tue strngt grav itation al pull on it,

an heigt thvough hich (s vai'sed.
Wosk is the primg founotiom sf tormod-ymam
amd in ue par hieula of He ixst law
 -The firot law ó thermodynamies is com mony
Qalled the comser vation af emegy: In the eleme
yvation
ntog phyoics couYse, the study of
o energa emphasi22 5 ehanges in mechanical
kinetie and poten ia energ amd their velationship
Ho work. The effect o heat tamsfes and interna
Conse vahon
emea ehamges ae also te

The equation for the first la ie

AU =
Oheng in intecnal enera f a gotem.
AQ- eat transfe f betweem yotesn and
survoundingo.
A W Novk interaction of ttha qstem wit
its SuvT ounaings

Pointe to vemembes -
() For a n isolated
constart.
ystem, enead always vema
is
point functon amd tta
propertg of Sys tem. IF is qn etensive
propeta: shile specifie emrgd is an intensive
propexy Cindepeodent of mas),
) Fo ideal aas, tthe intenal is a

fumction of tzmperatre only

 Limitatons :
O The firot law of termo dynamies doeb mot
specisy amy comdition amnd tue direction of flow
of heat amd workk that means the fow of heat
cold
from hot body to a cold body o from
body to hot bodg
Thxough tue mechamical work be
coverted into heot emevgy but only part of
het eme lbe Comve ted into mnechan cal
otuax word, tais law has imita tio
eonve siOn of form of emegy into
another fovm.

2. Give brief enplaimation o tue second

Law of
of termo dymamice
The Secomd law t ttue mo dynamiceo mat
be defined in but 4he tuwo
eom mon stotementz kelvin- Plank
ac eodina to
and Qlausi us are foloos
) kelven- Plank statement - 1t is impoesible
to comstuct emgine workina yalie
pYoeG6, whose 5ole pusposa is to eom vert
heat enea om single termal Yaser oir
me an6 that thee
it degradaion of enead
in the poe
e Ss
produeing mechani eal work
from te heat suppd. Thus Hhe kelvin - Plank
statement is knoun as 'law of degradaton emera
 chamical t work
The rtio o} the marimuTn me
obtained to the total heat suppied to the engine
is knowm as maimum the mal effieieney nmat)
of the engina, Mothematically
Maimum work obtaime d
man
Total heat suppiad

() clauoius statemmemt " Jt is in possible for a

self acting machine, working in yelie proce ss,
to tramsfex heat from boy at a lower temp
a

2atue to a bodg at a highex tempev ature without

a

the ad 6f eztevnal eñea ^gene

In ker
other wode, haat can't floo itslf from
eold body to a hot body witkout Hhe eoenditure
o mechanical cwork.
is measured
The pevformance of a heat engine
in terms thermal efieiency whieh is defned
ue ratio tue maimum heot tamsferred to the
anount wovh required to produce the desired effect
Mathem adlealg ma mum eoeffieient of pe fom anee
vafsigevator, Te
(eo. Pa
Though kelvin - Plamk amd Clausius statements
ot the second law o tmodynamies appear to be
drffevent from each oter, but these two statemens
ate virtually quivalent in all vespects .
 aive o brief enplaination o he third taw o
thermodynamie
The Nernst statement ot he 4hisd law of
theymodymamiee implies that " is not possibe tor
pocesS to
bring tthe enthopa of a given yotem
to 20x0 im
firite mumbey o opasoions.
The Nevpnst - Simnon etatement of the 4hivd law
Cam be eovitte as- for a cond
tharm odynamiee
ensed ystem undergoing isothermal pr oeess
that is YeYer sible in nature, the associated
ehange opproachas 2ero
entrop
tenpex ature approaches 2ero.
Mathematieal sxptanation -
per statieti ea the entropy
meehaiee ,

oste m be expressed via -tue folloin

equahon -
AS = klog W
ttexe AS = the ehang emtrop
Boltzmann eonstant

W= number S mie ostates

An application of tte hid law of ttermo

dymamies is that it helps in the caleulatiom sf
the absolute crtopy Sf substamce at amy tem
peratue T. These detevmimations based
6n the heat capaeity measurements ot the substan
 A
Stive a briet explaimatiom of the
law of thexmodynamies,
The 2er0th Law of thermodynamies framo s
an idea of tempexature am indigator of
thermal equi libium,

When a body A ie thermal equitibri

witu anothex body '8 an
aleo sapaxatat
thexmal equii lorium with a lbody 'e'; then
bodg e' amd e wil also be in herma equ
ubriun with each other. This statement defines
the ev0th law of thermodymamies.
-to state the law Syotems
-Anothe way equii bv ium eist at the
that in ther mal
SaNe tenpevature".
A

Thie 2ex0tu Law is fov mulated by RalpHH.

teat
fouoler, This law takes into accont
temperature is something ov th measuxin
it predicts ohaatwer haat will tramfex
becaese
oY not. This is true Yegaress
between objecte
tue olojecte Intevact, Evem if two objecte
of houw can still floo
not in physi cal contact, heat
sf vadiation mode
betwen ttem by foo means
otther hand, the 2eYoth
of heat tramsfer. On tue
law o thermodynamies states
st that iF te
gotems are in thermal quili bvium, no haat
tlous will take plaee.
 6. Durin& yele, the worktng fluid in an

15 kJ
engine engges in two wovk interactions:
to he luid and 11 kJ fom the fluid, and hxee
heat imtevactiom s, two sf ohieh are
to -the ftuid amd 10 kJ from te ttid.
Evaluate the magnitude and dixection of tue
Hhird heat transtex.
Solution:

-W 11 kJ

Fron the fret law f Givan Hhat,

-Hthermody mamiee
W 44 kJ

75-40 +

The Huir heat tamefer is 6uJ

6kJ from
the fluid
 6. The propethes of a ce tain flid are alated
as fol ow
u 196+ O.18
p O.287 (t + 273)
Whee u is the opecifie internal energ Ck3/
in e, is pressue (kN m-) and vis is
specifie volume (mvq). For this flui d, ind ey
and

In tis proceos heaF is /not tramsfened.

So,
’/N =

Soluton:
Ao kno,

+ O.18t+ O.2%7+ +78.35!

Again,
96+0q13)
 The value f ev 0718 kJ/u-k and

7. A oyetem composed f 2kg o tue above

fluld e pando in a frictionless piston an
ayinder machina from am inttial stote 1 Ma,
final tempexature f 30°e. I ere
100° to a final
is no heat tansfex, find the natwork for he
prOcRSs,

Solution
As. here is no
heat tansfmati

A£ + W

1
Sevdt
o?18(T,-TË )
=- O.18 ( 100- 0 )

- So. 2G k3/a
.".Total ork., () = 2x(-so.26) kJ
 8. A gas underoes a therm odjnamie yelen inital
at
condeting three processes beglnning at
stote where
p =s bar, V S m? and U, =SI2 kJ.
The process2s as foltows -
) Proco bs 1-2: Compresslom with pv Constant

bs 2-33 Weg o, 2= -Is0 k, and

am
Neglaeting kE
Dete mimation tha
PE ehan ges.
hea intesactions 2 and .

Solution;
AE + SPdv
dy
=(G90- Si2)+
= |78 - lo3. 992
()

As, W-3 22YO its eonstamt volume

pro ee eSs, And as We is
positive, epansio :
ie happ ened.
.', Un = U,-1S0 =

Now,
=

- (G40-i)+s0 = 22 4]
 Thevefore, the detemined heat interac tions
amd is 22 bJ.
(Annyer)

9. If a refigevator fo for heafing

purposeo in winter s0 that the atmospheve becom
+he eold body and the YOOm to oe heated beco
mes the hot body how much heat
heat wou ld be
available for heating or each kw input to the
driving moto )
is 5, and he
The coP
op of ha vesrlgerato
electomechani cal effieiency 6}
the. motoy 90%. How does this eom pae
witth resis tamce heating ?

Solutio»
We kow that,
desived effect
Jnput
+1

H
0,
W

OY, N =

but the motor dfiejeny 907) So,

Electical enrga equivad E’ O9x6
 =0. | 52 H

= 18.52 % o Heat.
J00
H =
18. 52kN 6f Heat

Thesefove , Moat would be avallabla

for heating for each kn input to tte diving
motor,

10. 1f 20 k Qe
added to Can not eyele
of s00e amd I4.6 kJ are
at a tempevature locatiom of abso
vejected at oe, detexmine
Bel eißus seale.
lute 22 O

Solution?
Let,
o(t)

at + b
attb
=x00 +1

for, absolute zer0

Now,
at +b
te=. 36986x 0 -270.39
Am)