EE 109 System Protection Ground Fault Protection Required for: 1.

. 1000 A or larger, solidly grounded Y service of 150 V to ground 600 V phase to phase 2. Service devices, ground fault protection set to operate at 1000 A (max) Circuit breakers air, oil, and vacuum - Sense current by: 1. Production of heat thermal circuit breakers 2. Intense magnetic field magnetic circuit breakers Sample Problems

1.

A 3-phase, 60 Hz, Y transformer has line voltages of 22000 V and 400 V, respectively. The secondary has a balanced Y-connected load at 0.8 lag pf. The line current on the primary side is 5 A. Determine the line current in each coil of the primary and in each secondary line. What is the output of the transformer in kW?

2.

A 500 kVA, 3-phase, 60 Hz transformer is connected Y and rated 33 kV/11 kV. The resistances per phase are: RHV = 35 and RLV = 0.876 and the iron loss is 3050 W. Calculate the value of efficiency at full-load and one-half of full load, respectively, at (a) unity pf; (b) and 0.8 pf.

3.

A 120 kVA, 6000/400 V, Y Y, 3-phase, 60 Hz, transformer has an iron loss of 1600 W. The maximum efficiency occurs at FL. Find the efficiencies of the transformer at (a) FL and 0.8 pf; (b) FL and unity pf; and (c) the maximum efficiency.

4. A 3-phase, 6600/415 V, 2000 kVA transformer has a per unit resistance of 0.02

and a per unit leakage reactance of 0.1. Calculate the Cu loss and regulation at FL 0.8 pf.

5.

A 3-phase, 33/6.6 kV, Y, 2 MVA transformer has a primary resistance of 8/phase and a secondary resistance of 0.08/phase. The % impedance is 7%. Calculate the secondary voltage with rated primary voltage and the regulation for FL 0.75 pf lagging conditions.

6.

A 100 kVA, 3-phase, 60 Hz, 3300/400 V transformer is connected Y. R HV = 3.5/phase and RLV = 0.02/phase. Calculate the iron losses of the transformer at normal voltage and frequency if its FL efficiency be 95.8% at 0.8 lag pf.

7. A 5000 kVA, 3-phase, 6.6/33 kV, Y transformer has a no load loss of 15 kW

8. A 3-phase transformer is Y connected. It has and equivalent %R = 1.0 and

%X = 6.0. The primary applied voltage is 6600 V. What must be the ratio of transformation in order that it will deliver 4800 V at FL current and 0.8 lag pf?

9.

What should be the kVA rating of each transformer in a V V bank when the 3phase balanced load is 40 kVA? If a third similar transformer is connected for operation, what is the rated capacity? What %age increase in rating is affected in this way?

10. A bank consisting of three 20 kVA, 2300/230 V transformers supplies a

load of 40 kVA. If one transformer is removed, find for the resulting V V connection (a) kVA load carried by each transformer; (b) % of rated load carried by each transformer; (c) total kVA rating of the V V bank; (d) ratio of the V V bank to the bank transformer ratings; (e) % increase in load on each transformer when bank is converted into V V bank.

11. A balanced 3-phase load of 150 kVA at 1000 V, 0.866 lagging pf is supplied from

2000 V, 3-phase mains through single-phase transformers connected in (a) ; (b) V V. Find the current in the windings of each transformer and the power factor at which they operate in each case.

12. Two identical single-phase transformers are connected in open delta across 3-

phase mains and deliver a balanced load of 3000 kW at 11 kV and 0.8 lag pf. Calculate the line and phase currents and the power factor at which the two transformers are working. If one more identical unit is added and the open delta is converted to closed delta, calculate the additional load of the same power factor that can now be supplied for the same temperature rise. Also calculate the phase and line currents.

13. Two transformers connected in open delta supply a 400 kVA balanced load
operating at 0.866 lag pf. The load voltage is 440 V. What is the (a) kVA supplied by each transformer; and the (b) kW supplied by each transformer? Notes on the V V connection The total load that can be carried by a V V bank is 57.7% of the 3-phase capacity (a reduction of 15.5% of rated capacity) or 86.6% of the capacity of the remaining two transformers. Utility factor = operating capacity/available capacity = 0.866 for a V V bank. Each transformer will supply 57.7% of load and not 50% when operating in V V. If three transformers in a bank are delivering their rated load and one transformer is removed, the overload on each of the two remaining transformers is 73.2%. Disadvantages of the V V connection:

1. The average power factor at which the V V bank operates is 86.6% of the

balanced load power factor. Except for unity power factor, the two transformers operate at different power factors. 2. The secondary terminal voltages tend to become unbalanced to a great extent when the load is increased. If two transformers are operating in V V and loaded to rated capacity, the addition of a third transformer increases the total capacity by 3 or 173.2%. When a V V bank supplies a balanced 3-phase load of power factor cos , then one transformer operates at a power factor of cos (30 - ) and the other at cos (30 + ). Scott (or T T) Connection - 3-phase to 3-phase connection is accomplished with the help of two transformers; can also be used for 3-phase to 2-phase transformation Main transformer contains center taps on both the primary and secondary windings Teaser transformer contains 86.6% taps Notes: 1. The teaser transformer and each half of the main transformer operate at different power factors. 2. The teaser transformer operates at only .866 of its rated voltage and the main transformer coils operate at cos 30 = 0.866 power factor, which is equivalent to the coils working at 86.6% of the kVA rating. 3. If the teaser primary and secondary windings are designed for, say, 86.6 V only with the main transformer at 100 V, then they will be operating at full rating. kVA utilized/kVA available = 0.928 4. When a balanced load of pf = cos is applied, the teaser current will lag or lead the voltage by while in the two halves of the main transformer, the angle between the current and the voltage will be (30 - ) and (30 + ). Parallel Operation of 3-phase Transformers All the conditions which apply to the parallel operation of single-phase transformers also apply to the parallel operation of 3-phase transformers plus the following: a. Voltage ratio must refer to the line to line voltage ratio. b. Phase displacement between primary and secondary voltages must be the same. c. Phase sequence must be the same. d. All three transformers in the 3-phase bank must be of the same construction (either Core- or shell-type) Problem: 1. Two T T connected transformers are used to supply a 440 V, 33 kVA balanced load from a 3300 V 3-phase supply. Calculate the voltage and

current rating of each coil and the kVA rating of the main and teaser transformer.

2. A load of 500 kVA at 0.8 lagging pf is to be shared by two 3-phase

transformers A and B of equal ratings. If the equivalent impedances as referred to the secondary are (2 + j6) for A and (2 + j5) for B, calculate the load supplied by each transformer. ratio 3300/400 V supply a load of 750 kVA at 0.707 lagging when operating in parallel. The rating of A is 500 kVA, its resistance is 2% and reactance 3%. The corresponding values for B are 250 kVA, 1.5% and 4%, respectively. Assuming that both transformers have Y-connected secondary windings, calculate (a) the load supplied by each transformer; (b) power factor at which each transformer is working; and (c) the secondary line voltage of the parallel circuit.

3. Two 3-phase transformers A and B having the same no load line voltage