NUTR2001

Human Nutrition 1

http://www.ihealthcraze.com/
Body Composition
Module 5.2
Body composition, healthy
body weight
Measurements of body
composition
Health risks associated with
body weight and body fat
Eating disorders
 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA

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 Report
Use the APA to help you format references
Use Turmitin (originality)
Use credible sources as references: Wikipedia, blogs,
Instagram are not reliable sources
Class notes are not appropriate as references
Include a cover page (your own is acceptable) with your
name, student number, subject and code, my name and word
count (see assessment brief for word count)

Note: the due date is 11 August 2024 11.55pm

 Examples of Reliable Sources
(Subject Outline)
Whitney, E. N., Rady, R. S., Crowe, T., & Walsh, A. (2017). Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code
Understanding nutrition - Australia and New Zealand Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Edition (3rd ed.). Melbourne, VIC: Cengage Learning Research Organisation (CSIRO)
Whitney, E, Rolfes, S.R, Crowe, T, Cameron-Smith, D & Eat for Health
Walsh, T. (2014) Understanding nutrition – Australia and Nutrition Australia
New Zealand Edition (2nd ed.). Melbourne, VIC: Cengage
Department of Health
Learning
Australian Government H Nutrition and
Recommended Reading:
Metabolism
Books:
Nutrition Bulletin
Sheehy, T., & Kolahdooz, F. (Eds.). (2015). Nutrition at a
Nutrition Journal
glance. Retrieved from
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.ezproxy.laureate.net.au Online Resources:
Geissler, C., & Powers, H. (2017). Human nutrition Cengage Learning Australia
(Thirteenth edition. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Khan Academy
Gibney, M. J., Vorster, H. H., & Kok, F. (2009). Food Standards Australia New Zealand
Introduction to human nutrition (2nd ed.). Oxford: (FSANZ)
Blackwell Science. Australia New HealthInsite
Gibson, R. S. (2005). Principles of nutritional assessment. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
Body Composition Healthy Ideals

Male under 40: 13-21%

body fat
Over 22%: health issues
Male over 40: 25%+
health issues
Female under 40: 23-
31% body fat
Over 32%: health issues
Female over 40: 33%+
health issues
 Role of Muscle in the Body

Movement Lean mass includes

Stability muscle, as well as
Posture kidneys, heart, liver,
brain, GIT
Circulation
Role in metabolism (lean
Respiration
tissue)
Digestion
Urination
Vision
Temperature regulation
 Role of Fat in the Body

Energy
Insulation in cold weather
Protection against physical shock
Cell membrane formation
Hormone, vitamin D, bile
production
White fat (WAT) vs brown fat
(BAT): WAT used for energy
storage as triglycerides; BAT used
dissipate energy in the form of heat
(adaptive thermogenesis: contain
mitochondria)
BAT high in babies to protect from
hypothermia
WAT and BAT
 Body Fat Distribution

Fat Distribution
Distribution of body fat is just
as, if not more, important than
the amount of fat carried
Fat deposited around abdominal
organs is for protection

Fat deposited around the abdomen –

‘the spare tyre’ is termed central
obesity, it is associated with
increased health risks

Fig.8.7 Whitney et al., 2014

Fat Distribution
BMI - Calculation

Find an online calculator to work out your BMI

BMI

Good for population

analysis
Doesn’t consider fat
distribution
Doesn’t consider muscle
to fat ratio ie athletes
Doesn’t consider genetic
and ethnic differences ie
Polynesian, Asian
Body Fat Percentage vs BMI
 Waist Circumference
Used to assess abdominal fat
Women: more than 80cm - risk
Men: more than 94cm – risk

https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=wai
st+circumference+video&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-
8#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:be0e585b,vid:4MajPk-vp8M
 Waist Circumference

Risk: coronary heart disease, stroke, non-insulin dependent diabetes

mellitus and high blood pressure.

Used to help confirm metabolic syndrome, in conjunction with:

High blood pressure

High TG

High LDL/low HDL

Blood glucose/insulin resistance

Hip:waist – waist/hip measurement
Common methods used to assess body
composition
 Bioimpedence
Analysis

Gives more insight than merely

weight ie can be in BMI range
with a greater percentage of body
fat OR
Overweight/obese with high
muscle mass
Obesity and Overweight

From the World Health Organization (W.H.O.):

“Overweight and obesity are defined as
abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may
impair health.”

Globally, around 3.4 million adults die every year

as a result of being overweight or obese; it is the
leading risk factor for death across the globe. It is
responsible for:
44% of the diabetes burden
23% of the ischaemic heart disease burden
between 7% and 41% of the burden of certain cancers
Overweight and Obesity in
Australia
 Health Risks For Overweight
and Obesity
Reduced life expectancy Cancers, including breast (post-menopause),
Insulin Resistance and Type 2 bowel, kidney, liver, endometrial, ovarian,
Diabetes stomach, oesophagus, gallbladder, pancreas
Hypertension and and prostate (advanced) cancers.
hypercholesterolaemia
Kidney stones
Cardiovascular disease: MI and
stroke Pregnancy and surgery complications
Sleep apnoea Inflammation
Osteoarthritis Metabolic Syndrome: 5 SSx (high BP, high
Gall bladder disease TG, central adiposity, high LDL, high blood
Respiratory disease (inc Covid 19) glucose)
 Underweight

Increased mortality risk

Malnutrition
Osteoporosis
Infertility, menstrual
irregularities
Reduced immunity
Increased complications
from surgery
Growth and development
 Eating Disorders

• There are 4 eating disorders recognized by the Diagnostic

and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
1. Anorexia Nervosa
2. Bulimia Nervosa
3. Binge Eating Disorder
4. Other specified feeding and eating disorders (OSFED)

• Eating disorders’ most common commence is during

adolescence
• Evidence demonstrates two peak periods for the onset
• At puberty and late adolescence
ED and Australia
ED and Australia
 Spectrum of Health

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=50&v=nJMtReAg1DI
Warning Signs of an Eating Disorder
Health Complications Associated with Anorexia Nervosa

Anaemia
Compromised immunity
Reduced resistance to infection
Gastrointestinal disorders
Pain, disruptions to digestion and
alternating bowel habits
Disruption to the menstrual cycle
in girls and women
Amenorrhoea
Cardiovascular disturbances
Irregular heart beat and hypotension
Metabolic disturbances
Hypoglycaemia
Eventual organ failure and death
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
Orthorexia
Orthorexia
Resources
Resources
 Body Dysmorphia

Scott Griffith: Muscle Dysmorphia

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vs7nKcPsAXI

Catalyst: Investigating Body Dysmorphia

https://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/s20-e10-investigating-body-
dysmorphia/11564912
 Module 5 - Discussion Forum

Go this this link from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare:
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2017). Risk factors to
health, Overweight and obesity. Retrieved
from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/biomedical-risk-factors/risk-
factors-to-health/contents/overweight-and-obesity

Read through these statistics and use the calculator tools (BMI, Waist
Circumference)
Where these tools useful to you?

What are your thoughts on the health situation in Australia?

Share your ideas on the Discussion Board for Topic 5.2

 Assignments

Report due this

Sunday 11 August
11.55pm.