How To Design Load
Flow Analysis in
MATLAB/SIMULINK
By Dr. J. A. Laghari
Power System Modelling in MATLAB
This example is taken
from the book Power System
Analysis by Hadi Sadat.
Chapter 6,
Example 6.7.
Example
Figure shows the one line diagram of a simple power three bus power
system with generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is
adjusted to 1.05 p.u. the scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on
the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base
and the line charging susceptance are neglected.
(a) Using the Gauss-seidel
method, determine the phasor
values of the voltage at the load
buses (P-Q buses) 2 and 3
accurate to four decimal places.
(b) Find the slack bus real
and reactive power.
Solution:
Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-2
Resistance in per unit is given as below:
R 0.02 p.u.
X L 0.04 p.u.
Actual Impedance is given by
Z Actual Z p.u . Z Base
Solution:
Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-2
To calculate Actual Impedance, we need the
based impedance. The Base Impedance is given by:
V 2 base
Z base
Sbase
Base MVA is given as 100 MVA and Base kV is not given in the example. However,
to put the values in Matlab/Simulink, we need the base kV. The default base kV in
Matlab/Simulink is 25 kV. Therefore, we assume base kV as 25 kV. However, you may
choose any base kV value, it will have no effect in the Matlab/Simulink Results.
Solution:
Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-2
V 2 base (25 103 ) 2 625 106
Z base 6.25
Sbase 100 10 6
100 10 6
Actual Resistance is given as below:
R 0.02 6.25
The Matlab/Simulink ask the value of Inductance in
Henry instead of Inductive Reactance. We know that
X L 2 f L
Solution:
Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-2
XL
L
2 f
Therefore, actual inductance will be
X L 6.25 0.04 6.25
L
2 f 2 60
Solution:
Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-3
Actual Resistance is given as below:
R 0.01 6.25
Therefore, actual inductance will be
X L 6.25 0.03 6.25
L
2 f 2 60
Solution:
Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 2-3
Actual Resistance is given as below:
R 0.0125 6.25
Therefore, actual inductance will be
X L 6.25 0.025 6.25
L
2 f 2 60
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
First admittance matrix is formed. To form admittance bus
matrix, first impedances are converted into their admittances.
1 1 1 0.02 j 0.04
y12 10 j 20
Z12 0.02 j 0.04 0.02 j 0.04 0.02 j 0.04
1 1 1 0.01 j 0.03
y13 10 j 30
Z13 0.01 j 0.03 0.01 j 0.03 0.01 j 0.03
1 1 1 0.0125 j 0.025
y23 16 j 32
Z 23 0.0125 j 0.025 0.0125 j 0.025 0.0125 j 0.025
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
Y11 y12 y13 10 j 20 10 j 30 20 j 50
Y22 y12 y23 10 j 20 16 j 32 26 j 52
Y33 y13 y23 10 j 30 16 j 32 26 j 62
Y12 Y21 y12 10 j 20
Y13 Y31 y13 10 j 30
Y23 Y32 y23 16 j32
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
Now, the bus admittance matrix can be formed as below:
20 j50 10 j 20 10 j30
YBus 10 j 20 26 j52 16 j32
10 j30 16 j32 26 j 62
At the P-Q buses, the complex loads expressed in per unit are:
Here negative
S 2( Actual ) 256.6 j110.2
S 2( p.u ) 2.566 j1.102 p.u sign is given in
S Base 100 order to show that
this is not the
S3( Actual ) 138.6 j 45.2 supplied power. In
S3( p.u ) 1.386 j 0.452 p.u fact, it is load.
S Base 100
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
To calculate the voltages at bus 2 and bus 3, Bus 1 is
selected as slack bus. Starting from an initial estimate of
V20 1.0 j 0; V30 1.0 j 0
V2 and V3 are computed by using equation:
1 Pk jQk n
r
Vk( r 1) ( r )*
Yki Vi
Ykk Vk i 1
i k
1 P2 jQ2 (0)
V 2
(1)
( 0 )*
Y21 V1 Y23 V3
(0)
Y22 V2
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
2.566 j1.102
1 ( 10 j 20 ) (1.05 j 0.0)
V2(1) 1.0 j 0.0
26 j52
( 16 j 32 ) (1.0 j 0.0)
V2(1) 0.9825 j 0.0310
1 P3 jQ3 (1)
V3
(1)
( 0 )*
Y31 V1 Y32 V2
(0)
Y33 V3
1.386 j 0.452
1 ( 10 j 30 ) (1.05 j 0.0)
V3(1) 1.0 j 0.0
26 j 62
( 16 j 32 ) ( 0.9825 j 0.0310 )
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
V 3
(1)
1.0011 j 0.0353
For second iteration,
1 P2 jQ2 (1)
V 2
( 2)
(1)*
Y21 V1 Y23 V3
(0)
Y22 V2
2.566 j1.102
1 ( 10 j 20 ) (1.05 j 0.0)
V2( 2) 0.9825 j 0.031
26 j52
( 16 j 32 ) (1.0011 j 0.0353 )
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
V 3
(1)
1.0011 j 0.0353
For second iteration,
1 P2 jQ2 (1)
V 2
( 2)
(1)*
Y21 V1 Y23 V3
(0)
Y22 V2
2.566 j1.102
1 ( 10 j 20 ) (1.05 j 0.0)
V2( 2) 0.9825 j 0.031
26 j52
( 16 j 32 ) (1.0011 j 0.0353 )
V 2
( 2)
0.9816 j 0.052
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
1 P3 jQ3 ( 2)
V 3
( 2)
(1)*
Y31 V1 Y32 V2
(0)
Y33 V3
1.386 j 0.452
1 (10 j30) (1.05 j 0.0)
V3( 2) 1.0011 j 0.0353
26 j 62
( 16 j 32 ) ( 0.9816 j 0.052 )
V3( 2) 1.0008 j 0.0459
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
The process is continued and a solution is converged with an
accuracy of 5x10-5 per unit in seven iteration as given below:
V 2
(7)
0.98 j 0.06 0.98183 3.5035 p.u
V 3
(7)
1.0 j 0.05 1.00125 2.8624 p.u
Solution:
2. Slack Bus Real and Reactive Power:
With the knowledge of all bus voltages, the slack bus power is obtained from:
P1 jQ1 V1 I1 V1 V1 ( y12 y13 ) y12 V2 y13 V3
1.05 (10 j 20 10 j30)
P1 jQ1 1.05 (10 j 20) (0.98 j 0.06)
(10 j30) (1.0 j 0.05)
P1 jQ1 4.095 j1.890
Solution:
2. Slack Bus Real and Reactive Power:
P1( Actual) 4.095 100 409.5 MW
Q1( Actual ) 1.89 100 189.0 M var
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
